81. NS211 Specials: Aristarchus And Heavenly Distances Astronomy Specials. aristarchus of samos MEASURES THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE Exactly my point! said aristarchus of samos http://www.bakeru.edu/faculty/rsivron/pc140/aristarchus.html

Astronomy Specials: ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS MEASURES THE SIZE OF "THE UNIVERSE Finds the Distance to the Moon and its size, and the invents the heliocentric model. The jump Aristarchus made from terrestrial measurements of scale to the measurement of distances in the heavens was courageous! No laser ranging experiments. He (possibly) knew about the Earth (its size was known from the measurements by Eratosthenes ). He also used a bit of clever geometry. Then by watching the Moon travel through the Earth's shadow (a lunar eclipse), he determined its size and distance. For our purposes, let's assume that the sun is REALLY far away. Aristarchus actually used a clever trick to show that the sun is many times further then the moon. In reality it is ~ 400 times further: In the picture above you can use a trigonometry relationship to find the relative distances: Sun distance / Moon distance: sin (1/7) sin (89.86) Dist. moon Dist to the sun From which: Dist. to the sun sin (89.86)

82. NS211 Specials: Aristarchus And Heavenly Distances NS211 Specials. aristarchus of samos MEASURES THE SIZE OF THE UNIVERSE Exactly my point! said aristarchus of samos http://www.bakeru.edu/faculty/rsivron/ns211/aristarchus.html

NS211 Specials: ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS MEASURES THE SIZE OF "THE UNIVERSE Finds the Distance to the Moon and its size, and the invents the heliocentric model. The jump Aristarchus made from terrestrial measurements of scale to the measurement of distances in the heavens was courageous! No laser ranging experiments. He (possibly) knew about the Earth (its size was known from the measurements by Eratosthenes ). He also used a bit of clever geometry. Then by watching the Moon travel through the Earth's shadow (a lunar eclipse), he determined its size and distance. For our purposes, let's assume that the sun is REALLY far away. Aristarchus actually used a clever trick to show that the sun is many times further then the moon. In reality it is ~ 400 times further: In the picture above you can use a trigonometry relationship to find the relative distances: Sun distance / Moon distance: sin (1/7) sin (89.86) Dist. moon Dist to the sun From which: Dist. to the sun sin (89.86) Dist to the moon sin (1/7) Note: Aristarchus used a slightly more complicated method, because trig was not invented yet!

83. RASC Library - Subject Index - Alphabet A Aristarchus, Heath, Thomas, aristarchus of samos, 925 A, Oxford The Clarendon Press, 1913, 218. Aristarchus, Heath, Thomas, The Copernicus of Antiquity http://www.rasc.ca/library/libsa.htm

The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada Library Subject Index - Alphabet A Home Library A B ... Z Subject heading Author Title Out Dewey Note Publisher Lyear L.C. Notes Adams, John Couch Adams, John Couch The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams, Vol. I 520.2 A Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Adams, John Couch Adams, John Couch The Scientific Papers of John Couch Adams, Vol. II 520.2 A Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Airy, Sir George Biddell Autobiographies Airy, Wilfrid Autobiography of Sir George Biddell Airy 925.2 A Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Aluminum Richards, Joseph W. Aluminum 669.7 R Archeoastronomy Stonehenge Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded 520.9 H Copy 1 Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Subject heading Author Title Out Dewey Note Publisher Lyear L.C. Notes Aristarchus Heath, Thomas Aristarchus of Samos 925 A Oxford: The Clarendon Press Aristarchus Heath, Thomas The Copernicus of Antiquity (Aristarchus of Samos) 925 A London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge Artificial satellites Shternfel'd, Ario Abramovich Soviet Space Science 629.13882 S

84. Aristarchus Of Samos --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Online Article aristarchus of samos body Greek astronomer. More results on aristarchus of samos when you join. 17822 items. Subscribe to unlock this content today! http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocId=9355772

85. Antiochus IV FAQ Thus, aristarchus of samos encountered religious opposition when he proposed a Recurring to a bold hypothesis of aristarchus of samos, and advancing new http://vinyl2.sentex.ca/~tcc/FAQ/FAQ_AA.html

Antiochus IV FAQ What was the policy of Antiochus IV trying to accomplish? Didn't the Greek kings encourage development of science? Why would Antiochus have cared about the cosmology of the Bible? Do the books of Maccabees say Antiochus altered the Bible? ... Links What was the policy of Antiochus IV trying to accomplish? A. Antiochus promoted the Greek culture and religion in the areas he controlled. This is shown in the following paragraphs by Mahlon H. Smith from: http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antiochus_4.html Antiochus' lack of lasting military achievements was offset by his policy of Hellenization. He was not only a lavish benefactor of shrines to Greek gods across the eastern Mediterranean including the temple of Zeus at Athens , in territories he controlled he actively promoted the cult of the living ruler founded by his father, representing himself as the manifestation of the supreme god, Zeus (hence the epithet epiphanes). Thus, he turned the advancement of Greek culture into a political tool to publicize his own claims of absolute power. And as the supreme god incarnate he assumed personal responsibility for all religious cult within his realm. Although previously unrecognized, the hellenization policies initiated by Antiochus extended to the revision of the cosmology of the Bible as well as the aspects mentioned above. This was probably it most persistent, fateful effect.

