81. A History Of The Development Of Trigonometry Hypparchus of Rhodes (ii century. BC) is called the founder of trigonometry The tables of half cords were given by aryabhata in about 500. these tables http://www.termpapergenie.com/ahistory.html

A History of the Development of Trigonometry Home About Term Papers Categories FAQs ... Custom Term Papers Can't find your paper Click here to get a custom non-plagiarized term paper from a top research company A History of the Development of Trigonometry The branch of mathematics that is related to the study of the triangle is called Trigonometry. A triangle is a close region that is constructed with the help of three straight lines that finally form its structure. Trigonometry is associated with the study of the relationships that are found between the angles and the sides of the triangle. Trigonometry has got the pride to be one of the most ancient subjects that were extremely famous all over the world and scholars from all over the world studied those ancient subjects. (Brown, 1990) Enter Your Term Paper Topic Here: Search Thousands of Essays @ The EssayArchive!

82. NIASNEWS Oct03 A brief survey of the development of astronomy in India through the VedangaJyothisya, aryabhata, Bhaskara I, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara ii, Ganesh Daivajna and http://www.iisc.ernet.in/nias/oct03.htm

NIAS NEWS October 2003 Editors: Anindya Sinha, Hamsa Kalyani and Devaraju EDITORS’ NOTE We are close to the end of yet another eventful year in NIAS – and this issue of NIASNEWS completes an year as well – in its new format. We hope that in the coming year the newsletter will evolve further and that there will be more improvement in its appearance and contents. What will not change, however, is its newsworthiness; we will continue to serve as a window through which the world can glimpse the various activities of the institute. But, in the meantime, please do let us know, as many of you have in the past, what you feel about NIASNEWS and whether you would like to see some other changes brought in. Help us to discover ourselves further! In the last issue, some mistakes had inadvertently crept in: three articles by A Deva Raju had been attributed to P K Shetty and a report on the NIAS Discussion Meeting On The Future Direction Of US Strategy by Sridhar K Chari carried the name of A Deva Raju. We hope that such errors will be avoided in the future, and express our sincere apologies to all concerned. Anindya Sinha Hamsa Kalyani and A Deva Raju , Editors October 2003 FROM THE DIRECTOR’S DESK One of the most interesting events at NIAS during the last quarter was a dramatised reading of the play Partition , which is not about the dreadful events of 1947 but about the life and work of the Indian mathematical genius Srinivasa Ramanujan. The play, written by Ira Hauptman of Queens College New York, had its world premiére at the University of California at Berkeley in April this year. The Little Theatre of Hyderabad presented a dramatised reading of the play at NIAS, with the generous permission of the author, as part of our

83. Wednesday Discussion Meetings A brief survey of the development of astronomy in India through the vedangaJyothisya, aryabhata, BhaskaraI, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara-ii, Ganesh Daivajna and http://www.iisc.ernet.in/nias/wlec.htm

Wednesday Discussion Meetings For details of Wednesday Discussion Meeting please contact the Co-ordinator, Dr Sangeetha Menon at smenon@nias.iisc.ernet.in Time: Venue: NIAS Lecture Hall Literary and Heritage Forum Time: 4 pm 31 August 2005 NIAS Literary and Heritage Forum 'Poetry of the everyday' Poetry reading and talk by Ms. Anjum Hasan About the Talk Anjum Hasan's talk will locate her poems in her interest in everyday situations and local contexts. She grew up in Shillong and her poetry is peopled by the figures and landscapes of a small-town milieu. What does it mean to write poetry that draws attention to the unnoticed details and textures of day-to-day existence? She will read out poems that capture different aspects of her poetic world - childhood, middle-class existence, small town characters and the idea of home. She will also present samples from the work of poets who have inspired and influenced her. In addition to sharing her poems, Anjum Hasan will discuss, with reference to her own and others' work, her views on aspects of the poet's craft, such as what determines the choice of detail in a poem, the question of tone, the search for an individual style, concerns about technique, and the larger question of why one should write poetry at all. About the Speaker Anjum Hasan currently lives in Bangalore where in addition to working as a writer and critic she is Programme Executive at India Foundation for the Arts. Anjum Hasan's poetry has been published widely in journals in India and abroad. More recently her work has appeared in the anthologies Confronting Love (Penguin, 2005), Reasons for Belonging: Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets (Penguin, 2003) and Anthology of Contemporary Poetry from the North-East (NEHU, 2003). Her debut collection of poems will be published later this year by the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi.

