41. Spinoza - Theological-Political Treatise: Chapter 9. Rabbi levi ben gerson and others believe that these forty years which the Therefore it is evident that levi ben gerson (certainly a very learned man), http://home.earthlink.net/~tneff/tpt09.htm

HOME Intro. MT ST ... NextPg Theological-Political Treatise: Chapter 9. - OTHER QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE SAME BOOKS: NAMELY, WHETHER THEY WERE COMPLETELY FINISHED BY EZRA, AND, FURTHER, WHETHER THE MARGINAL NOTES WHICH ARE FOUND IN THE HEBREW TEXTS WERE VARIOUS READINGS. PREV NEXT THIS UPPER ... TOP How greatly the inquiry we have just made concerning the real writer of the twelve books aids us in attaining a complete understanding of them, may be easily gathered solely from the passages which we have adduced in confirmation of our opinion, and which would be most obscure without it. But besides the question of the writer, there are other points to notice which common superstition forbids the multitude to apprehend. Of these the chief is, that Ezra (whom I will take to be the author of the aforesaid books until some more likely person be suggested) did not put the finishing touches to the narrative contained therein, but merely collected the histories from various writers, and sometimes simply set them down, leaving their examination and arrangement to posterity. PREV NEXT THIS UPPER ... TOP The cause (if it were not untimely death) which prevented him from completing his work in all its portions, I cannot conjecture, but the fact remains most clear, although we have lost the writings of the ancient Hebrew historians, and can only judge from the few fragments which are still extant. For the history of Hezekiah (2 Kings xviii:17), as written in the vision of Isaiah, is related as it is found in the chronicles of the kings of Judah. We read the same story, told with few exceptions, [N11], in the same words, in the book of Isaiah which was contained in the chronicles of the kings of Judah (2 Chron. xxxii:32). From this we must conclude that there were various versions of this narrative of Isaiah's, unless, indeed, anyone would dream that in this, too, there lurks a mystery. Further, the last chapter of 2 Kings 27-30 is repeated in the last chapter of Jeremiah, v.31-34.

42. Evolution Of The Sextant It was first described in 1342 by a Jewish scholar named levi ben gerson. 1342 Cross staff described by levi ben gerson http://home.earthlink.net/~nbrass1/cardart.htm

Evolution of the Sextant by Rod Cardoza West Sea Co. 2495 Congress St. San Diego CA 92110 Phone: (619) 296-5356 Fax: (619) 296-1097 Edited by A. N. Stimson, Head of Navigation Section, Department of Astronomy and Navigation, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England. The sextant has come to be widely recognized as a universal nautical symbol. Indeed, the sextant, in conjunction with the compass, has been the basic navigational tool for more than two centuries. The mariners' most prized possession was often his sextant. Witness the drama portrayed by the handwritten account found with a 19th century English sextant. "This sextant was salvaged from the pilot house of the Norwegian steamship Victory by her master, after being sunk by gunfire from a German submarine 35 miles north of Ushant at 1:00 PM on July 6, 1917. The master, 2nd mate, nine crewmen, and a stowaway were rescued from an open boat by the USS O'Brien at 5:30 A.M. on July 7th, 20 miles west of Ushant and were later landed at St. Nazaire, France. As a token of his gratitude for the rescue the master gave this sextant to the Captain of the O'Brien (jpeg 18K) It is only in the last 20 years, with the advent of satellite navigation and inertial guidance, that the demise of the sextant has been heralded. Yet, despite its obsolescence in the computer age, the simplicity, accuracy, and relatively low cost of the sextant will ensure its survival.

43. Telescopes The crossstaff, just a simple cross with a movable bar, was invented by Jewishastronomer levi ben gerson (1288-1344). With a cross-staff, mariners could http://www.crystalinks.com/telescopes.html

