61. Ralpharama / archytas of tarentum. Not a perfect world? Remember two things one, there s nosuch thing; and two, there s more good in the world than bad - it s just http://www.ralpharama.co.uk/

Last Post: Ralpharama Home Page Like a cowherd driving cows off to the fields, so old age and death take away the years from the living. - Gautama Buddha Not a perfect world? Remember two things - one, there's no such thing; and two, there's more good in the world than bad - it's just that the bad has better press. Visit Alien in Montreal [link] Visit Alien in England [link] Latest Memory Memories (Between 4 and 6) Blessed are the forgetful; For they get over their stupidities too. - Friedrich Nietzsche My very first memory... in life is a lie. I'm about 3 years old and we've just arrived at my Grandmother's house, it is sunny and I'm wearing shorts and a striped T-shirt. My Grandmother is waiting on her lawn to meet us with our dog - a large Irish Setter called Finbar. Finbar is excited to see us and runs over to ... 050222 Violence on the Bus comment by jon: typical I am afraid - we intervene and we can share in the punishment... 050811 Ghostly Images Ghostly Images? After my birthday (spent drinking Guinness and watching England beat Australia) we went out for a meal (after some Champagne) then dr... ank red wine as we watched the world go by. After this we retired to the Cricketers Pub and lamented the lack of recent style in the changes made over the last few months (crappy bar 'tables' etc) as we drank Drambuie to help the meal go down. Back the flat we retired with a Smirnoff Ice (don't ask)... Old Cam Comments The old webcam text 12/08/2006 > See, I have a lampshade now! > : ha ha > bollox > do something,i'm fucking bored > Just got back from... Wales for the week. Back on-line soon... x > fuck? > hallo > u sit at ure desk drinkin cans of beer, just like me > hello ure funny > where r u? > hi > hi there just surfing through thought i would say hi > hellow > u dirty fuckin perv > hay ho! > hello > Gum spu...

62. The Age Of Intelligent Machines: Chronology 420 B.C. archytas of tarentum, a friend of Plato, constructs a wooden pigeonwhose movements are controlled by a jet of steam or compressed air. http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0298.html

Origin Visions of the Future The Age of Intelligent Machines Permanent link to this article: http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0298.html Printable Version The Age of Intelligent Machines: Chronology by Raymond Kurzweil From Ray Kurzweil 's revolutionary book The Age of Intelligent Machines , published in 1990. The world has changed less since Jesus Christ than it has in the last thirty years. Charles Peguy, 1913 Year Event 140-190 million years ago Dinosaurs roam the earth. Less than 100,000 years ago Homo sapiens begin using intelligence to further their goals. More than 5,000 years ago The abacus , which resembles the arithmetic unit of a modern computer , is developed in the Orient. 3000-700 b.c. Water clocks are built in China in 3000 B. C ., in Egypt c. 1500 B. C ., and in Assyria 700 B. C 2500 B. C Egyptians invent the idea of thinking machines: citizens turn for advice to oracles, which are statues with priests hidden inside. b. 469 B. C Socrates , the mentor of Plato , is the first Western thinker to assert that mental activities occur in the unconscious. 469-322 B.

63. The Age Of Spiritual Machines: Timeline 420 bc, archytas of tarentum, who was friends with Plato, constructs a woodenpigeon whose movements are controlled by a jet of steam or compressed air. http://www.kurzweilai.net/articles/art0274.html

Origin Visions of the Future The Age of Spiritual Machines Permanent link to this article: http://www.kurzweilai.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0274.html Printable Version The Age of Spiritual Machines: Timeline by Raymond Kurzweil 10-15 billion years ago The Universe is born. 10243 seconds later The temperature cools to 100 million trillion trillion degrees and gravity evolves. 10234 seconds later The temperature cools to 1 billion billion billion degrees and matter emerges in the form of quarks and electrons. Antimatter also appears. 10210 seconds later The electroweak force splits into the electromagnetic and weak forces. 1025 seconds later With the temperature at 1 trillion degrees, the quarks form protons and neutrons and the antiquarks form antiprotons. The protons and antiprotons collide, leaving mostly protons and causing the emergence of photons (light). 1 second later Electrons and antielectrons (positrons) collide, leaving mostly electrons. 1 minute later At a temperature of 1 billion degrees, neutrons and protons coalesce and form elements such as helium, lithium, and heavy forms of hydrogen 300,000 years after the big bang

