21. Footnotes beg ulugh Beg was the grandson of the Asian (Mongol) conquerer Timur. His fathercaptured the city of Samarkand and gave it to Ulugh Beg. http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/arab/footnode.html

...induction. There is in Pappus' The Collection a treatment of a variant to the Shoemaker's knife problem that has been argued to contain the first proof containing the two elements of induction. ...Beg Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the Asian (Mongol) conquerer Timur. His father captured the city of Samarkand and gave it to Ulugh Beg. He was primarily an astronomer and he built an observatory, the construction beginning in 1428. In his observations he discovered a number of errors in the computations of Ptolemy. He compiled tables of sins and tans at 1 intervals. These displayed a high degree of accuracy, being correct to at least 8 decimal places. Ulugh Beg's politics were not up to his science and, on his father's death, he was unable to achieve power despite being an only son. He was eventually being put to death at the instigation of his own son. Don Allen Thu Mar 6 09:44:30 CST 1997

22. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg Article by Kevin Krisciunas, with notes and bibliography, about the grandson of Tammerlane, his observatory, and the significance of his work. http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam6.html

The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. A principal source of our information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106):

23. 'Abd Al-Latif: Information From Answers.com Abd alLatif Abd al-Latif (d. May 9 1450 ) was a great-grandson of Timur .He was the third son of ulugh beg , Timurid ruler of Transoxiana. http://www.answers.com/topic/abd-al-latif

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping 'Abd al-Latif Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); 'Abd al-Latif Abd al-Latif (d. May 9 ) was a great-grandson of Timur . He was the third son of Ulugh Beg , Timurid ruler of Transoxiana Having been given the governorship of Balkh , 'Abd al-Latif served under his father. During the succession struggle that followed the death of Shah Rukh , he occupied Herat , although after Ulugh Beg left the city at the end of it was conquered by Abu'l-Qasim Babur 'Abd al-Latif did not remain loyal to his father. Angry over the fact that he was to be passed over in the tranfer of rule of Samarkand , he revolted while Ulugh Beg was marching to retake Khurasan . He defeated his father at Dimashq , near Samarkand, in the fall of . Ulugh Beg later decided to surrender himself, and 'Abd al-Latif granted him permission to take a pilgrimage to Mecca , but while Ulugh Beg was on his way he was ordered murdered by his son. A few days later he also had his brother 'Abd al-'Aziz killed. In this manner he became ruler of Transoxiana. A somewhat pious person, he gained the support of the local religious groups, but this did not save him from a conspiracy hatched against him by the amirs. His reign lasted for only six months. He was succeeded by his cousin

24. Beg, Ulugh ulugh beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Shortly after his grandson ulugh beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/B/beg/beg.html

Beg, Ulugh Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamerlane (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur the Lame, a title of contempt used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive we are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics and astronomy, we need to examine the history of the area since it had such a major impact on Ulugh Beg's life. Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Turkic Barlas tribe which was a Mongol tribe that was living in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbekistan. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and set out on a conquest, with his armies of mounted archers, of the area now occupied by Iran, Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Shortly after his grandson Ulugh Beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur continued his conquests by extending his empire to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories over the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in a battle near Ankara. Timur died in 1405 leading his armies into China. After Timur's death his empire was disputed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was the fourth son of Timur and, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan regaining control of Samarkand. Samarkand had been the capital of Timur's empire but, although his grandson Ulugh Beg had been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom in that city. When Timur was not on one of his military campaigns he moved with his army from place to place and his court, including his grandson Ulugh Beg, travelled with him.