TELESCOPES Man has always followed the heavens. Ancient creational Myths and Legends always connected with Gods and Goddesses linked to celestial bodies. It was only a matter of time before humanity could find a better way to peer into the heavens for a closer look at their Gods and Goddesses. To truly understand what the sky and its lights are all about, human beings eventually realized they couldn't just rely on their eyes. They had to develop tools to help explore what stretched far above them. The telescope was the key invention in the progress to modern astronomy, but it took many thousands of years before anyone succeeded in inventing one. This is somewhat surprising since water's ability to change and sometimes magnify objects beneath the surface must have been noticed as early as caveman times. Glass was discovered around 3500 BCE, and crude lenses were even found in Crete and Asia Minor, dating from 2000 BCE. A number of well-respected writers as early as classic times reported about refraction, reflection, and magnification. But for some reason no one put together all these observations and discoveries in the right way until the early 17th century. Instead, ancient peoples used many other kinds of tools and aids to help them observe and track the stars and planets. Ancient sites like Stonehenge in Great Britain and the Egyptian pyramids are some of the earliest evidence we have that our ancestors made pretty accurate observations of the sky. We know that because these sites are aligned in special ways. At Stonehenge, for example, one can see the sun rise through one arch at the summer solstice, which is the time when the sun is at its farthest point north in the sky.

44. User:Gerritholl/mathematicians - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Eugenio Beltrami Abraham ben Ezra - levi ben gerson - Jacob ben Tibbon Ennio de Giorgi - levi ben gerson - Gherard of Cremona - Marino Ghetaldi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$130,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! User:Gerritholl/mathematicians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. User:Gerritholl edit Mathematicians Ernst Abbe Niels Henrik Abel Abraham bar Hiyya Max Abraham ... Antoni Zygmund Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians Views User page Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link This page was last modified 01:33, 19 August 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

45. Page About Freemasonry, Essays: Pythagoras And Mystic Science The leading Jewish mathematician of the 14th century was Rabbi levi bengerson (RaLBaG)of Catalonia, but more commonly known in science books as Master Leo http://web.mit.edu/dryfoo/Masonry/Essays/pythagoras.html

Dr. Daniel Farhey, Jacob Caspi Lodge, Haifa, Israel In fact, the "Ancient Mysteries' Magi" specialized in "science" as it was perceived in those days, with the considerable influence of their "specialization" in paganism. The sparse knowledge of the Magi and the surrounding society caused the secrecy and mysticism. At this period, special instructors called "Sophists" (scholars) were brought from Sicily. Opposed to the first and original Pythagoreans, the Sophists taught for pay and somehow abandoned the secrecy and mysticism. Hippocrates, a Pythagorean, was the principal combatant against the secrecy and published for the first time a book entitled "Principles". Subsequently, a very famous school was founded in Alexandria, Egypt, under Pythagorean influence. The most famous scholars were Euclid, Ptolemy, Menelaus, and Nicomachus, who revived the original Pythagorean theory. After the year A.D. 415, these theories did not continue to develop in Alexandria and the principal subject for research and study was theology, while the paganism passed away with the art of science. In the year A.D. 529, all the schools in Athens were closed according to an order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, thus ending one of the most brilliant periods in the development of mathematics and science. The philosophy and many theories on the Pythagorean way of life, transmitted orally by Pythagoras, were considerably influenced by the way of life of Judaism and the Bible, which was the only source explicitely prescribing the order. King Solomon lived about 400 years before Pythagoras. After the destruction of the First Temple of Jerusalem (586 B.C., before Pythagoras was born), under foreign and hostile rule, Jews gathered in regional schools. The five-pointed star (not six!) refered in Judaism "Solomon's Seal" and by the Greeks "pentagrama", was, in addition to the triangle, one of the symbols of the Pythagoreans. As known, the most ancient source of the pentagrama found by archeologists is Jewish. There is even a presumption that it was the symbol of the Jews before the six-pointed star "Shield of David".

46. Lunar Republic : Craters levi ben gerson (12881344), French-born Jewish philosopher, mathematician andastronomer; invented Jacob s Staff, an instrument to measure the angular http://www.lunarrepublic.com/gazetteer/crater_r.shtml

Craters (R) Craters A B C D ... Return To Gazetteer Index Latin Name Lat Long Diam Origin Rabbi Levi Levi ben Gerson (1288-1344), French-born Jewish philosopher, mathematician and astronomer; invented Jacob's Staff, an instrument to measure the angular distance between celestial objects. Racah Giulio ~ (1909-1965), Italian-Israeli physicist. Racine Jean-Baptiste ~ (1639-1699), French classical playwright. Raimond J. J. ~, Jr. (1903-1961), Dutch astronomer. Raman Chandrasekhra Venkata ~ (1888-1970), Indian physicist; in 1930, he became the first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in science (physics). Ramsay Sir William ~ (1852-1916), Scottish chemist; awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry (1904). Ramsden Jesse ~ (1735-1800), British inventor; perfected early sextants and barometers; devised the first satisfactory screw-cutting lathes at dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Rankine William John Macquorn ~ (1820-1872), Scottish inventor, civil engineer, poet and molecular physicist. Raspletin Aleksandr Andreyevich ~ (1908-1967), Soviet radio and electronics engineer.

