1. Banu_Musa Biography of banu musa brothers (800860) The banu musa brothers were amongthe first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa.html

Banu Musa brothers Born: about 800 in Baghdad, (now in Iraq) Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing There were three brothers Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir and al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . They are almost indistinguishable but we do know that although they often worked together, they did have their own areas of expertise. The three links above give details specific to each of the brothers but most of the information about them is on this page. Jafar Muhammad worked mainly on geometry and astronomy while Ahmad worked mainly on mechanics and al-Hasan worked mainly on geometry. It is quite impossible to write separate biographies of the three brother, who are usually known as the Banu Musa, and we shall not attempt to do so. The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. It is therefore worth looking at the background to how Arabic mathematics came to fill this role. Harun al-Rashid became the fifth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty on 14 September 786, not long after Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, was born. Harun ruled from his court in the capital city of Baghdad over the Islam empire which stretched from the Mediterranean to India. He brought culture to his court and tried to establish the intellectual disciplines which at that time were not flourishing in the Arabic world. An example of this change is seen in the life of Musa ibn Shakir, the father of the Banu Musa brothers, who was a robber in his youth but turned to science, becoming highly proficient in astronomy. It was during al-Rashid's reign that the first Arabic translation of

2. LookSmart - Directory - Banu Musa Brothers banu musa brothers Find biographies of the three 9th century brothers of Baghdad, all noted astronomers and mathematicians. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Banu_Musa_Ahmad The three banu musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most of theinformation is at this link. However, there is some information specific to the http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa_Ahmad.html

Ahmad Banu Musa Born: about 805 in Baghdad, Iraq Died: after 873 in Baghdad, Iraq Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing The three Banu Musa brothers are almost indistinguishable and most of the information is at this link . However, there is some information specific to the second brother: Ahmed ibn Musa ibn Shakir. He wrote one texts under his own name on mechanics On mechanics is a treatise on pneumatic devices. Another text on the theory of the balance was written by the three brother but probably Ahmad played the leading role. Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson List of References (6 books/articles) Mathematicians born in the same country Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index History Topics Societies, honours, etc. ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 1999 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Banu_Musa_Ahmad.html

4. The Muslims Internet Directory Religion Of Islam/Science And muslims scientists of banu musa brothers, . http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Muhammad Banu Musa - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The banu musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin The banu musa brothers took a definite step forward, where the Greeks had http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Banu_Musa

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$ 130,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Muhammad Banu Musa From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Banu Musa , also Bani Musa ), was a 9th century Persian mathematician and astronomer from Baghdad , the eldest of the Banu Musa brothers. In addition to making major contributions to geometry texts, Jafar Muhammad also wrote Premises of the book of conics which was a critical revision of Apollonius 's Conics However, Jafar Muhammad was also the most politically active of the brothers, particularly in the last part of his life when the Turks were gaining control of the empire. It appears that he had an active dispute with al-Kindi He, along with his two brothers, were instrumental in translating many scientific Greek and Pahlavi manuscripts into Arabic for al-Ma'mun . The Banu Musa brothers were among the first group of mathematicians to begin to carry forward the mathematical developments begun by the ancient Greeks. The Banu Musa brothers took a definite step forward, where the Greeks had not; The Greeks had not thought of areas and volumes as numbers, but had only compared ratios of areas etc. The Banu Musa's concept of number is broader than that of the Greeks. For example they describe

6. Banu_Musa Biography of banu musa brothers (800860) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. User:Gerritholl/mathematicians - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Johann Balmer Stefan Banach - Benjamin Banneker - al-Marrakushi al Banna -banu musa brothers - al-Hasan Banu Musa - Ahmad Banu Musa - Jafar Banu Musa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$ 130,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! User:Gerritholl/mathematicians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. User:Gerritholl edit Mathematicians Ernst Abbe Niels Henrik Abel Abraham bar Hiyya Max Abraham ... Antoni Zygmund Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gerritholl/mathematicians Views User page Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link This page was last modified 01:33, 19 August 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

8. References For Banu_Musa References for the biography of banu musa brothers http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Al-Kindi - YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI - Iraqi Philosopher It is claimed that the banu musa brothers caused alKindi to lose favour withal-Mutawakkil to the extent that he had him beaten and gave al-Kindi s library http://evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com/alkindi.htm

One of the Internet's Largest and Most Visited Philosophy Sources. Evans Experientialism Evans Experientialism The Academy Library The Athenaeum Library The Nominalism Library SEARCH THE WHOLE SITE? SEARCH CLICK THE SEARCH BUTTON Athenaeum Reading Room The Iraqi Philosopher AL-KINDI YAQUB IBN ISHAQ AL-KINDI Born: about 801 in Kufah, Iraq Died: 873 in Baghdad, Iraq Al-Kindi was born and brought up in Kufah, which was a centre for Arab culture and learning in the 9 th century. This was certainly the right place for al-Kindi to get the best education possible at this time. Although quite a few details (and legends) of al-Kindi's life are given in various sources, these are not all consistent. We shall try to give below details which are fairly well substantiated. Al-Kindi defined Philosophy as 'the establishment of what is true and right' and believed that the pursuit of philosophy was compatible with orthodox Islam. By Sonal Panse, 11/3/2004 The Iraq crisis and the general and hypocritical Western perception of Islam as the harbringer of terrorism made me think of Al-Kindi recently. Renowned as the first great philosopher of Arabic and Islamic origin in the world, his full name was Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi, quite a mouthful, and he was the scion of a very illustrious family descended from the Royal Kindah Tribe of Southern Arabia. He was born in 801 in Kufah, Iraq. Kufah, in the ninth century was an important and cospomolitan city, famous as the second capital of the Caliphate after Medina, and Al-Kindi's father just happened to be its governor - his grandfather too had once been the governor. His lineage as well as Kufah's cultural importance made it possible for Al-Kindi to receive the best possible education available in that period. Afterwards he moved to Baghdad for further studies and here, as he had in Kufah, he soon proved his intellectual prowess.