86. Untitled Document aristarchus of samos (310250) measured the size and distance of the Moon and Sun. He also placed the Earth in orbit around the sun. http://celator.com/cws/marotta.html

Ancient coins show they knew it was round by Michael Marotta The average person in Hellenic and Roman times knew that our world is round. The philosophic inquiries that began with Thales (624-547 BCE), reached a zenith in the works of Aristotle (384-321). Later, hellenistic astronomers made measurements of the size of the Earth and the sizes of and distances to the Sun and Moon. Several schemes for explaining the motions of the planets were invented. Generally, the average person of those times did not believe Earth to be flat any more than the average person of our day believes that we are alone in the galaxy. Philosophic Developments We should not be surprised to learn that various Greek philosophers and mathematicians had clever insights. Empedocles of Akragas (490-430) proved by experiment that air has substance. Democritus of Abdera (460-370) posited the existence of atoms. Pythagoras (569-500) was probably the first to assert that Earth is a sphere. The other candidate for originating this insight is Parmenides of Elea (fl. c. 500 BCE). However, later than them, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428) said that our world is "cylindrical", i.e., shaped like a drum or a modern coin. Democritus agreed. Aristotle summarized and criticized just about every significant work up to his time. In his books, On The Heavens, he notes the reasons offered by Anaxagoras and Democritus for asserting that Earth is flat. Then he argues against them, and states: "These conditions will be provided, even though the Earth is spherical, if it is of the requisite size..."

87. REED COLLEGE - PRESIDENT'S SPEECHES, LETTERS, AND ARTICLES Think of aristarchus of samos, Copernicus, Kepler, Newton. Think of joining in that progression of skeptics and dreamers who have changed the world. http://web.reed.edu/president/speeches/convocation03.html

Remarks of Reed College President Colin Diver Good afternoon. As president of Reed College, it is my privilege to declare the 2003 convocation in session. In so doing, I am pleased to inaugurate the 93rd academic year in the history of Reed College. War of the Worlds , to the classic science fiction writing of Ray Bradbury and Robert Heinlein, to the movie Total Recall Some of you may think that the proximity of Mars suggests that we are about to enter an age of unusual bellicosity or just plain goofiness. To me, however, the proximity of Mars symbolizes something very different and more directly relevant to why we are all here today. And that is the progress of human knowledge. That is why you are here. Thank you, and, again, welcome. Colin S. Diver

88. ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS. aristarchus of samos. One of the most distinguished astronomers of antiquity was Aristarchus, who was born between 280 and 256 BC on Samos. http://hellas.teipir.gr/Thesis/Samos/english/tdk373.html

ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS. One of the most distinguished astronomers of antiquity was Aristarchus, who was born between 280 and 256 B.C. on Samos. Aristarchus was the first to realise that the earth moved not only on its axis, but also round the sun. This theory, also to be found in Archimedes, consists in the idea that " the fixed stars and the sun remain motionless, while the earth revolves round the circumference of a circle, and in the middle of the circle is the sun .... ". Aristarchus made an attempt to measure the distance between the Earth and the Sun and the Moon, using in his calculation the angles of the triangle formed by the Earth, Moon and Sun, when the Moon is a half - moon. The basis of this calculation was, of course, correct, but things went wrong in its application. This method of mensuration held good for 18 centuries, until more modern scientists by the use of the approriate instruments were able to calculate the distance exactly. The conclusion of Aristarchus's investigation of the volume of the Moon was that this was equal to one - third of the volume of the Earth. The first instrument which Aristarchus used was a hollow hemisphere which had inside a gnomon which showed the projection of the shadow cast by the sun.

