21. Allmath.com - Math Site For Kids! Home Of Flashcards, Math ceulen, ludolph van. koelen. (15401610). Mathematician, born in Hildesheim,Germany. He devoted himself to finding the value of p and finally worked it http://www.allmath.com/biosearch.php?QMeth=ID&ID=6438

22. History Of Pi - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia 1596 ludolph van ceulen, 20 dps. 1615, 32 dps. 1621 Willebrord Snell (Snellius),a pupil of van ceulen, 35 dps. 1665 Isaac Newton, 16 dps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pi

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$145,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! History of Pi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The mathematical constant = 3.14159... has been subject to extensive study since ancient history edit History of Pi The symbol "π" for Archimedes ' constant was first introduced in by William Jones when he published A New Introduction to Mathematics , although the same symbol had been used earlier to indicate the circumference of a circle. The notation became standard after it was adopted by Leonhard Euler . In either case, 'π' is the first letter of (perimetros), meaning 'measure around' in Greek Here is a brief chronology of π: Date Who Value of π world records in bold Babylonians 20th century BC Egyptian Rhind Mathematical Papyrus ... Anaxagoras tried to square the circle with straightedge and compass c. 250 BC Archimedes 20 BC Vitruvius ... Madhava All records from onwards are given as the number of correct decimal places (dps) Jamshid Masud Al Kashi 16 dps Valenthus Otho 6 dps Fran§ois Vi¨te 9 dps Adriaen van Roomen 15 dps Ludolph van Ceulen 20 dps 32 dps Willebrord Snell (Snellius), a pupil of Van Ceulen

23. Ludolph Van Ceulen -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article ludolph van ceulen (28 January 1540–31 December 1610) was a (A person of German ludolph van ceulen spent a major part of his life calculating the http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/L/Lu/Ludolph_van_Ceulen.htm

Ludolph van Ceulen [Categories: 17th century mathematicians, 16th century mathematicians, Dutch mathematicians, German mathematicians, 1610 deaths, 1540 births] Ludolph van Ceulen (A person of German nationality) German (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician who emigrated to the (A constitutional monarchy in western Europe on the North Sea; achieved independence from Spain in 1579; half the country lies below sea level) Netherlands . Born in (Click link for more info and facts about Hildesheim) Hildesheim (A republic in central Europe; split into East German and West Germany after World War II and reunited in 1990) Germany , he moved to (A style of glazed earthenware; usually white with blue decoration) Delft to teach (The art or sport of fighting with swords (especially the use of foils or epees or sabres to score points under a set of rules)) fencing and (A science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement) mathematics . In 1594 he opened a fencing school in (A city in the western Netherlands; residence of the Pilgrim Fathers for 11 years before they sailed for America in 1620)

24. Pi -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article 1596, (Click link for more info and facts about ludolph van ceulen) ludolph vanceulen, 20 dps. 1615, (Click link for more info and facts about ludolph van http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/p/pi/pi.htm

Pi [Categories: Pi, Famous numbers, Mathematical constants, Transcendental numbers] The (Click link for more info and facts about mathematical constant) mathematical constant is commonly used in (A science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement) mathematics and (The science of matter and energy and their interactions) physics (Click link for more info and facts about Greek letter) Greek letter is not available. In (Click link for more info and facts about Euclidean plane geometry) Euclidean plane geometry (The relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)) ratio of a (Ellipse in which the two axes are of equal length; a plane curve generated by one point moving at a constant distance from a fixed point) circle 's (The length of the closed curve of a circle) circumference to its (The length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and connecting two points on the circumference) diameter , or as the (A particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography)) area of a circle of (The length of a line segment between the center and circumference of a circle or sphere) radius 1 (the (Click link for more info and facts about unit circle) unit circle (Click link for more info and facts about analytically) analytically using (Function of an angle expressed as a ratio of the sides of right-angled triangle containing the angle)

25. PI, FOURIER TRANSFORM AND LUDOLPH VAN CEULEN A replica of the original tombstone of ludolph van ceulen was placed into the Church ludolph van ceulen (born 28 January 1540 in Hildesheim and died 31 http://wwwhome.math.utwente.nl/~vajtam/publications/pub2000-3/temp00-pi.htm