25. Ulugh Beg, Title Of Muhammad Taragay He published a set of astronomical tables, called the Zij of ulugh beg. ulugh begwas born at Sulaniyya in central Asia and brought up at the court of his http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/U/UlughBeg/1.htm

Ulugh Beg, Title of Muhammad Taragay Mongol mathematician and astronomer, ruler of Samarkand from 1409 and of the Mongol Empire from 1447. He built an observatory from which he made very accurate observations of the Sun and planets. He published a set of astronomical tables, called the Zij of Ulugh Beg. Ulugh Beg was born at Sulaniyya in central Asia and brought up at the court of his grandfather Tamerlane. At the age of 15 Ulugh Beg became ruler of the city of Samarkand and the province of Maverannakhr. In 1447 he succeeded his father, Shahrukh, to the throne, but was assassinated two years later in a coup by his son. In 1420 Ulugh Beg founded an institution of higher learning, or 'madrasa', in Samarkand. It specialized in astronomy and higher mathematics. Four years later he built a three-storey observatory and a sextant. By observing the altitude of the Sun at noon every day, he was able to deduce the Sun's meridianal height, its distance from the zenith, and the inclination of the ecliptic. The Zij of Ulugh Beg and his school is written in Tajik. It consists of a theoretical section and tables of calendar calculations, of trigonometry, and of the positions of planets, as well as a star catalogue of 1,018 stars. This includes 992 stars whose positions Ulugh Beg redetermined with unusual precision.

26. Ulugh_Beg Biography of ulugh beg (13931449) ulugh beg was primarily a scientist, inparticular a mathematician and an astronomer. However, he certainly did not http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Ulugh_Beg.html

Ulugh Beg Born: 1393 in Soltaniyeh, Timurid, Persia (now Iran) Died: 27 Oct 1449 in Samarkand, Timurid empire Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Ulugh Beg was the grandson of the conqueror Timur, who is often known as Tamerlane (from Timur-I-Leng meaning Timur the Lame, a title of contempt used by his Persian enemies). Although in this archive we are primarily interested in Ulugh Beg's achievements in mathematics and astronomy, we need to examine the history of the area since it had such a major impact on Ulugh Beg's life. Timur, Ulugh Beg's grandfather, came from the Turkic Barlas tribe which was a Mongol tribe that was living in Transoxania, today essentially Uzbekistan. He united several Turko-Mongol tribes under his leadership and set out on a conquest, with his armies of mounted archers, of the area now occupied by Iran, Iraq, and eastern Turkey. Shortly after his grandson Ulugh Beg was born, Timur invaded India and by 1399 he had taken control of Delhi. Timur continued his conquests by extending his empire to the west from 1399 to 1402, winning victories over the Egyptian Mamluks in Syria and the Ottomans in a battle near Ankara. Timur died in 1405 leading his armies into China. After Timur's death his empire was disputed among his sons. Ulugh Beg's father Shah Rukh was the fourth son of Timur and, by 1407, he had gained overall control of most of the empire, including Iran and Turkistan regaining control of Samarkand. Samarkand had been the capital of Timur's empire but, although his grandson Ulugh Beg had been brought up at Timur's court, he was seldom in that city. When Timur was not on one of his military campaigns he moved with his army from place to place and his court, including his grandson Ulugh Beg, travelled with him.

27. References For Ulugh_Beg References for the biography of ulugh beg. H Hobden, ulugh beg and hisObservatory in Samarkand, Astronomy Now 2 (1988), 3236. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Ulugh_Beg.html

References for Ulugh Beg Version for printing Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. Books: J B J Delambre, (Paris, 1819). T N Kary-Nijazov, The Ulugh Beg school of astronomy (Russian) (Tashkent, 1967). Articles: M Bagheri, A newly found letter of al-Kashi on scientific life in Samarkand, Historia Math. M S Bulatov, Ulugh Beg's observatory in Samarkand (Russian), Istor.-Astronom. Issled. H Hobden, Ulugh Beg and his Observatory in Samarkand, Astronomy Now T N Kary-Nijazov, Ulugh Beg and Subah Jai Singh (Russian), in 1966 Phys. Math. Sci. in the East 'Nauka' (Moscow, 1966), 247-255. V Lutsky, Ulugh Beigh's ancient star atlas, Astromony and Space M Shevchenko, An analysis of errors in the star catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg, J. Hist. Astronom. A U Usmanov, A short survey of the history of the development of astronomy in the medieval East up to the age of Ulugh Beg (Russian), Questions on the history of mathematics and astronomy I, Trudy Samarkand. Gos. Univ. (N.S.) Vyp.