84. A Tribute To Hinduism - Hindu Culture2 The Indian astronomer, aryabhata lived in during the period in which the (source India By James Mill Volume ii. p. 512 and Hindu Superiority - By Har http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture2.htm

h o m e h i n d u c u l t u r e p a r t - 2 c o n t e n t s "India is the world's most ancient civilization. Nowhere on earth can you find such a rich and multi-layered tradition that has remained unbroken and largely unchanged for at least five thousand years. Bowing low before the onslaught of armies, and elements, India has survived every invasion, every natural disaster, every mortal disease and epidemic, the double helix of her genetic code transmitting its unmistakable imprint down five millennia to no less than a billion modern bearers. Indians have demonstrated greater cultural stamina than any other people on earth. The essential basis of Indian culture is Religion in the widest and most general sense of the world. An intuitive conviction that the Divine is immanent in everything permeated every phase of life" says Stanley Wolpert. Indic civilization has enriched every art and science known to man. Thanks to India, we reckon from zero to ten with misnamed "Arabic" numerals (Hindsaa - in Arabic means from India), and use a decimal system without which our modern computer age would hardly have been possible. Science and philosophy were both highly developed disciplines in ancient India. However, because Indian philosophic thought was considerably more mature and found particular favor amongst intellectuals, the traditions persists that any early scientific contribution came solely from the West, Greece in particular. Because of this erroneous belief, which is perpetuated by a wide variety of scholars, it is necessary to briefly examine the history of Indian scientific thought. From the very earliest times, India had made its contribution to the texture of Western thought and living. Michael Edwardes author of British India, writes that throughout the literatures of Europe, tales of Indian origin can be discovered. European mathematics

85. Orbiting Astronomical Observatories -- Launch Sequence besides Solar and ionosphere observations aryabhata homepage (HEASARC) 1992 June 2 (Delta ii) Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) EUVE CEA homepage http://www.seds.org/~spider/oaos/oaos-l.html

Launch Sequence of Astronomical Satellites There's also a more descriptive page Additions, corrections, and comments are welcome, please contact me Our image shows ESA's astrometrical satellite Hipparcos 1962 April 26 Ariel 1 (UK) investigated Solar UV and X-radiation, and obtained an energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays. 1964 March 27 Ariel 2 (UK) Radio astronomy 1966 April 8 (Atlas-Agena D) Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO) 1 (Nasa). Active for 3 days. 1967 May 5 Ariel 3 (UK) Radio astronomy 1968 July 4 Explorer 38 (RAE-1) (Nasa). Radio Astronomy Explorer. Deployed four 230-m antennae, discovered Earth's radio radiation. 1968 December 7 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO 2 (Nasa). 11 UV telescopes, discovered a supernova (May 1972) 1970 November 30 (Atlas-Centaur) OAO-B (Nasa). Launch failure (fell into Atlantic). 1970 December 12 (Scout-B, from Italy's San Marco maritim platform near Kenia's coast) Explorer 42 (SAS-1, SAS-A, Uhuru) (Nasa) First X-ray satellite observatory. Uhuru page at HEASARC (GSFC, Nasa) 1971 December 11 Ariel 4 (UK) Radio astronomy 1972 March 12 TD-1A (ESA). Thor Delta satellite 1A. UV, X-ray and Gamma-ray instruments.

86. Science In India- Astronomy The Aryabhatiya (AD 499) of aryabhata the First discussed spherical followed byCandracchayaganita ii by Nilakantha, and Candracchayaganita iiI and IV http://www.indiaheritage.com/science/astro.htm

A Living Portrait of India India Heritage Science Astronomy A ncient Indians' interest in astronomy was an extension of their religious preoccupations and inasmuch, astronomy and mathematics ran parallel. Both were faithful to the needs of objectivity and subjectivity. Astronomy began as mere wonder at what was observed in the heavens above, grew into a systematic observation and speculation, hence forward into scientific inquiry and interpretation, finally emerging as a sophisticated discipline. Mystical interpretations of the movement of stars and planets developed into astrological science, and astronomy grew into a major factor in the intellectual pursuits of different cultural periods. The chief sources of astronomy-related information are the Vedic texts, Jain literature, and the siddhantas (texts), as also the endeavours in Kerala. Some seals of the Indus Valley period are believed to yield information of the knowledge available to those early settlers, as also the orientation of certain constructions clearly governed by such considerations. An interesting aspect is the Jantar Mantar observatories built by Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur. There are 5 such structures for measuring time and for astronomy-related calculations, at New Delhi, Varanasi, Jaipur, Mathura and Ujjain. These eighteenth century astrolabes are important for both scientific and architectural reasons.