PI, FOURIER TRANSFORM AND LUDOLPH VAN CEULEN M.Vajta Department of Mathematical Sciences University of Twente P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands e-mail m.vajta@math.utwente.nl ABSTRACT The paper describes an interesting (and unexpected) application of the Fast Fourier transform in number theory. Calculating more and more decimals of (first by hand and then from the mid-20 th century, by digital computers) not only fascinated mathematicians from ancient times but kept them busy as well. They invented and applied hundreds of methods in the process but the known number of decimals remained only a couple of hundred as of the late 19 th century. All that changed with the advent of the digital computers. And although digital computers made possible to calculate thousands of decimals, the underlying methods hardly changed and their convergence remained slow ( linear ). Until the 1970's. Then, in 1976, an innovative quadratic convergent formula (based on the method of algebraic-geometric mean) for the calculation of was published independently by Brent [10] and Salamin [14]. After their breakthrough, the Borwein brothers soon developed

26. Seminarium Geschiedenis Van De Wiskunde (Leiden) ludolph van ceulen en zijn ruzies, oa over de cirkelkwadratuur. Zie oa ceulen,ludolph van, Solutie ende werckingghe op twee geometrische vraghen by Willem http://www.math.uu.nl/people/hogend/seml.html

Seminarium Geschiedenis van de Wiskunde (Leiden) De volgende informatie betreft het Seminarium Geschiedenis van de wiskunde, voor studenten van de Universiteit Leiden, voorjaar 2005. Docent: Jan Hogendijk, Mathematisch Instituut, Universiteit Leiden, email hogend@math.leidenuniv.nl , tel. 071-5277135 (woensdag), 030-2533697 (overige dagen) De bijeenkomsten zijn op woensdagochtenden, 11:15-13:00, in zaal 402 in het Snelliusgebouw, tenzij anders aangegeven in het rooster hieronder. De grootte van de cursus is 10 ECTS studiepunten. Het thema van het seminarium is wiskunde in Nederland in de late 16e en de 17e eeuw. In deze periode speelde Nederland een toonaangevende rol in de ontwikkeling van de wiskunde, met Leiden als belangrijk centrum. Dit seminarium is deel van een initiatief, deze Nederlandstalige literatuur zoveel mogelijk uiteindelijk via webpresentaties toegankelijk te maken, o.a. voor middelbare scholieren en hun leraren, en voor wetenschapshistorici. Om dit te kunnen doen moet er een boel werk gedaan worden. In dit seminarium zullen we een klein deel van dit werk gaan doen. Het is dus speciaal in de zin dat we niet alleen voor onszelf werken, maar ook voor de maatschappij. Vorm: we zullen een aantal in onderling overleg te kiezen (meestal in het Nederlands geschreven) wiskundeboeken uit deze periode uit het bezit van de Leidse universiteitsbibliotheek bestuderen. De Leidse bibliotheek heeft een unieke collectie van deze werken, die kunnen worden ingezien op de

27. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: [HM] Ludolph Van Ceul Subject HM ludolph van ceulen From Dick Klingens (dklingens@pandd.demon.nl)Date Thu Jun 08 2000 003743 EDT. Next message Jeremy Gray HM http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/jun00/0036.html

[HM] Ludolph van Ceulen Subject: [HM] Ludolph van Ceulen From: Dick Klingens ( dklingens@pandd.demon.nl Date: Thu Jun 08 2000 - 00:37:43 EDT Next message: Jeremy Gray: "[HM] Cayley" Previous message: Ivan Van Laningham: "Re: [HM] The Universal History of Numbers" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] On the July 5th, 2000 a memorial stone will be unveiled, honering Ludolph van Ceulen. The stone will be placed in the Pieterskerk (St. Pieter's Church) in Leiden (Netherlands) at the some spot as his lost gravestone. On the memorial stone Ludolph's 35 decimal digits of Pi will be engraved. In the afternoon and in the evening Pieter Borwein will give the Beeger lecture 2000 at the Leiden University (it's on Pi). The reveiling of the memory stone is an activity of the Wiskundig Genootschap (Dutch Mathematic Society) in connection with WMY2000. More information (in Dutch): http://www.math.rug.nl/~top/pi-dag/6juli.html Dick Klingens [][] De werkelijkheid is zoals je 'em voelt [][] Reality is just as you feel it dklingens@pandd.demon.nl

