41. Banu Musa banu musa , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the 9th cent.AD The name means “sons of musa” and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0806092.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites 2006 TFK Almanac Quiz: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory SpongeBob Lemony Snicket ... Fantasy Books Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Banu Musa OO OO Pronunciation Key Banu Musa , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the 9th cent. A.D. Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Page Tools: Cite Print More on Banu Musa from Fact Monster: Encyclopedia: Mathematics: Biographies - Encyclopeadia articles concerning Mathematics: Biographies. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Mathematics: Biographies AD AD AD ADS Business Cards Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy Brought to you by: Information Please

42. Banu Musa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 banu musa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. AD The namemeans “sons of musa” and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, http://www.bartleby.com/65/ba/BanuMusa.html

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43. AllRefer.com - Banu Musa (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia banu musabAnOO´ mOOsA´ Pronunciation Key, family of Arab mathematicians AD The name means sons of musa and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/B/BanuMusa.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather August 29, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Mathematics, Biographies ... Banu Musa By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z B Banu Musa, Mathematics, Biographies Related Category: Mathematics, Biographies Banu Musa [bAn OO OO Pronunciation Key , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the 9th cent. A.D. The name means "sons of Musa" and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, and al-Hasan. They supervised the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic and helped to found the Arabic school of mathematics. The most important work ascribed to them is the geometrical treatise Book on the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures. Related Categories: People Science and Technology Science and Technology Mathematics ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Banu Musa SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

44. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics The three brothers of banu musa, the sons of musa ibn Shakir, flourished in mid9th century Baghdad and were involved in engineering, astronomy and http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=516

45. Al-Ma'mun: Information From Answers.com AlMa mun came to power by defeating his brother in battle. The father of thetwo brothers was Harun al-Rashid who had Tahirid dynasty Ahmad banu musa http://www.answers.com/topic/al-ma-mun

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping al-Ma'mun Encyclopedia Mamun, al- (Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah al-Mamun) ( m¤mÅ«n Abbasid caliph (813–33); son of Harun al-Rashid . He succeeded his brother al-Amin after a bitter civil war, but was unable to enter Baghdad until 819. He was himself one of the Mutazilites, holding that the Qur'an was created in time, i.e., that it was not an uncreated eternal existent. He persecuted the orthodox bitterly. Al-Mamun's reign was one of great cultural achievement, and he was especially interested in the work of scientists, particularly of those who knew Greek. He established (830) in Baghdad the House of Wisdom, an institution that translated Greek works into Arabic. Wikipedia @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/common.css); @import url(http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/css/gnwp.css); al-Ma'mun Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun ibn Harun Abbasid caliph who reigned from until his death in . He succeeded his brother al-Amin Al-Ma'mun came to power by defeating his brother in battle. The father of the two brothers was

46. Saudi Aramco World : Science:The Islamic Legacy: Science In The Golden Age One of Ibrahim s brothers, Thabit, named after his grandfather, was director The banu musa and Thabit ibn Qurra and his sons did not work in isolation. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198203/science.the.islamic.legacy-science.

May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 May/June 1982 Volume 33, Number 3 Science:The Islamic Legacy Science in the Golden Age Written by Paul Lunde Illustrated by Michael Grimsdale Additional illustrations courtesy of Bodleian Library Towards the end of the 10th century, Ibn al-Nadim, son of a Baghdad , bookseller and boon companion of Abbasid caliphs, compiled an annotated bibliography of books that had passed through his hands during the course of his long and active life. The sheer number of books that he lists, to say nothing of the range of their subject matter, is astonishing: Aristotle appears beside Sindbad the Sailor, Euclid beside the stories of Goha, Plato beside the poems of'Antar ibn Shad-dad. The most striking feature of Ibn al-Nadim's catalog, however, is the number of books dealing with science. In a chapter entitled The Reason Why Books on Philosophy and Other Ancient Sciences Became Plentiful in This Country, Ibn al-Nadim relates a strange story of how Aristotle appeared in a dream to the Caliph al-Ma'mun and assured him that there was no conflict between reason and revelation. Thus reassured, al-Ma'mun set about obtaining the works of the Greek philosophers, the first step toward founding the famous House of Wisdom, a center for the translation of Greek scientific works into Arabic. Ibn al-Nadim told the story this way: This dream was one of the most definite reasons for the output of books. Between al-Ma'mun and the Byzantine emperor there was correspondence ... so al-Ma'mun wrote to the Byzantine emperor asking his permission to obtain a selection of old scientific manuscripts, stored and treasured in the country of the Byzantines. After first refusing, he finally complied, and al-Ma'mun sent forth a number of scholars, among them al-Hajjaj ibn Matar, Ibn al-Batrik, Salman, the director of the House of Wisdom and many others. They selected books from those they found and brought them back to al-Ma'mun, who ordered them to prepare translations of them.

