21. AllRefer.com - Chu Shih-chieh (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on chu shihchieh, Mathematics, Biographies. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/ChuShihc.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather August 31, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Mathematics, Biographies ... Chu Shih-chieh By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z C Chu Shih-chieh, Mathematics, Biographies Related Category: Mathematics, Biographies Chu Shih-chieh [j OO shu-je] Pronunciation Key series and to that of finite differences. His two mathematical works, Introduction to Mathematical Studies and Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, were lost for a time in China and were recovered only in the 19th cent. Topics that might be of interest to you: series Related Categories: People Science and Technology Science and Technology Mathematics ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Chu Shih-chieh SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

22. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Mathematics, Biographies Encyclopedia chu shihchieh • Claude Shannon • Colin Maclaurin • Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, marquis de • Conon • Cristoph Clavius • David Hilbert http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/categories/mathbio.html

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23. Zhu Shijie: Information From Answers.com chu shihchieh ( ju shu-je ) , fl. 1280–1303, Chinese mathematician. He contributed to the study of arithmetic and geometric series and to that of. http://www.answers.com/topic/chu-shih-chieh

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Zhu Shijie Encyclopedia Chu Shih-chieh jū shŭ-jĕ ) , fl. 1280–1303, Chinese mathematician. He contributed to the study of arithmetic and geometric series and to that of finite differences. His two mathematical works, Introduction to Mathematical Studies and Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, were lost for a time in China and were recovered only in the 19th cent. Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); Zhu Shijie Zhu Shijie ?) was one of the greatest Chinese mathematicians Little is known about his life, but two of his mathematical works have survived. Introduction to Mathematical Studies , is an elementary textbook on mathematics. Zhu included about 260 problems to explain operations in arithmetic and algebra . This book also showed how to measure different two-dimensional shapes and three-dimensional solids. The Introduction had an important influence on the development of mathematics in Japan . The book was once lost in China until a copy of the book was made from a Korean source in Zhu's second book

24. 1303: Information From Answers.com triangle is published by the great Chinese algebraist chu shihchieh. chu shih-chieh (Chinese mathematician), Rome, University of (university, http://www.answers.com/topic/1303

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping In the year Mathematics The first record of what is known today as Pascal's triangle is published by the great Chinese algebraist Chu Shih-Chieh (a.k.a. Zhu Shie-jie) [b. c. 1270, d. c. 1330], although it is believed that he obtained it from the Arabs, who discovered the triangle of number relationships in the eleventh century. See also 1527 Mathematics Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); Years: Decades Centuries 13th century 14th century ... 15th century Events On the 20 April Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza Edward I of England reconquers Scotland (see also: William Wallace Wars of Scottish Independence The Khilji Dynasty conquers Chittor Births Saint Birgitta , patron saint of Europe (died Gegeen Khan , Mongol emperor of China (died Deaths October 11 Pope Boniface VIII (born Daniel of Russia , first prince of Moscow os:1303 This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. It may not have been reviewed by professional editors (see

25. Chu Ta - Columbia Encyclopedia® Article About Chu Ta Columbia Encyclopedia® article about Chu Ta. Chu Ta. Information about Chu Ta in the Columbia Encyclopedia®. chrysotile Chu Hsi chu shihchieh http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chu Ta

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Chu Ta' join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia Chu Ta Also found in: Wikipedia Hutchinson 0.03 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback Chu Ta or Zhu Da (both: j Bibliography See J. Chang and Q. Bai, In Pursuit of Heavenly Harmony: Paintings and Calligraphy by Bada Shanren (catalog of exhibition at Freer Gallery, 2003). Mentioned in References in classic literature No references found No references found Columbia browser Full browser Chrysoloras, Manuel Chrysophyta Chrysorrhoas Chrysostom ... Chu Shih-chieh Chu Ta Chu Teh Chu-hai Chuang-tzu Chub ... Chu Song-Woong Chu Ta Chu Teh Chu Teh Chu Teh Chu Teh ... Chu-nho Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition Free Tools: For surfers: Browser extension Word of the Day NEW! Help For webmasters: Free content NEW!