64. LacusCurtius • Columella, De Re Rustica, — Book I Xenophon the follower of Socrates, archytas of tarentum, and the two Peripatetics,master and pupil, Aristotle and Theophrastus. section 8 Sicilians, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Columella/de_Re_Rustica/1*.htm

mail: Bill Thayer Latine Italiano Help Up Home Preface This webpage reproduces a section of the De Re Rustica of Columella published in the Loeb Classical Library, the text of which is in the public domain. This page has been carefully proofread and I believe it to be free of errors. If you find a mistake though, please let me know! Book II Columella De Re Rustica Book I One who devotes himself to agriculture should understand that he must call to his assistance these most fundamental resources: knowledge of the subject, means for defraying the expenses, and the will to do the work. For in the end, as Tremelius remarks, he will have the best-tilled lands who has the knowledge, the wherewithal, and the will to cultivate them. For the knowledge and willingness will not suffice anyone without the means which the tasks require; on the other hand, the will to Accordingly, an attentive head of a household, whose heart is set on pursuing a sure method of increasing his fortune from the tillage of his land, will take especial pains to consult on every point the most experienced farmers of his own time; he should study zealously the manuals of the ancients, gauging the opinions and teachings of each of them, to see whether the records handed down by his forefathers are suited in their entirety to the husbandry of his day or are out of keeping in some respects. For I have found that many authorities now worthy of remembrance were convinced that with the long wasting of the ages, weather and climate undergo a change; and that among them the most learned professional astronomer, Hipparchus

65. New Acropolis - Philosophers Dion and archytas of tarentum believed that if Dionysius II was trained in scienceand philosophy he would be able to prevent Carthage invading Sicily. http://www.acropolis.org.au/Philosophers.htm

Philosophers Lao Tzu Plato Pythagoras Seneca Lao Tzu Lao Tzu's Quotations: - Knowing others is intelligence; knowing yourself is true wisdom. Mastering others is strength; mastering yourself is true power - A journey of a thousand [miles] starts with the first step. - The true free living human-being is the one that achieves his dream without depending on someone Lao Tzu is the great wise man of Ancient China. He lived between 551-479 B.C. and the teachings he left are now called Taoism. His works were recorded in two books at the request of the Keeper of the Pass. No one knew where he went to after he left thes books. The two books are together called Tao Te Ching. The first book is called Tao Ching (The Essence of Tao) and the second one is called Te Ching (The Essence of Te). One of the best expressions that defines Tao is the following one: "Tao is the capacity of things to complete their natural cycle of their own accord." We have the capacity for self-realization but we must know what our accord is, what our nature is.

66. Dictionary Of The History Of Ideas archytas of tarentum, according to Apuleius, had a still more divergent idea heheld that vision arises as the effect of an invisible http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv3-51

67. Dictionary Of The History Of Ideas century Pythagoreans such as archytas of tarentum, under whom the doctrine of auniverse ordered by the same numerical proportions that govern musical http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/cgi-local/DHI/dhi.cgi?id=dv4-05

68. Gale-Edit - Dictionary Of Science Biography - Scientists By Name Arbuthnot, John; Archiac, EtienneJules-Adolphe Desmier; Archigenes; Archimedes;archytas of tarentum; Arduino, Giovanni; Aretaeus of Cappadocia http://www.gale-edit.com/ndsb/scientists.htm