28. Top's Bookmarks ludolph van ceulen (15401610). van ceulen werd vooral bekend vanwege zijn grafsteen .Hij had met enorm veel rekenwerk onder- en bovengrenzen voor pi http://www.math.rug.nl/~top/pi-dag/ceulen.html

Ludolph van Ceulen (1540-1610) Van Ceulen werd vooral bekend vanwege zijn grafsteen . Hij had met enorm veel rekenwerk onder- en bovengrenzen voor pi bepaald die pas in het 35ste cijfer achter de komma een eenheid verschilden. Dit feit werd op zijn grafsteen in de Leidse Pieterskerk vermeld. Tijdens zijn leven waren wel publicaties verschenen die minder nauwkeurige door hem gevonden benaderingen gaven (zijn boek "Van den Circkel" uit 1596 geeft 20 cijfers achter de komma, en een in 1603 verschenen boek van Christoffer Dybvad zelfs 31. Maar voor 35 cijfers kennen we als eerste bron alleen deze grafsteen, een tamelijk unieke plek voor een wetenschappelijk resultaat! Van Ceulen werd op advies van Simon Stevin door Prins Maurits in 1600 tot hoogleraar in Leiden benoemd, samen met Symon Fransz. van der Merwen. Maurits voegde in dat jaar een genieschool toe aan de universiteit, waar door deze twee heren " in goeder duytsche taele " les mochten geven in " Telkonsten ende Landmeten ", om zo ingenieurs op te leiden. Daaraan was behoefte in de oorlog tegen Spanje, en het is derhalve niet vreemd dat de nieuwe studenten "

29. Pi-dag Programma Middagprogramma, als onderdeel van het ANTScongres, ludolph van ceulen ende uitdaging van de wiskunde; 2100 Onthulling van de gedenksteen voor http://www.math.rug.nl/~top/pi-dag/programma.html

Pi in de Pieterskerk programma woensdag 5 juli 2000 Middagprogramma, als onderdeel van het ANTS-congres, plaats: Gorlaeus Laboratoria, Universiteit Leiden. Bestemd voor een enigszins geschoold publiek (nivo VWO-wiskunde). Ontvangst met koffie en thee Frits Beukers (Utrecht), A rational approach to pi Theepauze Peter Borwein (Burnaby, Canada), The 40 trillionth binary digit of pi is Avondprogramma, plaats: Pieterskerk te Leiden. Bestemd voor iedereen met enige belangstelling voor wiskunde. Ontvangst met koffie Opening door Dr. R.J. van Duinen, voorzitter van het algemeen bestuur van NWO Peter Borwein (Burnaby, Canada), The amazing number pi Orgelspel door Jozef Steenbrink (Nijmegen) Henk Bos (Utrecht), De cirkel gedeeld, de omtrek becijferd en pi gebeiteld: Ludolph van Ceulen en de uitdaging van de wiskunde Onthulling van de gedenksteen voor Ludolph van Ceulen Receptie (champagne) De sprekers van het avondprogramma worden ingeleid door de voorzitter van het Wiskundig Genootschap, Prof. dr. Jan Karel Lenstra.

30. Ludolph Van Ceulen. Holandský matematik ludolph van ceulen se narodil 28. ledna 1540 v Hildesheimuv Nemecku. Zrejme nemel univerzitní vzdelání, protože jeho rodice si nemohli http://www.quido.cz/osobnosti/ceulen.htm