87. About "História Da Matemática" Translate this page Biografías incluem Abraham bar Hiyya, Abraham ben Erza, Alcuino de York, Ananiade Shirak, aryabhata I, Bhaskara ii, Leonardo de Pisa, Levi ben Gershon, http://mathforum.org/library/view/62519.html

Library Home Full Table of Contents Suggest a Link Library Help Visit this site: http://www.malhatlantica.pt/mathis/ Author: Description: Levels: Middle School (6-8) High School (9-12) Languages: Portuguese Resource Types: Reference Sources Math Topics: History and Biography Home The Math Library Quick Reference ... Help http://mathforum.org/

88. Indian Space Program By Subhajit Ghosh From a historical perspective, the first Indian satellite was aryabhata, BhaskaraI was the second Indian satellite Bhaskara-ii the third which were http://www.boloji.com/computing/012.htm

Home Hindi Kabir Poetry ... Share This Page! I ndian Space Program At the outset, one might ask "what is a satellite?." A satellite is an object that revolves round a planet. For a successful orbiting around the earth, it's essential for a satellite to attain a speed of about 20,000 kms per hour. Satellites are launched by very powerful rockets. From a historical perspective, the first Indian satellite was Aryabhata, which was launched by a soviet rocket on 19th April 1975. This was launched from a cosmodrome near Moscow. It was designed and built by Indian scientists and engineers of Indian Space Research Organization. Orders and instructions were transmitted to the experimental 360 kg satellite Aryabhata from the control station at Sriharikota. APPLE, which is an abbreviation of Ariane Passengers Payload Experiment, was India's first geostationary telecommunication satellite. It was shot into orbit on June 19, 1981 by European Space Agency's Ariane rocket from Kourou in French Guyana.

89. Swaveda - ELibrary - Government - Indian Empires An important account of the empire under Chandragupta ii survives in the memoir aryabhata realized that the earth was a sphere, that it rotated on its http://www.swaveda.com/elibrary.php?id=69&action=show&type=book

90. Ar-As: Index To The Secret Doctrine By H. P. Blavatsky, Prepared By John P. Van Arvasthan (Skt), or Arabia ii 406. Aryachatta aryabhata (Skt). taught revolutionof Earth I 117 value of ii 499n. Arya Magazine , Aryan era in ii 68n http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sd-index/dx-ar-as.htm

Index to The Secret Doctrine prepared by John P. Van Mater - Ar-As - Q uick Links: Aa-Af Ag-Am An-Aq At-Az ... Homepage A.R See Asiatic Researches Arab(s) II 366 figures borrowed fr Hindus I 361 four-letter God of II 602 later Aryans II 200 Puranas speak of wars w II 406 revived astronomy in ninth cent I 658-9 year had six seasons II 621 zodiac known among I 648 Arabia(ns) Ak-ad or "Son of Ad" in II 42 &n ancient wars in II 406 Aryans reach Egypt thru II 746 Mt. Sinai in II 76 seven holy fanes of II 603 winged serpents of I 362 Arabic ancient records in II 431 Chaldean works transl into I 288 cifron or cipher in I 360-1 figures not oldest II 554 Nabathean Agriculture Arachnida , scorpions highest group of II 257 Araea See Aarea Arago, D. Franccois J. named Sun's photosphere I 530 proved aerolites exist II 784n Aral , Lake, Sea of II 204, 416n Aramaean , "the only one" II 42 &n, 43 Arani (Skt) II 524-8, 524n Catholic "vase of election" II 528 Devaki or, engenders fire II 527 gradual desecration of II 526-7 Ararat biblical mountain II 145 corresponds to body, Earth II 596-7

91. A Timeline Of Ancient India 499 the Hindu mathematician aryabhata writes the Aryabhatiya , 784 thePratihara king Nagabhata ii conquers the sacred capital of the north, http://www.scaruffi.com/politics/indians.html