47. BSHM: Abstracts -- M Mancha, JL, ‘Heuristic reasoning approximation procedures in levi ben gerson’s reasoming’) used by levi ben gerson (12881344) in his Astronomy, http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/abstracts/M.html

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search BSHM Abstracts A B C D ... Z These listings contain all abstracts that have appeared in BSHM Newsletters up to Newsletter 46. BSHM Abstracts - M Maanen, Jan van, ‘Seventeenth century instruments for drawing conic sections’, Mathematical gazette A consequence of Descartes’ new approach to geometry (1637) was an increased interest in instruments for drawing conic sections. This article sketches the background to this growing interest and describes some of the instruments designed by the Dutch mathematician Van Schooten (1615/6-1660). Maanen, Jan van, ‘The ‘double-meaning’ method for dating mathematical texts’, M. Folkerts and J.P. Hogendijk (eds), Vestigia mathematica , Rodopi 1993, pp. 253-263 A mathematical text may contain numerical data concealing information about the text or its author. Questions of dating and authorship of certain texts can be resolved by decoding such information. Notices of the AMS MacKenzie, Donald, ‘Slaying the Kraken: the sociohistory of a mathematical proof’

48. BSHM: Abstracts -- L The reconstruction of the quadrature by levi ben gerson (12881344) is whollyoriginal. Larvor, Brendan, ‘History, methodology and early algebra’, http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/abstracts/L.html

The British Society for the History of Mathematics HOME About BSHM BSHM Council Join BSHM ... Search BSHM Abstracts A B C D ... Z These listings contain all abstracts that have appeared in BSHM Newsletters up to Newsletter 46. BSHM Abstracts - L Lacki, Jan, ‘The early axiomatizations of quantum mechanics: Jordan, von Neumann and the continuation of Hilbert’s program’, Archive for history of exact sciences When Hilbert’s axiomatization of physical theories faced the rise of quantum mechanics, the novelty of the mathematics was matched by its lack of physical interpretation. Von Neumann, the most outstanding of Hilbert’s heirs, continued his programme and pushed it to the limit, blending axiomatic rigour with interpretative commitment. Lam Lay Yong, ‘Jiu zhang suanshu (Nine chapters on the mathematical art): an overview’, Archive for history of exact sciences Jiu zhang suanshu is one of the earliest and most important Chinese texts, and is built on a rod-numeral system with conceptually the same decimal place-value structure (albeit with alternating orientation) as our own. It encompassedprobably most of Chinese mathematical knowledge at the beginning of the second century AD, and had a great influence. Archive for history of exact sciences Langermann, Y. Tzvi, ‘Mediaeval hebrew texts on the quadrature of the lune’

49. 1288 1344 Astronomy of levi ben gerson, 12881344 (Studies in the History of Mathematics levi ben gerson s Prognostication for the Conjunction of 1345 http://1288-1344.idoneos.com/

Homepage Idoneos.com Shop Directory Top RSS news See Also astronomy general science astrology ... religion Links levi levis prognostication Web idoneos.com Gersonides on Providence, Covenant, and the Chosen People: A Study in Medieval Jewish Philosophy and Biblical Commentary (S U N Y Series in Jewish Philosophy) Published: 01 February, 1995 Author: Robert Eisen ... marketplace, click here... Our price: Buy one from zShops for: Sales rank: 860079 Average customer rating: Phooey! My interest in Gersonides was because he felt that the perfection of mathematics proved the existence of God. Although this book is well written, Gersonides comes off as a real [...]. The arrangement of the subject material makes it a complete waste of time. An accessible review of a complicated philosopher Levi ben Gershom, better known as Gersonides, or the Ralbag, isn't an easy philosopher to read. Very few of his works have modern translations, and those that do exist are of little help to those without a background in medieval philosophy. For those of us who are interested in the radical theological innovators of the medieval era, such as Gersonides and Maimonides, it is helpful to have a guide such as Eisen's book to guide us through Gersonide's sophisticated arguments. It is concise, well written, helpful, and does not make the mistake of talking down to the reader. A certain amount of intellectual sophistication is assumed on the part of the reader - but I assume that this would be true of anyone who wishes to read Gersonides to begin with!