Ludolph van Ceulen Holandský matematik Ludolph van Ceulen se narodil 28. ledna 1540 v Hildesheimu v Nìmecku. Zøejmì nemìl univerzitní vzdìlání, protože jeho rodièe si nemohli dovolit mu je zaplatit. Vyuèoval šerm a matematiku v Delftu. V roce 1594 si otevøel šermíøskou školu v Leidenu. V roce 1600 se dostal na technickou školu tamtéž. V posledních 10 letech svého života vyuèoval na této škole aritmetiku a pevnost. Napsal øadu prací, z nichž jedna z nejdùležitìjších byla O kružnici. Van Ceulen je proslulý svým výpoètem p (pí) , jednoho z nejstarších èísel (konstant) v matematice. Toto èíslo urèuje, kolikrát se prùmìr kružnice vejde do jejího obvodu. Van Ceulen spoèítal toto èíslo na 35 desetinných míst. Použil k tomu mnohostìn, který mìl 2 stran. Strávil nad tím vìtšinu svého života. Toto 35místné p má vyryto na svém náhrobku. íslo se po nìm v Nìmecku, u nás a v nìkterých jiných zemích nazývá "Ludolfo vo èíslo". Van Ceulen zemøel 31. prosince 1610 v nizozemském Leidenu.

31. Lexikon Ludolph Van Ceulen ludolph van ceulen aus der freien http://lexikon.freenet.de/Ludolph_van_Ceulen

E-Mail Mitglieder Community Suche ... Hilfe document.write(''); im Web in freenet.de in Shopping Branchen Lexikon Artikel nach Themen alphabetischer Index Artikel in Kategorien Weitere Themen Sexy, sexier, Longoria: Die erotischsten TV-Stars aller Zeiten Whitney widerlich: Ab ins Klo mit der ekligen TV-Show IAA: Fords spekta- kul¤res viert¼riges Coup© Iosis Geb¼hrenabzocke der Banken: So wehren Sie sich ... Firefox aufmotzen: Wir pr¤sentieren vier Erweiterungen Sie sind hier: Startseite Lexikon Ludolph van Ceulen Ludolph van Ceulen Ludolph van Ceulen Ludolph van Ceulen 28. Januar in Hildesheim 31. Dezember in Leiden ) war ein niederl¤ndischer Mathematiker . Ludolph van Ceulen wurde durch die auf 35 Dezimalstellen genaue Berechnung der Kreiszahl π ber¼hmt. Bis ins 19. Jahrhundert bezeichnete man π auch als Ludolphsche Zahl. Sie wurde zu einem eigenst¤ndigen mathematischen Untersuchungsobjekt: die Jagd nach immer mehr Stellen. Er war so stolz auf seine Berechnung, so dass er diese auf seinen Grabstein verewigte. Bearbeiten Van Ceulens Berechnungen Archimedes ging bei seinen Forschungen zur Kreiszahl von regelm¤Ÿigen Vielecken aus, die einem Kreis mit dem Durchmesser d=1 einbeschrieben bzw. umschrieben sind. Je h¶her die Eckenzahl dieser Vielecke ist, umso mehr n¤hern sie sich von innen und auŸen dem

32. Ludolph Van Ceulen Université Montpellier II Translate this page ludolph van ceulen (1540-1610). Cette image et la biographie complète en anglaisrésident sur le site de l’université de St Andrews Écosse http://ens.math.univ-montp2.fr/SPIP/article.php3?id_article=1928

33. Special Collections | The Dibner Library Of The History Of Science And Technolog ceulen, ludolph van. van den circkel, daer in gheleert werdt te winden de naeste ludolph van ceulen (15401610) is best known as a fencing master and a http://www.sil.si.edu/libraries/Dibner/newacq_2001.htm

Highlights from Recent Acquisitions The Dibner Library acquires a Herald of Science: Joseph Lister's classic work of 1867, "On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery." Lister, Joseph (1827-1912). "On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc., with observations on the conditions of suppuration," in Lancet (1867): 95-96. WITH: "On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery," in Lancet (1867): 353-356, 668-669. Together two volumes of the Lancet, 4to. [2], 818; [2], 826 pp. The Dibner Library obtains another Herald of Science: A set of Acts of Parliament relating to the longitude problem. Recently the Dibner Library acquired a collection of Acts of the British Parliament and two period newspaper articles relating to the longitude problem and calendar reform. The purchase of the set was made possible with the Special Collections Endowment Fund. The importance of solving the problems of longitude and calendar reform were critical to the history of science and technology and this collection will enhance the research and exhibition values of the Dibner Library's holdings. "An Act for rendering more effectual an Act made in the twelfth year of the reign of her late majesty Queen Anne, intituled, 'An Act for providing a publick reward for such person or persons as shall discover the longitude at sea', with regard to the making experiments of proposals made for discovering the longitude" (1762)