26. Chinese Math has established the CanadaChina Mathematics Initiative. chu shih-chieh. chu shih-chieh wrote two important mathematical texts in 1299 and 1303. http://www.the-gallery-of-china.com/chinese-math.html

Chinese Math The Galleries Link to this page Chinese Mathematics First-time Visitor? Visit our Chinese Art Homepage Add your site Tsinghua University, Applied Mathematics Department Information about the department and courses, plus links. In Chinese and English History of Chinese Mathematics An outline of the history of Chinese mathematics, including a chronology of mathematicians and mathematical works Mathematics and Mathematicians in Ancient China Includes information about Chung Ch'i, Yang Hui, Shen Kua, Ch'in Chiu Shao, Zhang Heng, Hsien Chung Wang and Chu Shih-Chien Development of Mathematics in Ancient China Shang numerals, Chinese mathematics texts, the discovery of zero. The art of calculation (suan chu) was both a practical and spiritual one, and covered a wide range of subjects from religion and astronomy to water control and administration Chinese Committees and Societies of Mathematics Includes the National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Academia Sinica, Institute of Mathematics, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Mathematics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan Matteo Ricci Matteo Ricci, the Jesuit Priest, arrived in China in 1582 and was perhaps responsible for the first interaction between European and Chinese mathematics. Information and relevant links

27. Chinese Resource Center. The Gallery Of China's Chinese Information Website Chinese mathematics, its development and history, chu shihchieh. Interaction of western and Chinese mathematics, Matteo Ricci. http://www.the-gallery-of-china.com/china-resource.html

China Paintings The Galleries Link to this page The Gallery of China Add your site First-time Visitor? - Visit our Chinese Paintings Homepage China Resources Chinese Art If you've not already done so use the menu bar on your left to see the beautiful Chinese paintings on this website. Click above for papercuts, poetry, antiques, tea drinking, lion dance, literature and opera Feng Shui Large collection of Feng Shui websites. Feng Shui magazines, consultants, directories and associations. Feng Shui for business, home and garden. Articles, concepts and Feng Shui architecture. Feng Shui websites in various European languages. Chinese Philosophy / Religion Taoism, Confucianism, Chinese Buddhism, Popular Religion. Chuang Tzu, Lao Tzu, Analects, I Ching. Chinese philosophical and spiritual traditions. Chinese astrology and folklore Chinese Medicine Chinese medicine information center, how it works, acupunture, herbs, medicinals, Chinese health concepts Chinese Language Chinese dictionaries in various languages, on and off line courses in Mandarin Chinese. Magazines and children's books in Chinese. Chinese language literature, radio programs and computer software Chinese Calendar The Chinese New Year, when the Chinese calendar began, celebrations and leap months. Calendar converter, zodiac animals, fortune telling calendar, the Chinese New Year in Taiwan, birthdays, marriage and compatibility

28. Matemáticas Educativas - Www.edumat.net Translate this page chu shih-chieh fue el último y más importante matemático chino del período Sung. En ese libro, en el año 1303, Chu Shih Chieh describió el conocido http://www.iescarrus.com/edumat/biografias/siglos3/siglos3_02.htm

CONTENIDO Matemátic@s - De los siglos A.C. - De los siglos I al V - De los siglos VI al X - De los siglos XI al XV ... - De los siglos XVI al XX SIGLOS XI-XV Biografías - Bhaskara - Chu Shi-Chieh - Leonardo Fibonacci - Omar Khayyam ... - Luca Pacioli CHU SHI-CHIEH Chu Shih-Chieh fue el último y más importante matemático chino del período Sung. Se desconocen las fechas exactas de su nacimiento y de su muerte. Sólo se sabe que se ganaba la vida enseñando matemáticas de forma itinerante durante 20 años. Publicó un libro elemental, Introducción a los estudios matemáticos, de gran influencia en Corea y Japón. pero su libro más importante fue Espejo Precioso de los Cuatro Elementos. Los cuatro elementos a los que se refiere son el cielo, la tierra, el hombre y la materia y representan a las cuatro incógnitas de una ecuación. Este libro representa el punto más alto del desarrollo del álgebra en China y en él se estudian ecuaciones y sistemas de hasta de grado 14. En ese libro, en el año 1303, Chu Shih Chieh describió el conocido triángulo de "Pascal" e indicó que servía para obtener los coeficientes del binomio (a+b) n El método del fan fa Es un método de cambio de variable para obtener soluciones aproximadas de ecuaciones polinómicas. Veamos un par de ejemplos:

29. Ethnicity chu shihchieh. 1303 AD. The discovery of triangle; Influential contribution to Pascal’s Triangle and Horner method. Egyptian. The Ancient Egyptians http://www.as.wvu.edu/~equity/science.html

Contributions to Mathematics and Science from Individuals with Broad Ethnic Backgrounds Equity has many facets. It also has a variety of "meaning" to different people. In Mathematics and Science, many different ethnicities have contributed to the disciplines we now call Mathematics or Science. Below are two Tables, of some of these individuals (and groups) have contributed over the span of many centuries. The first Table is about Mathematicians and the second Table about Scientists. Table of Mathematicians of Diverse Ethnicity and their Discoveries Ethnicity Name Time Achievement Italian Maria Agnesi Discovery of the bell-shaped curve, the "versiera of Agnesi" Arabian Al-Khowarizmi 850 AD Solving Quadratic Equations Aztec Aztec - Native Americans ~ 1325 AD Accounting in commerce: conceptual zero Highly accurate land records: use of number base 20 Babylonian Babylonians in area of Iraq 2000 BC Base 60 system which is still in use today (e.g. squares, angles, and degrees) African-American Benjamin Banneker Created calculations of astronomical tables Survey for the layout of Washington, D.C.

30. Thirteen Ed Online - Tracing Math's Evolution chu shihchieh, mathematician 9. Erastosthenes, mathematician, scientist 10. Hypatia, mathematician, astronomer 11. Pedro Nunez, mathematician, navigator http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/lessons/mathevolution/b.html

Tracing Math's Evolution Procedures for Teachers is divided into four sections: Prep Preparing for the Lesson. Steps Conducting the Lesson. Extensions Additional Activities. Tips Managing Resources and Student Activities. Student Prerequisites: Students need to know how to connect to a Web site and follow links. Computer Resources: You will need at least one computer with Internet access to complete this lesson. While many configurations will work, we recommend: Modem: 28.8 Kbps or faster. Macintosh computer: System 7.5 or above and at least 16 MB of RAM. IBM-compatible computer: 386 or higher processor with at least 16 MB of RAM, running Windows 3.1. Or, a 486/66 or Pentium with at least 16 MB of RAM, running Windows 95. For more information, visit What You Need to Get Connected in wNetSchool's Internet Primer. Bookmarks: The following sites should be bookmarked: The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/faces.html Compilation of African-American scientists and mathematicians, grouped by content area, and linked to biographical sites. Mathematicians/Scientists http://www.rialto.k12.ca.us/frisbie/mathematicians.html

31. Math History - Middle Ages 1303, chu shihchieh writes Szu-yuen Yu-chien (The Precious Mirror of the Four Elements), which contains a number of methods for solving equations up to http://lahabra.seniorhigh.net/pages/teachers/pages/math/timeline/MmiddleAges.htm

Math History Timeline Middle Ages 500 - 1400 A.D. Math History Prehistory and Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation ... 20th Century ... non-Math History Prehistory and Ancient Times Middle Ages Renaissance Reformation ... External Resources Varahamihira produces Pancasiddhantika (The Five Astronomical Canons). He makes important contributions to trigonometry. Decimal notation is used for numbers in India. This is the system on which our current notation is based. Brahmagupta writes Brahmasphutasiddanta (The Opening of the Universe), a work on astronomy; on mathematics. He uses zero and negative numbers, gives methods to solve quadratic equations, sum series, and compute square roots. About 700 Mathematicians in the Mayan civilization introduce a symbol for zero into their number system. About 810 Al-Khwarizmi writes important works on arithmetic, algebra, geography, and astronomy. In particular Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala (Calculation by Completion and Balancing)