A time-line of ancient India World News Politics History Editor ... Piero Scaruffi See a timeline of the Near East 5000 BC : the Kurgan culture in the steppes west of the Ural Mountains (Indo-Aryans) 3120 BC : mythical Indian war of the Mahabarata 3000 BC : the proto-indo-european language develops in Central Asia 3000 BC : Dravidian speaking people develop the civilization of the Indus Valley Piero Scaruffi 2500 BC : the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley 2000 BC : the civilization of the Indus Valley declines 2000 BC : the Kurgan culture spreads to eastern Europe and northern Iran 1700 BC : Indo-Iranians separate from the other Indo-European tribes and migrate eastward to settle in Iran 1600 BC : Indo-Aryans invade India from the west and expel the Dravidians 1500 BC : religious texts are written in Vedic, an Indo-European language 1100 BC : the Indo-Aryans use iron tools 1000 BC : the Rig-Veda are composed 900 BC : Indo-Aryans discover iron and invade the Ganges Valley 750 BC : Indo-Aryans rule over 16 mahajanapadas ("great states") in northern India, from the Indus to the Ganges 700 BC : the caste system emerges, with the Brahman priests at the top

92. The Culture Of Science aryabhata’s Theory Rotation of Earth, Indian Journal or History of Rather theattempt was to reinterpret what aryabhata said or to wish it away as http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~scipop/ebooks/articles/cultureofscience.htm

T he culture of science Jayant Vishnu Narlikar Email - jvn@iucaa.ernet.in C.D. Deshmukh Memorial Lecture at the India International Centre, Delhi Ladies and Gentlemen, It is a great honour to be invited to deliver this prestigious lecture in the memory of the late C.D. Deshmukh, especially at the India international Centre that was C.D.’s creation and one of his most beloved projects. I feel somewhat inhibited to fulfil my assignment today, since from my childhood I had looked upon C.D. Deshmukh as a towering personality. I have memories of his visit to our house back in early nineteen fifties, when I was in secondary school. My parents asked me on that occasion to recite some Sanskrit shlokas . I did so with some trepidation since I had heard about how great a scholar C.D. was in Sanskrit. I also recall feeling very happy when the 'Guest of Honour' complimented me on my Sanskrit pronunciation. On that occasion he had come from a function at the Women's College of the Banaras Hindu University. The university is often referred to as B.H.U. and C.D. used this fact in one of his typical witty remarks. He told the women students - as students of the B.H.U. were 'Bhu-kanyas' and as such they should emulate the ideal of

93. Aryabhata - Definition Of Aryabhata In Encyclopedia aryabhata () (Aryabha?a) is the first of the great astronomers ofthe classical age of India. He was born in 476 AD in Ashmaka but later lived http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Aryabhata

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... astronomers of the classical age of India . He was born in AD in Ashmaka but later lived in Kusumapura, which his commentator Patna His book, the , presented astronomical and mathematical theories in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the sun (in other words, it was heliocentric ). This book is divided into four chapters: (i) the astronomical constants and the sine table (ii) mathematics required for computations (iii) division of time and rules for computing the longitudes of planets using eccentrics and epicycles (iv) the armillary sphere, rules relating to problems of trigonometry and the computation of eclipses. In this book, the day was reckoned from one sunrise to the next, whereas in his he took the day from one midnight to another. There was also difference in some astronomical parameters. Aryabhata also gave an accurate approximation for See also Indian mathematicians External links http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aryabhata.html

94. The Àryabhatíya Of Àryabhata By J. Q. Jacobs The oldest exact astronomic constant? The ratio of earth rotations to lunar orbitsin aryabhata s AD 498 writing. http://www.jqjacobs.net/astro/aryabhata.html

The oldest exact astronomical constant? © 1998 by James Q. Jacobs In the work translated by William Eugene Clark, Professor of Sanskrit at Harvard University (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. 1930), I found the following to be written: "In a yuga the revolutions of the Sun are 4,320,000, of the Moon 57,753,336, of the Earth eastward 1,582,237,500, of Saturn 146,564, of Jupiter 364,224, of Mars 2,296,824 . . . " (page 9). Astronomy Formulas His sources remain obscure. Astronomy Constants AD 2000.0 AD 500 1604 BC Rotations per solar orbit Days per solar orbit Days per lunar orbit Rotations per lunar orbit COMPARISONS Lunar orbit Lunar synodic AD 2000.0 AD 498 Aryabhata Paulisa Siddhanta 1604 BC Here follows a comparative chart of the astronomical numbers presented by the ancient Indian authorities and sources. The Surya Siddhanta is dated to approximately AD 1100. ASTRONOMIC AUTHORITY (from Clarke and Kay) Surya Siddanta Years in Cycle Rotations Days Lunar Orbits Synodic Months Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn *Kay notes 57,753,339 lunar orbits rather than 57,753,336 per Clarke.