50. A Theologico-Political Treatise - Endnotes (2) Rabbi levi ben gerson and others believe that these forty years which the (5) Therefore it is evident that levi ben gerson (certainly a very learned http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/relg/christiantheology/ATheologico-

A Theologico-Political Treatise by Benedict de Spinoza Translated by R. H. M. Elwes Terms Contents Preface Chapter I ... Endnotes Endnotes Author's Endnotes to the Theologico-Political Treatise hapter I Endnote 1. (1) The word naw-vee', Strong:5030, is rightly interpreted by Rabbi Salomon Jarchi, but the sense is hardly caught by Aben Ezra, who was not so good a Hebraist. (2) We must also remark that this Hebrew word for prophecy has a universal meaning and embraces all kinds of prophecy. (3) Other terms are more special, and denote this or that sort of prophecy, as I believe is well known to the learned. Endnote 2. (1) "Although, ordinary knowledge is Divine, its professors cannot be called prophets." That is, interpreters of God. (2) For he alone is an interpreter of God, who interprets the decrees which God has revealed to him, to others who have not received such revelation, and whose belief, therefore, rests merely on the prophet's authority and the confidence reposed in him. (3) If it were otherwise, and all who listen to prophets became prophets themselves, as all who listen to philosophers become philosophers, a prophet would no longer be the interpreter of Divine decrees, inasmuch as his hearers would know the truth, not on the, authority of the prophet, but by means of actual Divine revelation and inward testimony. (4) Thus the sovereign powers are the interpreters of their own rights of sway, because these are defended only by their authority and supported by their testimony.

51. Manuscript Detail Colophon records the scribe’s name as Joesph ben Isaac Gallico, (Albategnius)and levi ben gerson; that is, it was GreekArabic astronomy, http://dewey.library.upenn.edu/sceti/ljs/PageLevel/view.cfm?option=view&ManID=lj

52. Gersonides levi ben gerson was born in 1288 in Provence and may have lived for a time in levi ben gerson’s Contributions to Astronomy in Studies on gersonides. http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/win2001/entries/gersonides/

This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z Gersonides Perhaps no other medieval Jewish philosopher has been so maligned over the centuries as Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, acronym Ralbag). Indeed, his major philosophical work, Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem The War of the Lord , 1329), was called " Wars against the Lord 1. Introduction 2. Biography 3. Major Works 4. Major Themes in Milhamot Ha-Shem ... Related Entries 1. Introduction In the introduction to his recently completed translation of Wars of the Lord , Feldman suggests that the significance of Gersonides lies in his emphasis upon "religious rationalism in Judaism." According to Feldman, we see a man who "has taken seriously the fact that he has reason, who believes that this faculty is God-given, and who attempts to understand God with this instrument" ( Wars , p. 52). Gersonides is the philosopher who attempted to show that philosophy and Torah, that reason and revelation are co-extensive; he is a philosophical optimist who believes that reason was fully competent to attain all the important and essential truths. Thus, according to Feldman, Gersonides is "a most vigorous and consistent defender of human reason in religion"( Wars , p. 53).

53. Gersonides levi ben gerson was born in 1288 in Provence and may have lived for a time in levi ben gerson s Contributions to Astronomy in Studies on gersonides. http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/archives/spr2004/entries/gersonides/

This is a file in the archives of the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change AUG Gersonides Perhaps no other medieval Jewish philosopher has been so maligned over the centuries as Gersonides (Levi ben Gerson, acronym Ralbag). Indeed, his major philosophical work, Sefer Milhamot Ha-Shem The War of the Lord , 1329), was called " Wars against the Lord " by one of his opponents. Despite the vilification of his position, Gersonides emerges as one of the most significant and comprehensive thinkers in the medieval Jewish tradition. He has been constantly quoted (even if only to be criticized), and, through the works of Hasdai Crecas and others, Gersonides' ideas have influenced such thinkers as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibiniz and Benedict de Spinoza. This article will survey his major contributions to medieval philosophy. 1. Introduction

54. The History Of The Sextant The concept probably arrived in Europe when levi ben gerson, working in theSpanish school at Catalan in 1342, wrote about an instrument called a balestilla http://www.mat.uc.pt/~helios/Mestre/Novemb00/H61iflan.htm