47. Khutbah.com The tribe of banu Bakr joined Quraish, while their ancient rivals, Khuzaa’ah, Dear brothers and sisters, when Allah ta’ala sent musa, alayhis salam, http://www.khutbah.com/print.php?type=5&id=568&language=8&il=8

48. The Water Organ And Other Related Sound-Producing Automata on the water organ in Arabic remains this treatise attributed to banu musa . The brothers Tommaso and Alessandro Francini (late sixteenth century to http://herbergeronline.asu.edu/haefer/classes/564/564.papers/curtisjwaterorgan.h

The Water Organ and Other Related Sound-Producing Automata December 11, 2000 Joseph R. Curtis The Water Organ and Other Related Sound-Producing Automata Greek Sources organon referring to a water organ, which made figures play wind, string and percussion instruments. Arabic Sources klepsydra The Organ from its Invention in the Hellenistic Period to the end of the Thirteenth Century , he describes musical automata in the palace of Emperor Theophilus (829-842 AD). "This Theophilus had also constructed a musical tree which he had installed in one of the great reception rooms in the palace. …It consisted of a golden tree with small birds perched on its branches, twittering musically by means of a pneumatic mechanism which sent air through concealed tubes." Figure 1 is taken from the treatise attributed to Archimedes. It shows a figure playing a flue or reed pipe, which is made to sound by air being forced through it by the fall of water into a cistern. Figure 1 The Archimedes Automatic Wind Instrumentalist British Museum MS., Or. Add. 23391

49. Shiites Of Iraq Online Extra @ National Geographic Magazine The banu musa, three brothers working at the Bayt alHikmah, were among the firstArabs to build upon Greek mathematics. Their book, Kitab Marifat Masakhat http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0406/feature1/online_extra.html

June 2004 The Baghdad That Was Image courtesy Washington Freer Gallery of Art "Preparation of Medicines from Flowers and Consul" Illustration from an Arabic translation of the Materia Medica by Dioscorides Baghdad, Iraq, 1224 By Saadia Iqbal A city that would be little recognized today, Baghdad was a celebrated metropolis of glamour and learning in 800 A.D. Sadly, Baghdad has long since lost that status. Numerous wars and invasions, both ancient and contemporary, have contributed to the city's decline. Medieval Baghdad provided some of the setting for the stories from Alf Lalah wa Laylah The Thousand and One Nights, also known as Arabian Nights) . The city's opulent palaces and rich bazaars were one of the backdrops for Scheherazade, Aladdin, and Ali Baba's adventures, and the disguised caliph who appeared from time to time was none other than Harun al-Rashid, the fifth ruler of the Abbasid caliphate. He often roamed the streets of Baghdad dressed as a commoner, in order to learn more about his people and help them. The Abbasid Caliphate The caliphate descended from al-Abbas, an important figure in early Islam, and the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad, who founded the religion. Al-Mansur, the second caliph of the Abbasids, established Baghdad in 762

50. History Of Sciences In The Islamic World The first is by the Bano (Arabic for sons of) musa, three brothers who lived in The banu musa were masters in the exploitation of small variations in http://majalla.org/books/islam/historyofsciences.htm