34. Library And Archival Exhibitions On The Web Title, ludolph van ceulen en de Berekening van het Getal Pi. Institution,Universiteit Leiden / Universiteitsbibliotheek Leiden http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/Online-Exhibitions/CF/oe_display_instituti

35. The Galileo Project ceulen, ludolph van. 1. Dates Born Hildesheim, Germany, 28 Jan. 1540 DiedLeiden, 31 December 1610 Dateinfo Dates Certain Lifespan 70; 2. http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/ceulen.html

Ceulen, Ludolph van 1. Dates Born: Hildesheim, Germany, 28 Jan. 1540 Died: Leiden, 31 December 1610 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: A Merchant Bosmans says that his father was in very modest condition, so that Van Ceulen's education stopped with elementary. I interpret this as poor. 3. Nationality Birth: German Career: Dutch Death: Dutch 4. Education Schooling: No University No evidence of any university education. 5 Religion: Cal. Nothing whatever is said; he must have conformed to the Calvinist church of the Netherlands. 5. Religion Affiliation: 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics Van Ceulen computed pi to 20 decimal places, and later, using Archimedes method (to which he added devices to speed things up) to 33 and ultimately to 35 places. In this he made himself an expert in trigonometry. 7. Means of Support Primary: Schoolmaster, Academic 1580: in Delft he was a fencing master and a teacher of mathematics. 1594: he received permission to open a fencing school in Leiden. 1600-10: he was appointed a teacher of arithmetic, surveying, and fortification in the engineering school that Maurice established in Leiden (with a salary of f400, later raised somewhat). Willibrord Snel was his student, and Snel later translated at least two of his works into Latin.

36. Pi Facts, Page 3 You may remember than ludolph van ceulen spent many years in calculation, and bythe time he died in 1610 he had found 35 decimal digits of pi. http://www.joyofpi.com/pifacts4.html

The Pi Shawl The late, great Elizabeth Zimmerman, known by many as the guru of knitting, designed a circular shawl called the "Pi Shawl," knitted from the center to the outside edge. You can see pictures of the pi shawl here: One Two Three Pi Day Leiden You may remember than Ludolph Van Ceulen spent many years in calculation, and by the time he died in 1610 he had found 35 decimal digits of pi. Those digits were engraved on his headstone, which unfortunately has been lost. On July 5, 2000, a special service was held in the city of Leiden, the Netherlands, commemorating Ludolph Van Ceulen and his devotion. Maarten Willems was on hand, and wrote: "The event was very well organised and there was a surprisingly great interest, both in audience (an estimated 400 people in the afternoon; about 750 people that night) and in the press. There even was an item on pi on national television!" At left: A replica of the Van Ceulen tombstone, installed at the Leiden pi day. Pi Poetry Dena R. Bortman

37. Pi History Pi was then called the ludolphian number, after ludolph van ceulen, a Germanmathematician. The first person to use the Greek letter Pi for the number was http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Pines/5945/his.html

History of Pi Pi was known by the Egyptians, who calculated it to be approximately (4/3)^4 which equals 3.1604. The earliest known reference to pi occurs in a Middle Kingdom papyrus scroll, written around 1650 BC by a scribe named Ahmes. He began the scroll with the words: "The Entrance Into the Knowledge of All Existing Things" and remarked in passing that he composed the scroll "in likeness to writings made of old." Towards the end of the scroll, which is composed of various mathematical problems and their solutions, the area of a circle is found using a rough sort of pi. Around 200 BC, Archimedes of Syracuse found that pi is somewhere about 3.14 (in fractions; Greeks did not have decimals). Pi (which is a letter in the Greek alphabet) was discovered by a Greek mathematician named Archimedes. Archimedes wrote a book called The Measurement of a Circle. In the book he states that Pi is a number between 3 10/71 and 3 1/7. He figured this out by taking a polygon with 96 sides and inscribing a circle inside the polygon. That was Archemedes' concept of Pi. New knowledge of Pi then bogged down until the 17th century. Pi was then called the Ludolphian number, after Ludolph van Ceulen, a German mathematician. The first person to use the Greek letter Pi for the number was William Jones, an English mathematician, who coined it in1706.