Home Suggestions for Inclusion Editorial Board About Charles Scribner's Sons ... Z A Abailard, Pierre Abano, Pietro Abano, Pietro d' 'Abbas Ibn Firnas Abbe, Cleveland Abbe, Ernst Abel, John Jacob Abel, Niels Henrik Abel, Othenio Abetti, Antonio Abich, Otto Hermann Wilhelm Abney, William de Wiveleslie Abraham Bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi Abraham, Max Abreu, Aleixo Abreu, Aleixo de Abu Hamid al-Gharnati Abu Kamil Shuja' Ibn Aslam Ibn Muhammad Ibn Shuja' Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, Ja'far Ibn Muhammad Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi, Hibat Allah Abu'l-Fida' Isma'il Ibn 'Ali Ibn Mahmud Ibn . . . Ayyub, 'Imad al-Din Abu'l-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Muhammad Ibn Muhammad ~Ibn Yahya Ibn Isma'il Ibn al- 'Abbas Abu'l-Wafa' al-Buzjani, Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn Isma'il Ibn al- 'Abbas Accum, Friedrich Christian Achard, Franz Karl Acharius, Erik Achillini, Alessandro Acosta, Cristobal Acosta, Jose Acosta, Jose de Acyuta Pisarati Adam of Bodenstein Adams, Frank Dawson Adams, John Couch Adams, Leason Heberling Adams, Roger Adams, Walter Sydney Adanson, Michel Addison, Thomas Adelard of Bath Adet, Pierre-Auguste

69. Phenomenon Of Science: Chap. 10 390 BC archytas of tarentum. Stereometric solution to the problem of doublingthe cubethat is, constructing a cube with a volume equal to twice the volume http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/POS/Turchap10.html

This is chapter 10 of the "The Phenomenon of Science" by Valentin F. Turchin Contents: PROOF THE CLASSICAL PERIOD PLATO'S PHILOSOPHY WHAT IS MATHEMATICS? ... PLATONISM IN RETROSPECT CHAPTER TEN. From Thales to Euclid PROOF polis ). The concept of proof already existed; it was a socially significant reality. All that remained was to transfer it to the field of mathematics, which was done as soon as the Greeks became acquainted with the achievements of the ancient Eastern civilizations. It must be assumed that a certain part here was also played by the role of the Greeks as young, curious students in relation to the Egyptians and Babylonians, their old teachers who did not always agree with one another. In fact, the Babylonians determined the area of a circle according to the formula 3 r , while the Egyptians used the formula (8/9 2 r . Where was the truth? This was something to think about and debate. The creators of Egyptian and Babylonian mathematics have remained anonymous. The Greeks preserved the names of their wise men. The first, Thales of Miletus, is also the first name included in the history of science. Thales lived in the sixth century B.C. in the city of Miletus on the Asia Minor coast of the Aegean Sea. One date in his life has been firmly established: in 585 B.C. he predicted a solar eclipseunquestionable evidence of Thales's familiarity with the culture of the ancient civilizations, because the experience of tens and hundreds of years is required to establish the periodicity of eclipses. Thales had no Greek predecessors, and could therefore only have taken his knowledge of astronomy from the scientists of the East. Thales, the Greeks assert, gave the world the first mathematical proofs. Among the propositions (theorems) proved by him they mention the following:

70. Biographical List Of Names (AR - ARL) Compiled By GIGA archytas of tarentum, Greek general, mathematician and philosopher (fl. 400 BC) BUY AMAZON BOOK Elizabeth Arden, American cosmetics executive (1884 http://www.giga-usa.com/quotes/lists/qubioar.htm

THE MOST EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF QUOTATIONS ON THE INTERNET Home Quotes Biographical Index Reading List ... Varying Hare Books TOPICS: A B C D ... Z PEOPLE: A B C D E ... An Ar Arm As Au BIOGRAPHICAL LIST OF NAMES (AR - ARL) Yasser Arafat (f/k/a Mohammed al-Husseini), Palestinian political leader (1929 - 2004) BUY AMAZON BOOK Louis Aragon, French poet (1897 - 1982) BUY AMAZON BOOK Aratus, Greek poet and astronomer (fl. 300 BC - 250 BC) READ QUOTES (1) BUY AMAZON BOOK Maclyn Arbuckle, American actor (1866 - 1931) BUY AMAZON BOOK Diane Arbus, American photographer (1923 - 1971) READ QUOTES (1) BUY AMAZON BOOK John Arbuthnot, Scottish physician and wit (1667 - 1735) READ QUOTES (5) BUY AMAZON BOOK Frank Archer, American song writer BUY AMAZON BOOK Jeffrey Archer, English politician and novelist (1940 - ) READ QUOTES (1) CHECK READING LIST (1) BUY AMAZON BOOK Archestratus, Greek naturalistic poet (fl. 330 BC) BUY AMAZON BOOK Archias of Thebes, Greek man of letters (first century BC) READ QUOTES (1) BUY AMAZON BOOK Aulus Licinius Archias, Greek poet and epigrammatist (c. 199 BC -)