32. And Old Indeed It Was,for It Was KnowN In ChinA BY 1100.The This diagram comes from chu shihchieh s Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, published in 1303. The caption refers to the triangle as the Old Method ; http://library.thinkquest.org/23062/pastri2.html

And old indeed it was,for it was knowN in chinA BY 1100.The mathematician Chia Hsien expounded it at that time as 'the tabulation system for unlocking binomial coefficients'; but its first appearance is thought to have been in a book of that date, now lost, entitled Piling-up Powers and Unlocking Coefficients, by Liu Ju-Hsieh. The mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam discussed the Pascal Triangle somewhat indirectly about I 100. We do not know whether he got it from China or invented the elements of the system independently. But the first appearance of the Triangle in print in Europe was on the title page of the book on arithmetic of Petrus Apianus in 1527. Several succeeding mathematicians, such as Michael Stifel, considered it. And the Italian Nicolo Tartaglia, who was something of a scoundrel, claimed it as his own invention. But as far as we know, the inventor was indeed Liu Ju-Hsich, 427 years before the appearance of the 'Pascal' Triangle in Europe. 'Pascal's' Triangle was not invented by Blaise Pascal in 1654: it came from China. This diagram comes from Chu Shih-Chieh's Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, published in 1303. The caption refers to the triangle as the 'Old Method'; it had been expounded by the year I 100 by the mathematician Chia Hsien, who called it 'the tabulation system for unlocking binomial coefficients'. [ Mathematics ]

33. AMOF: Info On Subsets In chu shihchieh s Precious Mirror of the Four Elements (1300) there is a diagram that is clearly the first part of Pascal s triangle. http://theory.cs.uvic.ca/~cos/amof/e_subsI.htm

Information on Subsets of a Set Description Example History Applications ... Links Description of the Problem How did the concept of number arise? Imagine explaining the number "three" to a two year old. You would take collections of three oranges, three crayons, three blocks, and three cookies, and then try to get them to see the common feature of each of those collections of objects. Each of those collections is a set, a set containing three elements. Mathematicians also use sets to define the number concept. One of the most useful operations on sets is to take all of its subsets, each possible sub-collection of the original collection. AMOF can list all subsets of a finite set in a variety of ways. n element set is 2 n since each element is either included in the subset or it isn't. For n = 0,1,2,...,10, the value of 2 n is 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024. These, of course, are the powers of 2. Gray Codes In Gray code order successive subsets differ by exactly one element. There are many such Gray codes; the one we use is called The B inary R eflected G ray C ode (or BRGC). The

34. Amof:Info On Combinations triangle first appeared in 1303three hundred years before Pascalin a Chinese manuscript, Precious Mirror of the Four Elements, by chu shihchieh. http://theory.cs.uvic.ca/~cos/amof/e_combI.htm

Information on Combinations of a Set Description Example History Applications ... Links Description of the Problem What are the different ways that Alice, Bob, Carol, and David can pair up to ride on a roller coaster car that has two seats in the front and two in the back? Who sits on the left and who on the right doesn't matter. We can immediately simplify the problem by observing that after the two front seats are taken, there is no choice about who goes into the back. One way of solving the problem is to list all possible front pairs: Alice and Bob, or Alice and Carol, or Alice and David, or Bob and Carol, or Bob and David, or Carol and David; there are exactly six ways. What we have just done is to list all "combinations" of two persons chosen from four persons. Similarly we could form the combinations of any number of persons from a larger group of persons. Below we give a mathematical definition of what constitutes a combination. A set is a collection of objects, and a subset k -combination of an n -set is a subset with k elements chosen from a set with n In the Amazing Mathematical Object Factory (AMOF), the set from which subsets are made is always the set [