History of Sciences in the Islamic World Medical Science Hospitals Pharmacology Industry ... Reference I. Medical Science Dr. Meyerhof writes in "The Legacy of Islam" (P.132): "Muslim doctors laughed at the Crusaders' medical attendants for their clumsy and elementary efforts. The Europeans had not the advantage of the books of Avicenna, Jaber, Hassan bin Haytham, Rhazes. However, they finally had them translated into Latin. These translations exist still, without the translators' names. In the 16th century the books of Averroes (Inb Rushd) and avicenna (Ibn Sina) were put out in Latin translation in Italy and used as the basis of instruction in the Italian and French universities." On page 116 of the same work he writes that after Rhazes' death the works of Avicenna (AD 980-1037) were taken up. His influence on thought and philosophy and general science was profound, and his medical works (based on the works of Galen which he had found in the Samarqand library in Arabic translation) had a sensational outrech. Other scientists followed - Abu'l-Qais of Andalusia; Ibn-Zahr of Andalusia; Abbas the Irani; Ali ibn-Rezvan of Egypt; Ibn Butlan of Baghdad; Abu Mansur Muwaffaq of Herat; Ibbn Wafeed of Spain; Masooya o Baghdad; Ali-ibn-Esau of Baghdad; Ammar of Mosul; Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) of Andalusia; whose works were translated into Latin were used in European universities. Europe knew nothing of the cholera bacterium when Islam entered Spain, and the people there regarded the disease as a punishment sent from heaven to exact the penalty of the sins: but Muslim physicians had already proved that even the public plague was a contagious disease and nothing else.

51. Al-Khwarizmi Harun died in 809 and there was an armed conflict between the brothers. AlKhwarizmi and his colleagues the banu musa were scholars at the House of http://zyx.org/Al-Khwarizmi.html

Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi Born: about 780 in Baghdad (now in Iraq) Died: about 850 We know few details of Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi 's life. One unfortunate effect of this lack of knowledge seems to be the temptation to make guesses based on very little evidence. In [1] Toomer suggests that the name al-Khwarizmi may indicate that he came from Khwarizm south of the Aral Sea in central Asia. He then writes:- But the historian al-Tabari gives him the additional epithet "al-Qutrubbulli", indicating that he came from Qutrubbull, a district between the Tigris and Euphrates not far from Baghdad, so perhaps his ancestors, rather than he himself, came from Khwarizm ... Another epithet given to him by al-Tabari, "al-Majusi", would seem to indicate that he was an adherent of the old Zoroastrian religion. ... the pious preface to al-Khwarizmi's "Algebra" shows that he was an orthodox Muslim, so Al-Tabari's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been Zoroastrians. However, Rashed [7], put a rather different interpretation on the same words by Al-Tabari:-

52. Astronomy The brothers banu musa who lived in the ninth century may be said to be the firstoutstanding Muslims in the field of geometry while their contemporary http://www.salaam.co.uk/themeofthemonth/october01_index.php?l=3

53. Introduction To Islam The brothers banu musa who lived in the 9th century may be said to be the firstoutstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used http://www.iad.org/Islam/math.html

THE MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES AND PHYSICS The Muslim mind has always been attracted to the mathematical sciences in accordance with the "abstract" character of the doctrine of Oneness which lies at the heart of Islam. The mathematical sciences have traditionally included astronomy, mathematics itself and much of what is called physics today. In astronomy the Muslims integrated the astronomical traditions of the Indians, Persians, the ancient Near East and especially the Greeks into a synthesis which began to chart a new chapter in the history of astronomy from the 8th century onward. The Almagest of Ptolemy, whose very name in English reveals the Arabic origin of its Latin translation, was thoroughly studied and its planetary theory criticized by several astronomers of both the eastern and western lands of Islam leading to the major critique of the theory by Nasir al-Din Al-Tusi and his students, especially Qutb al-Din Al-Shirazi, in the 13th century. Astronomical observations also had practical applications including not only finding the direction of Makkah for prayers, but also devising almanacs (the word itself being of Arabic origin). The Muslims also applied their astronomical knowledge to questions of time-keeping and the calendar. The most exact solar calendar existing to this day is the Jalali calendar devised under the direction of 'Umar Khayyam in the 12th century and still in use in Persia and Afghanistan. The Muslims also excelled in geometry as reflected in their art. The brothers Banu Musa who lived in the 9th century may be said to be the first outstanding Muslim geometers while their contemporary Thabit ibn Qurrah used the method of exhaustion, giving a glimpse of what was to become integral calculus. Many Muslim mathematicians such as Khayyam and al-Tusi also dealt with the fifth postulate of Euclid and the problems which follow if one tries to prove this postulate within the confines of Euclidian geometry.