71. The Earlier History Of Powered Flight Another tale recounts the invention of a Greek named archytas of tarentum whowas said to have made a wooden bird about four hundred years before Christ. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/earliest_flight/PH1.htm

72. 3.2 Concept Of Place The oldest known theorising about place is the treatise of archytas of tarentum,a Pythagorean thinker who lived in the Fourth Century BC. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/mat/maant/pg/lipsanen/032.html

3.2 Concept of place The concept of 'place' as approached by a strictly scientific manner could be reduced to a mere spatial concept. It would thus mean 'a location in space'. This is for instance basically the meaning that Georg Henrik von Wright ( ) gives to it in his 'logic of place'. He investigates the differencies between modal concepts in temporal and spatial systems of formal logic, and founds his system of spatial logic on modal concepts of 'nearby', 'somewhere', and 'somewhere else' ( von Wright 1983 : 134). Ramon Jansana ( ) has developed von Wright's system later by adding to it the aspect of distance. Study of 'place' in logic resembles closely the use of 'place' in geographical studies where the geographical information system (GIS) is used. In Finnish, GIS is even translated as 'paikkatietojärjestelmä' meaning 'system of place data'! The logical aspects of place were examined already by the early Greek philosophers. In his essay about the 'Anaximander fragment'probably the oldest remaining piece of Western thinkingMartin Heidegger ( : 16) reminds us of the importance of examining early philosophical thinking. According to him, to translate an early fragment into another language one has to first translate oneself into what the fragment says (

73. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pythagoras And Pythagoreanism the name of Pythagoras, many tenets were ascribed him which were in factintroduced by later Pythagoreans, such as Philolaus and archytas of tarentum. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12587b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism A B C D ... Z Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism Pythagoras, the Greek philosopher and mathematician and founder of the Pythagorean school, flourished about 530 B. C. Very little is known about the life and personality of Pythagoras. There is an abundance of biographical material dating from the first centuries of the Christian era, from the age of neo-Pythagoreanism, but, when we go back to the centuries nearer to Pythagoras's time, our material becomes very scanty. It seems to be certain that Pythagoras was born at Samos about the year 550 or 560 B. C. miracles , pronounced prophecies, and did many other wonderful things, belong to legend, and seem to have no historical foundation. Similarly the story of his journey into Egypt, Asia Minor, and even to Babylon is not attested by reliable historians. To the region of fable belongs also the description of the learned works which he wrote and which were long kept secret in his school. It is certain, however, that he founded a school, or, rather, a religious philosophical society, for which he drew up a rule of life. In this rule are said to have been regulations imposing secrecy, a protracted period of silence, celibacy , and various kinds of abstinence. The time-honoured tradition that Pythagoras forbade his disciples to eat beans, for which various reasons, more or less ingenious, were assigned by ancient and

74. Historical Background On Screw Threads the screw thread was invented in about 400BC by archytas of tarentum (428 BC 350 BC). Archytas is sometimes called the founder of mechanics and was a http://www.boltscience.com/pages/screw2.htm

Information on Screw Threads Historical Background It is considered by some that the screw thread was invented in about 400BC by Archytas of Tarentum (428 BC - 350 BC). Archytas is sometimes called the founder of mechanics and was a contemporary of Plato. One of the first applications of the screw principle was in presses for the extraction of oils from olives and juice from grapes. The oil presses in Pomeii were worked by the screw principle. Archimedes (287 BC - 212 BC) developed the screw principle and used it to construct devices to raise water. The water screw may have originated in Egypt before the time of Archimedes. It was constructed from wood and was used for land irrigation and to remove bilge-water from ships. The Romans applied the Archimedean screw to mine drainage. The screw was described in the first century AD in Mechanica of Heron of Alexandria. Screw threads for fasteners were cut by hand but increasing demands deemed it necessary from them to be factory made. J and W Wyatt patented such a system in 1760. The lack of thread standardisation made fastener interchangeability problematical.