35. Famous Mathematicians. 1 170after 1240 al-Banna, Ibn 1256-1321 chu shih-chieh c. 1303 Pacioli, Fra Luca c.1445-1517 Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Dürer, Albrecht 1471-1528 Stifel, http://home.egge.net/~savory/maths6.htm

Pre-Einstein famous mathematicians. Stu Savory, 2004. If you ask people these days to name a famous mathematician, surveys show the most popular answer to be Albert Einstein . Einstein himself used to like to quote Sir Isaac Newton's famous humble line "If I have seen further than other men, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." So I asked myself, who were these giants, i.e. famous pre-Einstein mathematicians. Here's the list of the top 100 or so, sorted chronologically. How many do you know? That means you can state what they were famous for, off the cuff, no googling! If you score below 30 you need to do some revision :-) Ahmes c. 1650 B C Pythagoras c.540 BC Hippocrates c.440 BC (that's Hippocrates of Chios, NOT the physician who lived around the same time). Plato c.430-c.349 BC Hippias c.425 BC Theaetetus c.417-369 BC Archytas c.400 B C Xenocrates 396-314 BC Theodorus c.390 BC Aristotle 384-322 BC Menaechmus c.350 BC Euclid c.300 BC Archimedes c.287-212 BC Nicomedes c.240 BC Eratosthenes Gauss , Karl Friedrich 1777-1855 Brianchon, Charles c.1783-1864 Binet, Jacques-Philippe-Marie 1786-1856 Möbius, August Ferdinand 1790-1868 Babbage, Charles 1792-1871 Laine, Gabriel 1795-1870 Steiner, Jakob 1796-1863 de Morgan, Augustus 1806-1871 Liouville, Joseph 1809-1882 Shanks, William 1812-1882 Catalan, Eugene Charles 1814-1894 Hermite, Charles 1822-1901 Riemann, Bemard 1826-1866 Venn, John 1834-1923 Lucas, Edouard 1842-1891 Cantor, George 1845-1918 Lindemann, Ferdinand 1852-1939 Hilbert, David 1862-1943 Lehmer, D. N. 1867-1938 Hardy, G. H. 1877-1947 Ramanujan, Srinivasa 1887-1920

36. Against The Gods In 1303, a Chinese mathematician named chu shihchieh, explicitly denying any originality, approached the problem by means of a device that he called the http://www.businessweek.com/chapter/chap4.htm

New Search Advanced Search =Subscribers Only SPORTS Golf Lifestyle BOOKS PREMIUM CONTENT MBA Insider ONLINE FEATURES Columnists Book Reviews BW Video Interactive Gallery ... Past Covers BLOGS Blogspotting Brand New Day Deal Flow Economics Unbound ... Stock Screeners SCOREBOARDS Mutual Funds Info Tech 100 B-SCHOOLS MBA Profiles ... Who's Hiring Grads BW EXTRAS BW Digital Dashboard Widgets Handheld Edition RSS Feeds Podcasts Reprints/Permissions Conferences Investor Workshops Research Services AGAINST THE GODS: THE REMARKABLE STORY OF RISK CHAPTER 4 The French Connection Neither Cardano nor Galileo realized that they were on the verge of articulating the most powerful tool of risk management ever to be invented: the laws of probability. Cardano had proceeded from a series of experiments to some important generalizations, but he was interested only in developing a theory of gambling, not a theory of probability. Galileo was not even interested in developing a theory of gambling. The story of the three Frenchmen begins with an unlikely trio who saw beyond the gaming tables and fashioned the systematic and theoretical foundations for measuring probability. The first, Blaise Pascal, was a brilliant young dissolute who subsequently became a religious zealot and ended up rejecting the use of reason. The second, Pierre de Fermat, was a successful lawyer for whom mathematics was a sideline. The third member of the group was a nobleman, the Chevalier de Méré, who combined his taste for mathematics with an irresistible urge to play games of chance; his fame rests simply on his having posed the question that set the other two on the road to discovery.

37. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 1320) *SB; Zhu Shijie (Hanqing, Songting) chu shihchieh (fl. c. 1280-1303) *SB; Francis of Meyronnes (c. 1285-c. 1330) *SB; William of Ockham (c. 1285-c. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

38. Figure This Math Challenges For Families - Did You Know? Pascal s triangle was in chu shihchieh s Precious Mirror of Four Elements, a fourteenth century book in China. Home · Back to the Challenge · Answer · Try http://www.figurethis.org/challenges/c06/did_you_know.htm

Blaise Pascal was a French mathematician in the 1600s. He worked with a pattern of numbers (Pascal's triangle) to solve many counting problems. Pascal's triangle is formed by putting 1's along two "sides" of a triangle, then adding the two numbers above to the right and left to get the next number in the pattern. Pascal's triangle can be used to solve the challenge. Pascal's triangle was in Chu Shih-chieh's Precious Mirror of Four Elements, a fourteenth century book in China. Home Back to the Challenge Answer Try These ... National Council of Teachers of Mathematics Web site and CD-ROM design/production KnowNet Construction, Inc

39. TIMELINE 14th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE 1303 chu shihchieh of CHINA publishes the first known representation of what we call Pascal s Triangle. Arab mathematicans probably knew of this before http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline14.html

TIMELINE 14th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate Science Fiction Table of Contents TIMELINE 14th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 24 December 2003 (to 36 Kilobytes). The single most enjoyable book about the 14th Century is: A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century 14th Century Executive Summary of the Century Major Books of the Decade 1300-1310 Major Books of the Decade 1310-1320 Major Books of the Decade 1320-1330 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books Executive Summary of the Century This Century marks an accelerating growth of Art Science , and Statecraft as if in preparation for the later Renaissance . By late in this Century

40. Multcrit For example, Needham (1959; 137) shows how the Chinese chu shihchieh triangle can be mapped onto Pascal s triangle by a rotation of ninety degrees. http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/isgem.dir/texts.dir/multcrit.htm

Multicultural Mathematics: An Ethnomathematics Critique Ron Eglash (Mostly excerpts from Eglash, R. "When math worlds collide: intention and invention in ethnomathematics." Science, Technology and Human Values , vol 22, no 1, pp. 79-97, Winter 1997.) 0) Introduction Ethnomathematics is typically defined as the study of mathematical concepts in cohesive social groups, with an emphasis on small-scale or indigenous cultures. Working in many different areas of the world, Ascher (1990), Closs (1986), Crump (1990), D'Ambrosio (1990), Gerdes (1991), Njock (1979), Washburn and Crowe (1988), Zaslavsky (1973), and many others (see Fisher 1992, Shirley 1995 for reviews), have provided mathematical analyses of a variety of indigenous patterns and abstractions, while drawing attention to the role of conscious intent in these designs. 1) Five Subfields in ethnomathematics a Non-western mathematics consists primarily of historical studies (e.g. Cajori 1896), with a cultural focus (which has continued in contemporary works, such as Joseph 1991) on state empires such as the ancient Chinese, Hindu and Muslim civilizations. It is epistemologically based on the idea of direct, literal translations of nonwestern mathematics to the western tradition. For example, Needham (1959; 137) shows how the Chinese Chu Shih-chieh triangle can be mapped onto Pascal's triangle by a rotation of ninety degrees. b Mathematical anthropology uses mathematical modelling in ethnographic and archaeological studies to describe material and cognitive patterns, generally without attributing conscious intent to the population under study. The patterns are instead seen as the structural basis of underlying social forces, or as epiphenomena resulting unintentionally from the nature of the activity itself. Classificatory systems for kinship (e.g. Morgan 1871) were the first of these models. Later refinements of mathematical anthropology (e.g. Kay 1971) expanded this analysis to a variety of social phenomena, and increasingly complex mathematical tools.

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