54. Engineering Art Three brothers, the banu musa worked as engineers and scientists under thepatronage of the caliphs of Baghdad in the ninth century. http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/july01/features/engart/engart.html

ON THE COVER: engineering art Water fountains combine fluid handling, motion control, and human imagination to let a precious resource reveal its whimsical side. By Said Shakerin W ater is one of the most precious natural materials. It is essential for sustaining life and for the operation and maintenance of industrial plants. Besides its life-supporting and other essential applications, water has been combined with hydraulic systems for aesthetics, amusement, and relaxation since ancient times. Probably everyone has seen captivating water fountains in public buildings, amusement parks, or private houses. The purpose of a fountain can be to beautify the environment, to provide evaporative cooling, to create a special effect, to mask traffic noise, or to serve as an aid to relaxation. History records that the rulers of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia incorporated fountains in their palaces for decorative and evaporative cooling purposes. In the classical Greek and Roman cultures, highly developed fountains served as utilitarian and decorative objects. A surge of interest in sculptural fountains began during the Renaissance. Today, elaborate sculptural fountains can be seen throughout Europe, as in the Trevi fountain in Italy. The gardens of the Alhambra, the monumental complex built by the Moors in Granada, contain outstanding examples of the tradition of fountain design in Islamic civilization.

55. Mathematicians - Books, Journals, Articles @ The Questia Online Library banu musa banoo moosa , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the of musa and refers to the three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, and alHasan. http://www.questia.com/search/mathematicians

Questia The World's Largest Online Library Primary Navigation Skip Home Page Search Page Read Page ... Subscribe Page Secondary Navigation Skip About Questia Subscribe Requirements ... Login Search the Library: Advanced Search Put exact phrases in quotes Search within Results by media type: Books Journals Magazines Newspapers Encyclopedia Research Topics We searched for: mathematicians we found: results by media type: books: journal articles: magazine articles: newspaper articles: encyclopedia articles: Research Topics on: mathematicians List All Research Topics Famous Mathematicians books on: mathematicians - 5685 results More book Results: The Great Mathematicians Book by Herbert Westren Turnbull ; New York University Press, 1961 Subjects: MathematiciansBiography MathematicsHistory THE GREAT MATHEMATICIANS by Herbert Westren Turnbull...BY JAMES R. NEWMAN. THE GREAT MATHEMATICIANS WAS ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN...Macfarlanes "Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians ", and Ganesh Prasads Some Great... Lectures on Ten British Mathematicians of the Nineteenth Century Book by Alexander Macfarlane Subjects: MathematiciansGreat Britain MathematicsGreat BritainHistory19th Century ...No.17 LECTURES ON TEN BRITISH MATHEMATICIANS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY BY...lectures on twenty-five British

56. Banu_Musa History of Computing Pre Historic Era 469bc 1300adAmong its most prominent scholars were al-Khwarizmi and the banu musa, The sons of a robber-turned-astrologer, these three brothers, Muhammad, Ahmad, http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.html

Banu Musa brothers Born: about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing There were three brothers Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . They are almost indistinguishable but we do know that although they often worked together, they did have their own areas of expertise. The three links above give details specific to each of the brothers but most of the information about them is on this page. Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry. It is quite impossible to write separate biographies of the three brother, who are usually known as the Banu Musa, and we shall not attempt to do so. The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. It is therefore worth looking at the background to how Arabic mathematics came to fill this role. Harun al-Rashid became the fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty on 14 September 786, not long after Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, was born. Harun ruled from his court in the capital city of Baghdad over the Islam empire which stretched from the Mediterranean to India. He brought culture to his court and tried to establish the intellectual disciplines which at that time were not flourishing in the Arabic world. An example of this change is seen in the life of Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, who was a robber in his youth but turned to science, becoming highly proficient in astronomy. It was during al-Rashid's reign that the first Arabic translation of

57. Nineth Century History 869 Greek brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius develop the Cyrillic alphabet, of an automatic instrument, an organbuilding treatise called banu musa. http://www.didyouknow.cd/history/9thcentury.htm