75. Online Papers In Philosophy Archytas (Carl Huffman) NEW June 26, 2003, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.archytas of tarentum was a Greek mathematician, political leader and http://philosophypapers.blogspot.com/2003_06_01_philosophypapers_archive.html

get rid of this ad advertise here Online Papers in Philosophy Monday, June 30, 2003 Personal Papers Antony Eagle 17 Arguments Against Propensity Analyses of Probability (PDF) We shall see that, slippery crea-tures though they are, these analyses fail both internal and external kinds of tests of adequacy of conceptual analysis, and must therefore be rejected. Gilbert Harman Inductive Simplicity and the Matrix to appear in the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2003. (PDF), Harman, G., and Kulkarni, S. In certain statistical learning problems, a pol-icy of choosing simpler rules that account fairly well for data is likely to have less error on new cases than a policy of choosing com-plex rules that have less error on the data. The relevant kind of simplicity is not to be measured in terms of the number of param-eters needed to specify a given member of a class of rules but might be measured in terms of the VC dimension of such a class. The rationale for using simplicity so mea-sured can be extended to allow simplicity to decide among empirically equivalent hy-potheses. The extended rationale provides reasons of simplicity to reject certain sorts of philosophical skepticism. Greg Restall Modelling Truthmaking In this paper I give a consistency proof, by providing a model for the theses of truthmaking in my earlier paper. This result does two things. Firstly, it shows that the theses of truthmaking are jointly consistent. Secondly, it provides an independently philosophically motivated formal model for relevant logics in the ‘possible worlds’ tradition of Routley and Meyer [8, 16, 17].

76. Untitled Document 4th century BC, Greece, archytas of tarentum (fl. c.400350 BC). A wooden dove,worked by a current of air hidden and enclosed within it. Model. http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/11/assets/flight_chart.html

A DIRECTORY OF HEAVIER-THAN-AIR FLYING MACHINES IN WESTERN EUROPE, 850 B.C. - 1783 A.D. CLIVE HART from The Prehistory of Flight (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985) This directory attempts to list all heavier-than-air flying machines, whether models or of man-carrying size, that are said to have been built and tested in Western Europe prior to the Montgolfiers. While I do not include machines that are known to have been totally imaginary, I have been fairly liberal in my sifting of the evidence. Thus the list includes items ranging from those about which there is no historical doubt whatever (e.g., the ornithopters of Pierre Blanchard) to others that may never in fact have existed (e.g., the zany structure conceived by d'Alcripe's drunken Norman labourer). After the directory I have added a checklist of unadopted items, which I have so far been unable to confirm, and a further checklist of spurious flights, with brief comments on my reasons for rejection. DATE PLACE IDENTITY FLYING MACHINE DURATION / DISTANCE SOURCES AND NOTES ca. 850 B.C.

77. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results archytas of tarentum Born about 428 BC in Tarentum (now Taranto), Magna Graecia (nowItaly) Died about 350 BC Click the picture above to see two larger http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue2.pl?limit=200&term1=p

78. ALC III,2: The Science Of Magnitudes In Italy he met two famous men, archytas of tarentum and Timaeus of Locri, whobelonged to the ancient tradition of the Pythagoreans and who also were http://www.domcentral.org/study/ashley/arts/arts302.htm

BENEDICT M. ASHLEY, O.P.: THE ARTS OF LEARNING AND COMMUNICATION CHAPTER II The Science of Magnitudes THE BEGINNINGS THE GREEKS, SCIENTISTS AND ARTISTS In the last chapter we indicated that, while mathematical calculation was developed in a practical way by the people of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and carried still further by the Hindus and Chinese, it was the Greeks who made it a theoretical study. They transformed it into a true science, rigorously logical in structure, and a model for all other sciences. It was these same scientifically minded Greeks who first arrived at a perfect conception of the fine arts. The art of Mesopotamia was strong and grandiose, but without grace or subtlety. The art of Egypt was subtle and mysterious, but strangely static and without inner thought or feeling. Only in the art of Greece is there achieved a living balance of all the elements of beauty. Their art was classical (from Latin classicus ,meaning "first class"), and became a standard for all later art. Not, indeed, that art of later ages need confine itself to copying the style and subject-matter of Greek art, as some people have thought but that we can learn from Greek literature, sculpture, and architecture a true conception of the elements that go into a work of art and of the harmony with which they should be united. Today we are inclined to think of science and art as unrelated fields. The artist seems to be all imagination and emotion, living in a subjective world of free fancy. The scientist seems to be all facts and abstract theories, living in the objective world of experiment and measurement. Yet the Greeks excelled both in art and science. In order to learn something of this lesson from the Greeks in this chapter we are going to try to get clearer notions of two questions:

79. ê–发FŒÃ‘ãE’†¢ Translate this page archytas of tarentum Pythagorean, Philosopher and Mathematician King. Carl A.Huffman. Cambridge UP, 2005.3. ISBN 0521837464, $150.00 http://platz.jp/~virgil/AM004.htm

ê–发FŒ‘ãE’†¢Œn Œ‘ãE’†¢‚̉ȊwŽv‘zŽj’†S number Title Author(s) or Editor(s) Ž‘—¿Ð‰îƒƒjƒ [‚Ö Publisher ISBN, price ŒŸõƒGƒ“ƒWƒ“‚Ö ”ԍ†‡‚ɐV‚µ‚­Ú‚¹‚½‚à‚́D Plotinus's Cosmology : A Study of Ennead II.1(40) : Text, Translation, and Commentary James Wilberding Oxford UP, 2006.2 ISBN 0199277265, ’60.00 @ƒvƒƒeƒBƒmƒX‚̉F’ˆ˜_D De Re Metallica : The Use of Metal in the Middle Ages (ed.) Robert Bork Ashgate, 2005.6 ISBN 0754650480, $99.95 @’†¢‚Ì‹à‘®Žg—pD Liber de causis Das Buch von den Ursachen : Lateinisch - Deutsch Meiner, 2005 ISBN 3787317058(paper), EUR 19.80 @‹UƒAƒŠƒXƒgƒeƒŒƒX‚́wŒ´ˆö˜_xƒ‰ƒeƒ“Œê‚ƃhƒCƒcŒê‚̑ΖóD Philosophy and the Science in Antiquity R.W.Sharples (ed.) Ashgate, 2005.10 ISBN 0754651711, ’45.00 @Œ‘ã‚É‚¨‚¯‚é“NŠw‚ƉȊwD Averroes On Plato's Republic Averroes (tr.) Ralph Lerner Cornell UP, 2005.4 ISBN 080148975X (paper), $16.95 @ƒAƒ”ƒFƒƒGƒX‚̃vƒ‰ƒgƒ“w‘‰Æx’‰ðD Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching, And Influence Christoph Riedweg (tr.) Steven Rendall Cornell UP, 2005.5 ISBN 0801442400, $29.95 @ƒsƒ ƒ^ƒSƒ‰ƒXC‚»‚̐¶ŠUC‹³àC‰e‹¿D‚à‚Ƃ̓hƒCƒcŒêD The Development of Mathematics in Medieval Europe Menso Folkerts Ashgate, 2005.5

80. Helicon Publishing: Data Sets And Samples: Chronologies And Timeline: Sample 400 BC Greek scientist archytas of tarentum invents the kite. Kites also appearin China about the same time. 1120 Backgammon is played in England. http://www.helicon.co.uk/online/datasets/samples/chronologies.htm

E-mail us at helicon@rm.com or telephone us on 08709 200200. Looking for help with one of our CD-ROM products? Visit our technical support section. Data sets and samples Data types Fact sheet Chronologies and timelines: Sample This sample is intended to show the structure of our chronology entries. If you are interested in subject-specific data, you may also like to view the chronology samples for a particular subject Chronology of toys and games c. BC Greek scientist Archytas of Tarentum invents the kite. Kites also appear in China about the same time. Backgammon is played in England. Walter of Gloucester's set is found on the site of Gloucester Castle, discarded in a cesspit there when he decided to become a Augustinian monk to show his renunciation of gambling. Italian tarot cards are first mentioned in a manuscript. They are used both for gaming and fortune telling, and the modern pack of playing cards derives from them. German master Ingold's Das guildin Spil is the earliest handbook on card playing. March 1497 During carnival, the followers of Italian reformer and Dominican friar Giralomo Savonarola burn games and ornaments in the city-republic of Florence, which he has controlled since leading a revolt against the ruling Medici family in 1494.

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