Peter Ifland The History of the Sextant Talk given at the amphitheatre of the Physics Museum under the auspices of the Pro-Rector for Culture and the Committee for the Science Museum of The University of Coimbra, the 3 October 2000. "Where are we?" Well, yes. We're sitting here safe and dry in the Science Museum at the University of Coimbra. But the question has a different urgency when the ship is approaching a rocky coast and the life of the ship and its crew depends on a fast and accurate answer. It's the Navigator's job to provide the answer. So what do navigators need to find their position on the earth's surface by observing the stars? They need an Almanac prepared by the astronomers to forecast precisely where the heavenly bodies, the sun, moon planets and selected navigational stars, are going to be, hour by hour, years into the future, relative to the observatory that prepared the almanac, Greenwich, England in modern times. They need a chronometer or some other means of telling the time back at the observatory that was the reference point for the data in the almanac

55. New York Kollel - Meet The Author To begin with, gersonides (levi ben gerson, 12881344) The Wars of the Lord isvery long and very complicated. And translating fourteenth century Hebrew http://www.huc.edu/kollel/eb0300.html

NEW YORK KOLLEL Meet the Author with Eugene Borowitz THE NEW JEWISH BOOKS Eugene B. Borowitz and Frances W. Schwartz, Editors Our Book of the Month March, 2000 In Search of American Jewish Culture Stephen J. Whitfield (Brandeis/New England) Have even a slight encounter with American theater and music, American literature and art, and you will notice a Semitic presence out of proportion to our small numbers. But also be aware of the strong interactive relationship between the general, secular society and our particularist one. Only by emphasizing our distinctive religious faith, more than either practice or doctrine, will our Judaism remain viable. Whitfield's thesis: We must consciously maintain our "otherness" in the face of rampant assimilation to keep American Jewish culture Jewish. This Month's Notable Books Since we are focusing on past and present cultures this month, we want to call your attention to a book about a frequently overlooked period of Jewish history. In Abraham's Heirs: Jews and Christians in Medieval Europe, (Syracuse) Leonard B. Glick

56. Math 300 Guidelines For Papers levi ben gerson s Art of the Calculator, problems 6368 Leonardo of Pisa s Bookof Squares Nicole Oresme s Questions concerning Euclid s geometry, http://cerebro.cs.xu.edu/math/math300/02s/papers.html

Math 300 Great Moments in Mathematics Spring 2002 Guidelines for papers You will prepare two research papers for this course: a biographical paper, due February 21 , that relates the mathematical career of a noted historical figure born before 1700; and a paper due April 18 that performs a critical reading of an original source of importance in the history of mathematics. Your biographical paper should conform to the following guidelines, listed in order of importance, and will be evaluated against them: The paper should present a comprehensively researched discussion of the life history of your chosen mathematician; this person's significant mathematical accomplishments must be thoroughly discussed. (35%) It should be presented in a clear and coherent writing style , using correct spelling, proper pronunciation and good grammar. (25%) It should contain a bibliography with at least three sources including at least three print-published (not Web) sources, it should make appropriate use of direct quotations , and should include in-text citations (as either footnotes or endnotes). (25%)

57. :: BDSweb > Durant, W. The Story Of Philosophy (fragments) and from these to the writings of Maimonides, levi ben gerson, Ibn Ezra, andHasdai Crescas; and his promiscuous voracity extended even to the mystical http://members.tripod.com/~BDSweb/en/107.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Dukes of Hazzard Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Will Durant THE STORY OF PHILOSOPHY home books pictures guestbook ... about Chapter Four Spinoza 1. Historical and Biographical I. THE ODYSSEY OF THE JEWS Guide to the Perplexed; it was at Barcelona that Hasdai Crescas (1370-1430) propounded heresies that shook all Judaism. The great majority of the Jews accepted the harder alternative, and looked about them for a place of refuge. Some took ship and sought entry into Genoa and other Italian ports; they were refused, and sailed on in growing misery and disease till they reached the coast of Africa, where many of them were murdered for the jewels they were believed to have swallowed. A few were received into Venice, which knew how much of its maritime ascendency it owed to its Jews. Others financed the voyage of Columbus, a man perhaps of their own race, hoping that the great navigator would find them a new home. A large number of them embarked in the trail vessels of that day and sailed up the Atlantic, between hostile England and hostile France, to find at last some measure of welcome in little big-souled Holland. Among these was a family of Portuguese Jews named Espinoza. This was 1640. At that time Baruch Spinoza, "the greatest Jew of modern times," [2] and the greatest of modern philosophers, was a child of eight, the favorite student of the synagogue.