H I S T O R Y The 9th Century History Before Christ Coronation of Charlemagne, king of the Franks and now first Holy Roman Emperor, on Christmas day of this year. Crowned by Pope Leo III in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, he would become Charles I of France, called Charles the Great. Nile frozen over (happens again in 1010). Toilet paper thought be used first in China. Iceland discovered. Greek brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius develop the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek alphabet of the time, for the Slavic peoples. (The Cyrillic alphabet is now used in Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, and other languages. The original alphabet had 43 letters, but the modern languages have fewer: Bulgarian 30, Russian has 32, Serbian 30, and Ukrainian 33. First record of an automatic instrument, an organ-building treatise called Banu Musa. Before Christ History What happened what year Fascinating facts ... Back to top

58. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #13 (10/21/1994) 901) and corrected by the brothers banu musa (11th century). 5.2 Publications onthe History of Mathematics, Ethnomathematics and Mathematics Education http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_13.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-13 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) TABLE OF CONTENTS NEWSLETTER #13 Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings Current research interests Notes and queries ... back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS 2.1 Interregional Seminar for the Harmonisation of Mathematics Programmes of the French speaking countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean At the Interregional Seminar for the Harmonisation of Mathematics Programmes of the French-speaking countries in Africa and the Indian Ocean (N'Djamena, Tchad, June 6-10, 1994), Salimata Doumbia conducted a workshop on "Mathematics and Cultures". The workshop consisted of two parts. In the first, the participants had to reflect upon their expectations of the possible contributions of the study of "Mathematics and Cultures" to the elaboration of the new textbook series "Interafrican Collection of Mathematics" (Collection Inter Africaine de Mathématiques, CIAM). The second part consisted of the study of the example "The study of probabilities with cowrie games". 2.2 National Congress of the Association for Mathematics Education of South Africa

59. Al-Khwarizmi-the Father Of Algeb Its most famous scholars are the mathematicians Muhammad ibn musa AlKhwarizmiand the banu musa ( sons of Moses ), three brothers who directed the http://www.irfi.org/articles/articles_301_350/alkhwarizmi.htm

Welcome to the IRFI - Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Seeking Advancement of Knowledge through Spiritual and Intellectual Growth Articles 1-50 Articles 51-100 Articles 101-150 Articles 151-200 ... All Articles Al-Khwarizmi-the Father of Algebra Prof. Ibrahim B. Syed President Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Louisville, Kentucky E-Mail: President@irfi.org Website: WWW.IRFI.ORG n Germany, Japan, Argentina, Korea, France and other developed countries, all students are expected to conquer beginning algebra. They start early routinely in the sixth or seventh grade and study it thoroughly until they reach high school. "In the United States, only about 25 percent of students in the middle grades get algebra. Everywhere else, basically 100 percent get it at that point," said William Schmidt, national coordinator of research for the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. Widely known as TIMSS, the study draws regular headlines because it usually shows American children behind other children in the world. In California, the algebra overhaul is hitting two levels middle school and high school. The state's academic standards now say that algebra should be taught beginning in the eighth grade, a new and somewhat controversial ideal. And state law now requires that all high school students, starting with this year's freshmen, master Algebra 1 to graduate.

60. New Page 74 There brothers, known as banu musa, distinguished themselves in this period; theywere sons of a certain Shakir who, says a biographer, had been a brigand http://www.islam4all.com/new_page_74.htm

Astronomy and Mathematics Part I Part II Part III I The Arabs are before all else the pupils of the Greeks; their science is a continuation of Greek science which it preserves, cultivates, and on a number of important points develops and perfects. One of the greatest of them, al-Biruni, said in considering all the conditions necessary for scientific research-early education, knowledge of languages, long life, the possession of means sufficient to enable one to make journeys and acquire books and instruments: ‘all these conditions are rarely found in a single individual, especially in our day. That is why we ought to confine ourselves to what the ancients have dealt with and endeavour to perfect what can be perfected. The middle way is in all things the most praiseworthy; and he who attempts too much ruins himself and his estate’. Al-Biruni is here, however, obviously too modest; for with this limited ambition the Arabs have really achieved great things in science; they taught the use of ciphers, although they did not invent them, and thus became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they made algebra an exact science and developed it considerably and laid the foundations of analytical geometry; they were indisputably the founders of plane and spherical trigonometry which, properly speaking, did not exist among the Greeks. In astronomy they made a number of valuable observations. They preserved for us in their translations a number of Greek works, the originals of which have been lost: three books of the Conics of Apollonius, the

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