38. Probert Encyclopaedia: People And Peoples (Lu-Lz) ludolph van ceulen. ludolph van ceulen was a Dutch mathematician. He was born in1540 and died in 1610. He devoted himself to the calculation of the value http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/C0A.HTM

Search - The Probert Encyclopaedia Search for: Browse: Actors Aircraft Architecture Computer Viruses ... Warfare People and Peoples (Lu-Lz) LUCA MARENZIO Luca Marenzio was an Italian composer. He was born in 1560 at Coccaglio and died in 1599. He became maestro to Cardinal d'Este, then to Sigmund III of Poland , and finally organist to the Pope's chapel in Rome . He perfected the madrigal Research Luca Marenzio LUCAS CRANACH Lucas Cranach was a German painter. He was born in 1472 at Kronach and died in 1553. Research Lucas Cranach LUCIUS APULEIUS Lucius Apuleius was a Roman lawyer, philosopher and author. He lived around 160. Research Lucius Apuleius LUCIUS F. C. GARVIN Lucius F C Garvin was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Rhode Island from 1903 until 1905. Research Lucius F. C. Garvin LUCIUS F. HUBBARD Lucius F Hubbard was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Minnesota from 1882 until 1887. Research Lucius F. Hubbard LUCIUS FAIRCHILD Lucius Fairchild was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Wisconsin from 1866 until 1872.

39. Pi - Definition Of Pi In Encyclopedia The German mathematician ludolph van ceulen (circa 1600) computed the first 35decimals. He was so proud of this accomplishment that he had them inscribed http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Pi

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law The title given to this article is incorrect due to technical limitations . The correct title is For other uses, see Pi (disambiguation) The minuscule , or lower-case, pi The mathematical constant (written as " pi " when the Greek letter is not available) is ubiquitous in mathematics and physics . In Euclidean plane geometry ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter , or as the area of a circle of radius 1(the unit circle analytically using trigonometric functions , e.g. as the smallest positive x for which sin x ) = 0, or as twice the smallest positive x for which cos x ) = 0. All these definitions are equivalent. Pi is also known as Archimedes ' constant (not to be confused with Archimedes' number ) and Ludolph 's number decimal places (sequence in OEIS ) is: pi to 1,000 places 10,000 places 100,000 places , and 1,000,000 places Contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Properties 2.1 Geometry 2.2 Analysis 2.3 Complex analysis ... 9.4 Mnemonics Properties Pi is an irrational number : that is, it cannot be written as the ratio of two

40. Pi: Facts And Figures 58) ludolph van ceulen (1540 1610) spent most of his life working out Pi to 35decimal places. Pi is sometimes known as ludolph s Constant http://thestarman.dan123.com/math/pi/pifacts.html

(Pi): Facts and Figures Edited by The Starman The Basics 100 Decimal Places of Pi. The Circle Definition of Pi, Diameter and Circumference. Area of a Circle. The Sphere Area and Volume. Pi ( ) to decimal places is: A Circle of (Pi) diameter 1 unit , then its (see links below for proof *) . If a circle has a diameter of 2 units , then its For various proofs that , try these pages: I'm still researching this! is the 16th letter of the Greek alphabet (it also denoted the number 80 in ancient Greece). Note that the pronunciation of this letter in Greek is like the English word 'Pea' (the same way they say the name of the letter 'P') or perhaps like the p and i in the word 'Pit.' But it's NEVER pronounced like the English word 'Pie' in Greece! To create that type of sound, Greek could use the diphthong 'ai' (it means two vowels together; like the 'oi' in the English word 'oil'); so, 'pai' in Greek would sound like 'pie' in English. So, how did this Greek letter become the Mathematical symbol it's known for today? In the mid to late 1600's, some mathematicians were using

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