95. The Battlefield Of Indian History decimal places and producing an accurate table of sines; Algebra was known toAryabhata; and it is discussed in detail in Bhaskara ii s Lilavati ca. http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/16rajeev.htm

Search: The Web Rediff Home News Columnists Rajeev Srinivasan The battlefield of Indian history August 16, 2004 I ndian history is once again centrestage. There is in some quarters a feeling that history is the most boring of subjects, consisting of long, dry lists of dynasties and the exploits of rather barbaric kings. This, unfortunately, is a result of the way history is taught in India. For it is fake history that has been manufactured by people with vested interests with the intention of keeping Indians enslaved. History is perhaps the most important of the humanities. There is nothing quite like history that can be used in positive and negative ways to affect the affairs of men. To paraphrase George Santayana, I would say, "Those who forget their history are condemned." Condemned to forever be second-class, to forever lack self-respect, to forever suffer loss of self-image. India's loss of knowledge of its history is a double disaster, because it turns out India's history is almost unimaginably lustrous: in fact, within the first order of approximation, one could claim that India invented almost everything worth knowing in the ancient world. India was, for millennia, the Empire of the Intellect, the civilization that with astonishing creativity generated more ideas than the rest of the world put together. The denigration of Indian history is a project originally put into action by colonialist Britons, who identified, correctly, that by controlling the past they would be able to control the present as well. After Independence, a cabal of Marxists has dominated the official version of history in India, and they too want to control India's present and future. They have managed to brainwash entire generations of Indians into believing that everything that originated in India is worthless.

96. Storytelling Science: Aryabhata And Diophantus' Son Fictionalized picture showing aryabhata at Nalanda University. It is night andthe stars are out; aryabhata also made startling contributions to astronomy. http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/~amit/story/19_aryabhata.html

Storytelling Science Aryabhata and Diophantus' son Amitabha Mukerjee Appeared in the Hindustan Times November 2004. You are hiking through primeval forest, and suddenly you stumble across a stone block. There are creepers growing on it, but something makes you rub off the muck. Slowly, you find this cryptic message emerging : Here lies the tomb with the remains of Diophantus: artfully it tells the measure of his life. The sixth part of his life God granted him for his youth. After a twelfth more his cheeks were bearded. After an additional seventh he kindled the light of marriage, and in the fifth year he accepted a son. Alas, a dear but unfortunate child, half his father's life he had lived when chill Fate took him. He consoled his grief in the remaining four years of his life. By this devise of numbers, tell us the extent of his life. You come home, and find a book called Fermat's Last Theorem by Amir Aczel. There you see that Diophantus was a Greek philosopher from approximately 250 AD, who wrote several books of problems, all of them requiring integer solutions. After him, any problem where only integer solutions are allowed came to be known as "Diophantine Equations". Fictionalized picture showing Aryabhata at Nalanda University. It is night and the stars are out; Aryabhata also made startling contributions to astronomy.

97. Pergunta Agora Al-Khujandi, Vijayanandi, al-Sijzi, Yunus, Al-Karaji, al-Haitam, Mansur, http://www.apm.pt/pa/index.asp?accao=showtext&id=3407

98. Title The summary for this English page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/વિકિપીડિà�

99. Philosophengallery http://www.schepart.ch/mho/Philosophie/Philosophengallery/Philosophengallery2.ht

P H I L O S O P H E N G A L L E R Y I I TIMELINE: 17.-19. JAHRHUNDERT Die Empiristen und Rationalisten * v.l.n.r. F. Bacon, Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Leibniz, Wolff, Hume * Die Tradition der Philosophiegeschichte sieht die Empiristen und Rationalisten im strengen Gegensatz, Als Empiristen gelten F. Bacon, Locke und Hume, als Rationalisten Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz und Wolff. [Kritischer Rationalismus (20.Jh.): Popper, Albert, Lakatos] Die Naturwissenschaftler Comenius Die Okkasionalisten v.l.n.r. Geulincx, de Malebranche v.l.n.r. Bayle, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Reid, Rousseau, Diderot, Kant, Lessing [weitere: Thomasius, Shaftesbury, Reimarus, Gottsched, Crusius, d'Alembert, Jacobi, Knigge; Neukantianer: Liebmann, Cohen, Natorp, Cassirer, Lask] Der Historist Vico Die Idealisten und Romantiker v.l.n.r. Berkeley, Fichte, Hegel, Schlegel, Schelling Der Theosoph * Swedenborg Die Materialisten v.l.n.r. Smith, Bentham, Malthus, Ricardo, Mill Die Feministin Wollstonecraft Die Mathematiker v.l.n.r. Gauss, Boole, Cantor Die Transzendentalisten v.l.n.r. Channing, Emerson

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 5     81-99 of 99    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5