89. The True Physics Project - Physics In A New Way. 260 BC, aristarchus of samos, ratio of EarthSun distance to Earth-Moon distance from angle at half moon. 260 BC, aristarchus of samos, distance and size of http://www.truephysics.com/history/timeline/timeline500_1.html

THE PROJECT QUESTIONS HISTORY EDUCATION ... History of Electromagnetism 500 BC - 1 AD Dates Characters Theories and discoveries 585 BC Thales of Miletus prediction of an eclipse 580 BC Thales of Miletus birth of scientific thought 580 BC Thales of Miletus water as the basic element 580 BC Thales of Miletus magnets and attraction to rubbed amber 560 BC Thales of Miletus first cosmologies 550 BC Anaximenes flat Earth 525 BC Pythagoras understanding the world and mathematics 520 BC Anaximander Earth surface is curved (cylinder) 515 BC Parmenides paradoxes of change and motion 500 BC Pythagoreans Earth is a sphere 480 BC Oenopides finds angle of Earth's tilt to ecliptic 480 BC Protagoras reality comes from the senses 480 BC Heraclitus fire as primary substance 480 BC Heraclitus change is the essence of being 475 BC Parmenides Earth is a sphere 470 BC Anaxagoras materials are made of "seeds" (atoms) 470 BC Anaxagoras sun, moon and stars are made of same material as Earth 470 BC Anaxagoras sun as a hot glowing rock 460 BC Eudoxus Celestial spheres 460 BC Empedocles Four elements: Earth, Air, Fire and Water

90. Heliocentric Tangents Heath, T. aristarchus of samos, 301302 (Clarendon, Oxford, 1913). 4. Armitage, A. Copernicus (Allen Unwin, London, 1938). 5. http://www.i-o-s.org/nature-1.html

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE www.instituteofscience.com Shakman, S. H., Nature 338, 456 (1989): (Photocopy shown below typed text) Typed text: Heliocentric tangents Photocopy: [HOME]

91. Teacher Lesson Plan 14 aristarchus of samos Nicolaus Copernicus Jeremiah Horrocks Giordano Bruno. Tycho Brahe Heath, Thomas, aristarchus of samos The Ancient Copernicus http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/chasing-venus/teachers/lessonplan14.htm

Home On the Shoulders of Giants These exercises and lesson plans are designed to accompany and enrich the study and discussion of the June 2004 Transit of Venus. Goal: Students research important astronomers and scientists from the past and make presentations on their achievements. Grade Level: Objectives: Identify and use different documents for research Synthesize information around a theme or topic Develop theme that the advances in science are built on the past achievements and scholarship of many individuals Develop and present the information as part of the theme Subject Area or Standard: History, Creative Writing Materials Needed: Internet access Books and articles Representation of sun on poster board sliced into wedges. Classroom presentation tools Websites: Jeremiah Horrocks http://www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/science/physastr/misc/horrock.htm

92. The Crystalline Sphere Universe Of Aristotle Makes A Simple Recall, there was a competing model of the time, that of aristarchus of samos (280 BC). ( aristarchus of samos (c. 310230 BC), Greek astronomer, http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2003/hum399/lec05.html

The crystalline sphere universe of Aristotle makes a simple prediction all the wheels move in the same direction. This means that any planet should always move in the same direction, with respect to the background stars (which are the coordinate system here). Yet, the retrograde motion of Mars was well known at the time. Mars generally moves west to east (right to left) on the background of stars. But every 780 days it goes through period of 83 days during which it moves east to west against the stars, the retrograde motion. The retrograde period is centered around the time when Mars is in opposition - Mars is directly opposite the Sun. Thus, this phenomena could be established as repeatable and realiable after only a decade's worth of observations. Plato gave his students a major problem to work on. Their task was to find a geometric explanation for the apparent motion of the planets, especially the strange retrograde motion. One key observation: as a planet undergoes retrograde motion (drifts westward with respect to the stars), it becomes brighter. Plato and his students were, of course, also guided by the Pythagorean Paradigm. This meant that regardless of the scheme they came up with, the Earth should be at the unmoving center of the planet motions. One student named Aristarchus violated that rule and developed a model with the Sun at the center. His model was not accepted because of the obvious observations against a moving Earth. Ptolemy to the Rescue?

93. Ref: Hellenist And Roman Age (325 BC - 450 AD) By Miles Hodges aristarchus of samos (c. 310230 BC) Links to other information on Aristarchus. aristarchus of samos (Eric Weisstein ) aristarchus of samos (St. http://www.newgenevacenter.org/reference/hellenists2.htm