58. History Of Trigonometry levi ben gerson worked on plane trigonometry, particularly the laws of sines andcosines He expanded on levi ben gerson s work. He proved the Sine Rule, http://library.thinkquest.org/C0110248/trigonometry/history2.htm

History of Trigonometry Contents Early Trigonometry European Developments Trigonometry Main Page European Developments Trigonometry reached Europe in the medieval times. Richard of Wallingford wrote a text on trigonometry, Quadripartium . He related the Indian sine to the ancient chords. He used Euclid's Elements as a basis for his arguments in plane trigonometry. Levi ben Gerson worked on plane trigonometry, particularly the laws of sines and cosines. In the 16th century, trigonometry was incorporated into geography and navigation. Knowledge of trigonometry was used to construct maps, determining the position of a land mass in relation to the longitudes and latitudes. Johannes Muller, or more popularly known as Regiomontanus, wrote a text On Triangles . He studied plane trigonometry, including results for solving triangles. He expanded on Levi ben Gerson's work. He proved the Sine Rule, and also considered the ambiguous case in using the rule. Later works improved the tables of sines, which has been worked on extensively; as well as included tables for the other functions. Thomas Finck was the first to use the modern terms "tangent" and "secant". The workd so far applied trigonometric concepts in astronomy. It was only until Bartholomew Pitiscus when there was a text considering the solving of a plane triangle on earth. He invented the word "trigonometry", in his title

59. Ari Davidow: Hebrew Typesetter Extraordinaire: A Visit With Lili Wronker The legal code, Path of Life the traveler s tales of Eldad the Danite, thepopular version of Josephus, Rabbi levi ben gerson s commentary on the http://www.ivritype.com/hebrew/2004/08/a_visit_with_li.php

Ari Davidow: Hebrew Typesetter Extraordinaire I spent much of the late 1980s and 1990s working on Hebrew typography. I'm back (and available for Yiddish and Hebrew typography). I was lured by the promise of OpenType, Unicode Hebrew on the web, and my original love of Hebrew typography. It all makes for information that wants to be shared. Main August 16, 2004 A visit with Lili Wronker About 15 years ago I was relatively new to Hebrew type. A local friend, Briem, suggested that I contact someone he knew in New York who was a wonderful calligrapher, and had even contributed a page to his book, "60 Alphabets". Little did I know. So, prior to my next trip to New York, I contacted Ms. Wronker, who suggested that we meet at the New York Public Library, which was then doing an exhibit on Hebrew ("A Sign and a Witness: 2000 Years of Hebrew Books and Illuminated Manuscripts"). We met. She was a lively person, somewhat past middle-aged, but not remotely old. And, in the hour we spent going through the New York Public Library Exhibit I learned my about Hebrew lettering that I have learned before or since. From micrography to the latest types, Lili could point out the salient points, give them context and description, and quickly move me on, the better to finish up and go back to her place for lunch and an afternoon of book study. This was the sort of place in which Lili and Erich, her husband, even kept a small letterpress in their bedroom. Lili is still my teacher, although I would also claim that we are also friends. This past week I dropped by to catch up, to tell her about my forthcoming

60. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (H) A treatise on trigonometry by levi ben gerson (12881344) was translated intoLatin under the title De numeris harmonicis. HARMONIC PROGRESSION. http://members.aol.com/jeff570/h.html

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (H) Last revision: June 2, 2005 HAMILTON and HAMILTONIAN are used to recall the work of William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865). The terms in use today derive from his reformulation of mechanics and from the " Icosian game " which he invented and marketed. The game is now understood in terms of graph theory; see Mathworld. Hamilton’s long years of work on QUATERNIONS are recalled only in the name CAYLEY-HAMILTON THEOREM. Hamilton’s two essays on a General Method in Dynamics in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (1834-5) gave rise to Hamilton's principle , the Hamiltonian form of the equations of motion and the Hamiltonian function .  All these terms appear in E. T. Whittaker Treatise on the Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies (1904). The OED has a quotation from 1858, A. Cayley writing about forms of the equations of motion in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1857 I. 15: "When there is no force function..the forms corresponding to the untransformed forms in T and U are as follows, viz. the Lagrangian form is dq dt q´, d

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