28. Samarkand - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia His grandson ulugh beg ruled the country for 40 years. In Samarkand, ulugh begcreated a scientific school that united outstanding astronomers and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarkand

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$130,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Samarkand From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Samarkand Samarqand or Самарқанд in Uzbek , in Persian س٠رقند) (population 400,000) is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan , capital of Samarqand Province . It is located at latitude 39° 39' 15, longitude 66° 57' 35E, at an altitude of 702 meters. The majority of the city's inhabitants are ethnically Tajik . In , after several abortive attempts, UNESCO inscribed the 2700-year-old city on the World Heritage List as Samarkand - Crossroads of Cultures Colour photograph taken in Samarkand ca. Contents History Major Sights Samarkand in literature External links ... edit History Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda ) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the ( Silk Road ) trade route between China and Europe . At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia , and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded ca. 700BCE, it was already the capital of the

29. Ulugh Beg, 1393-1449 C.E. ulugh beg published a new catalogue of stars. He found many errors in Ptolemy swork. ulugh beg was the ruler of Turkestan and a grandson of Tamerlane. http://salam.muslimsonline.com/~azahoor/beg.html

MOHAMMED TARGAI ULUGH BEG (1393 - 1449 C.E.) by Dr. A. Zahoor Click here to proceed

30. Ulugh Beg --  Encyclopædia Britannica ulugh beg grandson of the Asian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) and one whose primaryinterest was in the arts and intellectual matters. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074183

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Ulugh Beg Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Ulugh Beg  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 born 1394, Soltaniyeh, Timurid Iran died Oct. 27, 1449, Samarkand, Timurid empire [now in Uzbekistan] grandson of the Asian conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) and one whose primary interest was in the arts and intellectual matters. Under his brief rule the Timurid dynasty of Iran reached its cultural peak. His father, Shah Rokh, captured the city of Samarkand Ulugh Beg...

31. Yakub Beg --  Encyclopædia Britannica ulugh beg and His Observatory Educational reference on this 15thcentury Timurid Mohammed Targai ulugh beg Short biography of the grandson of the Mongol http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9077733

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Yakub Beg Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Yakub Beg  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 born 1820, Pskente, Kokand [now in Uzbekistan] died May 16, 1877, Kashgaria [now in Sinkiang province, China] Tajik adventurer who entered northwest China in 1864 and through a series of military and political maneuvers took advantage of the anti-Chinese uprisings of its Muslim inhabitants to establish himself as head of the kingdom of Kashgaria Yakub Beg...

32. The Legacy Of Ulugh Beg - By Kevin Krisciunas The administration of Transoxiana was the responsibility of ulugh beg’s father While recognition of ulugh beg’s contributions to astronomy was delayed, http://eurasia-research.com/erc/006cam.htm

CENTRAL ASIAN MONUMENTS Edited by H. B. Paksoy The Legacy of Ulugh Beg Kevin Krisciunas[1] Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Were it only for his role as prince, viceroy, and martyr, few scholars would know of Ulugh Beg. But his memory lives on because he was an observatory builder, patron of astronomy, and astronomer in his own right. He was certainly the most important observational astronomer of the 15 th century. He was one of the first to advocate and build permanently mounted astronomical instruments. His catalogue of 1018 stars (some sources count 1022) was the only such undertaking carried out between the timesof Claudius Ptolemy (ca. 170 A.D.) and Tycho Brahe (ca. 1600). And, as we shall briefly discuss here, his attitude towards scientific endeavors was surprisingly modern. The observations were carried out systematically from 1420 to 1437. While observatories today are expected to carry on indefinitely, this was not the case in olden times. Rather, observations were carried out, for example, to update tables of planetary motions in order to predict their future positions. al-Kashi tells us (see Sayili 1960, p.106): As to the inquiry of those who ask why observations are not completed in one year but require ten or fifteen years, the situation is such that there are certain conditions suited to the determination of matters pertaining to the planets, and it is necessary to observe them when these conditions obtain. It is necessary, e.g., to have two eclipses in both of which the eclipsed parts are equal and to the same side, and both these eclipses have to take place near the same node. Likewise, another pair of eclipses conforming to other specifications is needed, and still other cases of a similar nature are required.

33. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics The Legacy of ulugh beg. Summarised extracts from a full article, see resourcesbelow, where end notes, references and bibliography are given. http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=237

34. AllRefer.com - Ulugh-Beg (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon ulughbeg, Astronomy, Biographies. Includes related research links. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/U/UlughBeg.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather August 30, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Astronomy, Biographies ... Ulugh-Beg By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z U Ulugh-Beg, Astronomy, Biographies Related Category: Astronomy, Biographies Ulugh-Beg or Ulug-Beg [both: OO OO g beg] Pronunciation Key Related Categories: People Science and Technology Science and Technology Astronomy and Space Exploration ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Ulugh-Beg SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Par Web Solutions Site best viewed in 800 x 600 resolution.

35. Ulugh Beg Madrasa One of three madrasas commissioned by ulugh beg, this one in Bukhara was constructed The ulugh beg Madrasa faces the larger Abd alAziz Khan Madrasa, http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=5085

36. Ulugh Beg Observatory Timurid ruler and astronomer ulugh beg (13941449) built one of the earliest Today, tourists throng a cylinder shaped museum dedicated to ulugh beg near http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=8401

37. Ulugh-Beg. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 ulughbeg. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ul/UlughBeg.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Ulugh-Beg or Ulug-Beg (both: g b g) ( KEY CONTENTS INDEX GUIDE ... NEXT Click here to shop the Bartleby Bookstore Welcome Press Advertising ... Bartleby.com

38. Ulugh Beg And His Observatory The web page on ulugh beg and the Samarkand Observatory has been moved to SilkRoad Seattle and may be found by clicking here. If you have saved the former http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/CA/cities/samarkand/obser.html

The web page on Ulugh Beg and the Samarkand Observatory has been moved to Silk Road Seattle and may be found by clicking here . If you have saved the former URL in your browser, replace it with the new one. October 16, 2002

39. Afghanland.com Afghanistan Famous Atronomer Astronomy Muhammed Taragai ulugh beg (13941449) was a Turk who ruled the province ulugh beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. http://www.afghanland.com/history/astro.html

HOME NEWS ISLAM HISTORY ... PICTURES Afghanistan's Astronomer Prince A Look at Ulug Beg by Kevin Krisciunas Muhammed Taragai Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) was a Turk who ruled the province of Transoxiana (Maverannahr), a region situated between the River Oxus (Amu Darya) and the River Jaxartes (Syr Darya), the principal city of which was Samarkand. Ulugh Beg's grandfather was the famous conqueror Timur (1336-1405). Ulugh Beg became the ruler of Transoxiana in 1447 upon the death of his father. But his rule was of short duration. Two years later he was killed by an assassin hired by his son 'Abd al Latif. According to Afghanland.com's sources, A principal source of o ur information about the astronomical activity at Samarkand is a letter of one Ghiyath al-Din Jamshid al-Kashi (d. 1429), which is available in Turkish and English (see Sayili 1960). This letter, originally in Persian, was written in 1421 or 1422. From it we deduce that serious astronomical activity began in Samarkand in 1408-10, and that the construction of Ulugh Beg's observatory was begun in 1420. Amongthe astronomers known to have been active at Samarkand, we know only a few by name, but according to al-Kashi there were sixty or seventy scholars at the madrasa who were well enough versed in mathematics to participate in some capacity in the astronomical observations and/or seminars.

40. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Ulugh-Beg@ HighBeam Research The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition ulughbeg@ HighBeam Research. http://www.highbeam.com/ref/doc0.asp?docid=1E1:UlughBeg

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