People of Ideas during THE HELLENIST AND ROMAN AGE (325 BC to 450 AD) CONTENTS Early Hellenist Philosophers Diogenes of Synope Crates of Thebes Pyrrho Epicurus ... Polybius Development of the Physical Sciences Euclid Aristarchus Archimedes Eratosthenes ... Galen Roman Contributions to Philosophy Marcus Tullius Cicero Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus) Vergil [or Virgil] ... Marcus Aurelius Antonius Later Hellenist Philosophers Philo Plutarch Diogenes Laertius Plotinus ... Porphyry Hellenist and Roman History: General Sources EARLY HELLENIST PHILOSOPHERS Diogenes of Synope (c. 412-323 BC) Diogenes, who was a contemporary of Plato and Aristotle, laid out an important part of the Hellenistic world-view with his Cynicism. Please note: the Cynicism of the originator of this philosophy, Diogenes, had little in common with what we today understand as cynicism. Even before Philip and Alexander had arrived on the Greek scenethe constant warring among the Greeks, the hunger of Athens for power and dominion over its neighbors, the general sense that things were not right politically in Greecehad caused Diogenes to begin to look to inner or personal integrity as a substitute for lost public integrity (which had once been the focus of the moral life in Greece).

94. PHY100F - THE MAGIC OF PHYSICS aristarchus of samos (3rd/4th century BC). Aristarchus is interesting since he was one of the few early natural philosophers who hypothesized that the Earth http://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/PHY100F/greeks.htm

Click here to return to the PHY100F Homepage PHY100F - THE MAGIC OF PHYSICS. The Ancient Greeks Introduction The Miletian School Pythagoras Socrates ... Ptolemy Introduction The religious traditions of Judaism and Christianity have provided one foundation of Western civilization, while the philosophy of the ancient Greeks has provided another. The period of Greek philosophy may conveniently be divided into three parts: the pre-Socratics; the work of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle; and the schools that followed these three giants. We will concentrate on two of the fields of enquiry that concerned the natural philosophers of the ancient world. The first, cosmology, attempts to understand the nature of the universe, of the sun, the moon, the planets and the stars. The second, mechanics, investigates the motion of terrestrial bodies and the action of forces upon them. Having virtually no experimental apparatus and a philosophy that often discouraged experimentation, the conclusions of the ancient Greeks are sometimes wildly inaccurate. Yet so influential was their thought that it was not called into question for more than 1500 years later, when the methods of true scientific enquiry were developed. Only then, with the work of Galileo and Newton, did it became clear that cosmology and mechanics were subject to the same universal laws of motion. The ideas of the Greek philosophers are worth investigating, if only because they give a context to the extraordinary accomplishments of later scientific understanding. In addition, the progression of scientific thought from the ideas of the Greek philosophers to the theories of Galileo and Newton often seems to mirror our own development in understanding as we grow from childhood to maturity. However, since this is a course in Physics rather than Philosophy, I will concentrate only on those philosophers whose ideas can be directly traced to the later developments we will be studying.

95. ARISTARCHUS, OF SAMOS - LoveToKnow Article On ARISTARCHUS, OF SAMOS T aristarchus, of samos, Greek astronomer, flourished about H ~0 BC. See BergkHinrichs, aristarchus von samos (1883) ; Tannery, it ristarque de samos; http://64.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AR/ARISTARCHUS_OF_SAMOS.htm

ARISTARCHUS, OF SAMOS arian and critic, flourished about 155. He settled early in. ti lexandria, where he studied under Aristophanes of Byzantium, 01 horn he succeeded as librarian of the museum. On the accession ci the tyrant Ptolemy Physcon (his former pupil), he found his h e in danger and withdrew to Cyprus, where he died from a -opsy, hastened, it is said, by voluntary starvation, at the age p 72. Aristarchus founded a school of philologists, called after le m Aristarcheans, which long flourished in Alexandria and g~ terwards at Rome. He is said to have written 800 corn- a entaries ilon.e, without reckoning special treatises. He edited h esiod, Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles and other authors; but ~I s chief fame rests on his critical and exegetical edition of ti omer, practically the foundation of our present recension. In h ie time of Augustus, two Aristarcheans, Didymus and Arisnicus, undertook the revision of his work, and the extracts p om these two writers in the Venetian scholia to the Iliad t] ye an idea of Aristarchuss Homeric labors. To obtain a 4

96. Science, Civilization And Society Aristarchos was born on the Ionian island of samos but moved to Alexandria. aristarchus obtained the distance and size of the Moon by measuring the time http://www.es.flinders.edu.au/~mattom/science society/lectures/illustrations/lec

97. Aristarchus Van Samos aristarchus van samos. Van aristarchus leven weten we bijna niets af. Zelfs zijn datums (310 230 vC) zijn niet nauwkeurig bekend. http://mediatheek.thinkquest.nl/~lla015/biografie/Aristarchus.html

Aristarchus van Samos Vitruvius plaatste hem in een rijtje van mannen die verdienstelijk waren in elk onderdeel van de wetenschap.

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