10. AllRefer.com - Banu Musa (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on Banu Musa, Mathematics, Biographies. Includes related research http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. Loq-Man Translations There, he studied under the famous banu musa brothers. He carried furtherthe work of the banu musa brothers and later his son and grandson continued in http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/ArabTranslators.html

ARAB TRANSLATORS Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us Abu Zayd Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi (808 - 873) Hunayn ibn Ishaq is most famous as a translator. He was not a mathematician but trained in medicine and made his original contributions to the subject. However, as the leading translator in the House of Wisdom at one of the most remarkable periods of mathematical revival, his influence on the mathematicians of the time is of sufficient importance to merit his inclusion in this archive. His son Ishaq ibn Hunayn, strongly influenced by his father, is famed for his Arabic translation of Euclid's Elements. Hunayn's father was Ishaq, a pharmacist from Hira. The family were from a group who had belonged to the Syrian Nestorian Christian Church before the rise of Islam, and Hunayn was brought up as a Christian. Hunayn became skilled in languages as a young man, in particular learning Arabic at Basra and also learning Syriac. To continue his education Hunayn went to Baghdad to study medicine under the leading teacher of the time. However, after falling out with this teacher, Hunayn left Baghdad and, probably during a period in Alexandria, became an expert in the Greek language. Hunayn returned to Baghdad and established contact with the teacher with whom he had fallen out. The two became firm friends and were close collaborators on medical topics for many years.

12. Banu Musa Related Sites and Content banu musa brothers uk/Mathematicians/Banu Biography Born ac.uk/Mathematicians/Banu http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. Search Results For "banu Musa" 1) Banu Musa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Banu Musa, (banoo moosa ) (KEY) , family of Arab mathematicians and http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. Banu Musa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Banu Musa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

15. Banu_Musa_Muhammad Biography of Jafar Muhammad Banu Musa (800873) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. THABIT IBN QURRA There, he studied under the famous banu musa brothers. It was in this settingthat Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/QURRA.html

THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 C.E.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 C.E. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 C.E. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He criticised a number of theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. He applied arithmetical terminology to geometrical quantities, and studied several aspects of conic sections, notably those of parabola and ellipse. A number of his computations aimed at determining the surfaces and volumes of different types of bodies and constitute, in fact, the processes of integral calculus, as developed later.

17. Banu Musa Banu, Musa. Banu Musa , family of Arab mathematicians and astronomers of the 9th cent. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

18. MuslimHeritage.com - Topics Most famed Muslim engineers remain, certainly, the banu musa brothers, TaqialDin, al-Zarqali, and al-Jazari. The three brothers Muhammad, http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=219

19. Thabit Ibn Qurra In Baghdad he was taught on the hands of the famous banu musa brothers. He carried further the work of the banu musa brothers and later his son and http://www.islamonline.com/cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=951

20. Al-Kindi Unlike the banu musa brothers, who were mainly mathematicians, and Abu Ma shan,whose sphere was astrology, AlKindi was a versatile genius with a wide http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/11-2-2004-61094.asp

Home Web Directory What's the Buzz? Escape Hatch ... Free Email Monday, August 29, 2005 10:22:13 PM DIRECTORY Buddhism Christianity Death and Dying ... Spirituality Chapter Quicklink What's the Buzz Escape Hatch: Open Mic Al-Kindi Al-Kindi defined Philosophy as 'the establishment of what is true and right' and believed that the pursuit of philosophy was compatible with orthodox Islam. By Sonal Panse, 11/3/2004 The Iraq crisis and the general and hypocritical Western perception of Islam as the harbringer of terrorism made me think of Al-Kindi recently. Renowned as the first great philosopher of Arabic and Islamic origin in the world, his full name was Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi, quite a mouthful, and he was the scion of a very illustrious family descended from the Royal Kindah Tribe of Southern Arabia. He was born in 801 in Kufah, Iraq. Kufah, in the ninth century was an important and cospomolitan city, famous as the second capital of the Caliphate after Medina, and Al-Kindi's father just happened to be its governor - his grandfather too had once been the governor. His lineage as well as Kufah's cultural importance made it possible for Al-Kindi to receive the best possible education available in that period. Afterwards he moved to Baghdad for further studies and here, as he had in Kufah, he soon proved his intellectual prowess. Baghdad was then under the rule of Caliph al-Ma'mun, the son of the famous Haroun al-Rashid. Haroun al-Rashid haaad founded a research and educational institute called the 'bayt al-hikma' or the House of Wisdom. His son al-Ma'mun, who succeeded him in 813 after defeating his brother in an armed power struggle, proved to be an equally enlightened and capable ruler. Shifting his capital from Merv to Baghdad in 818, he became a patron of the House of Wisdom and had observatories set up which Arabic astronomers used to study and further explore the works of earlier researchers. Al-Ma'mun also collected rare and valuable Byzantine manuscripts and created a vast library that was second only to the famed ancient one in Alexandria. The House of Wisdom, under the Abbasid Dynasty, gained great renown as an intellectual centre where erudite scholars gathered to exchange and teach their ideas.

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