1. Apastamba Sutras, Prasna1, Patala1, Khanda 2 This section presents the translation of the apastamba Sutras, the Sacred lawsof the Aryans as taught in the schools of apastamba, Guatama, Vasishtha, http://hinduwebsite.com/sacredscripts/dharma/apa00.htm

Home Hinduism Buddhism Jainism ... Gautama Sutras INTRODUCTION TO ÂPASTAMBA. The Apastamblya Dharma-sûtra forms part of an enormous Kalpa-sûtra or body of aphorisms, which digests the teaching of the Veda and of the ancient Rishis regarding the performance of sacrifices and the duties of twice-born men, Brâhmanas, Kshatriyas, and Vaisyas. and which, being chiefly based on the second of the four Vedas, the Yagur-veda in the Taittirîya recension, is primarily intended for the benefit of the Adhvaryu priests in whose families the study of the Yagur-veda is hereditary. The position of the Dharma-sûtra in the middle of the collection at once raises the presumption that it originally formed an integral portion of the body of Sûtras and that it is not a later addition. Had it been added later, it wouid either stand at the end of the thirty Prasnas or altogether outside the collection, as is the case with some other treatises attributed to Âpastamba [7]. The Hindus are, no doubt, unscrupulous in adding to the works of famous teachers. But such additions, if of considerable extent, are usually not embodied in the works themselves which they are intended to supplement. They are mostly given as seshas or parisishtas, tacked on at the end, and generally marked as such in the MSS. Who this author really was, is a problem which cannot be solved for the present, and which probably will. always remain unsolved, because we know his family name only. For the form of the word itself shows that the name Âpastamba, just like those of most founders of Vedic schools, e. g. Bhâradvâga, Âsvalâyana, Gautama, is a patronymic. This circumstance is, of course, fatal to all attempts at an identification of the individual who holds so prominent a place among the teachers of the Black Yagur-veda.

2. Apastamba Biography of apastamba (600BC540BC) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. Apastamba Biography of apastamba (600BC540BC) To write a biography of apastamba isessentially impossible since nothing is known of him except that he was the http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Apastamba.html

Apastamba Born: about 600 BC in India Died: about 600 BC in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing To write a biography of Apastamba is essentially impossible since nothing is known of him except that he was the author of a Sulbasutra which is certainly later than the Sulbasutra of Baudhayana . It would also be fair to say that Apastamba's Sulbasutra is the most interesting from a mathematical point of view. We do not know Apastamba's dates accurately enough to even guess at a life span for him, which is why we have given the same approximate birth year as death year. Apastamba was neither a mathematician in the sense that we would understand it today, nor a scribe who simply copied manuscripts like Ahmes . He would certainly have been a man of very considerable learning but probably not interested in mathematics for its own sake, merely interested in using it for religious purposes. Undoubtedly he wrote the Sulbasutra to provide rules for religious rites and to improve and expand on the rules which had been given by his predecessors. Apastamba would have been a Vedic priest instructing the people in the ways of conducting the religious rites he describes. The mathematics given in the Sulbasutras is there to enable the accurate construction of altars needed for sacrifices. It is clear from the writing that Apastamba, as well as being a priest and a teacher of religious practices, would have been a skilled craftsman. He must have been himself skilled in the practical use of the mathematics he described as a craftsman who himself constructed sacrificial altars of the highest quality.

4. Great Indian Mathematicians Mathematicians of India MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD Baudhayana (700 B.C.E.) apastamba (600) Katyayana (500) Umaswati (150 B.C.E.) http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. References For Apastamba References for the biography of apastamba. The URL of this page ishttp//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/apastamba.html. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Apastamba.html

References for Apastamba Version for printing Books: G G Joseph, The crest of the peacock (London, 1991). Articles: R P Kulkarni, The value of known to Sulbasutrakaras, Indian J. Hist. Sci. G Kumari, Some significant results of algebra of pre-Aryabhata era, Math. Ed. (Siwan) A E Raik and V N Ilin, A reconstruction of the solution of certain problems from the Apastamba Sulba Sutra Apastamba (Russian), in A P Juskevic, S S Demidov, F A Medvedev and E I Slavutin, Studies in the history of mathematics "Nauka" (Moscow, 1974), 220-222; 302. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Apastamba.html

6. Introduction To The Apastamba Sutras, Ancient Hindu Laws This section presents the translation of the apastamba Sutras, the Sacred laws of the Aryans as taught in the schools of apastamba, Guatama http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Apastamba - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apastamba . Categories Indian peoplestubs Mathematician stubs Indian mathematicians Ancient http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apastamba

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$ 125,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Apastamba From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Apastamba (c. 700 BC ), was an Indian mathematician wrote one of the Sulba Sutras , manual of Vedic geometry Indian biographical article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it This biographical article about a mathematician is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apastamba Categories Indian people stubs Mathematician stubs ... Ancient mathematicians Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link This page was last modified 17:34, 4 June 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

8. Apastamba Sutras, Prasna1, Patala1, Khanda 23 This section presents the translation of the apastamba Sutras, the Sacred laws of the Aryans as taught in the schools of apastamba, Guatama http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Sacred Books Of The East - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The sacred laws of the Aryas as taught in the school of apastamba, Gobhila,Hiranyakesin, apastamba (Olderberg); Yajña Paribhashasutras (Müller). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East

Wikimedia needs your help in its 21-day fund drive. See our fundraising page Over US$ 125,000 has been donated since the drive began on 19 August. Thank you for your generosity! Sacred Books of the East From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Sacred Books of the East is a monumental, 50-volume set of English translations of Asian religious writings, edited by Max M¼ller and published by the Oxford University Press between 1879 and 1910. It incorporates the essential sacred texts of Hinduism Buddhism Taoism Confucianism ... Jainism , and Islam The majority of the Sacred Books of the East is in the public domain, and many are available free of charge on the Internet. At time of writing, 31 of the 50 volumes have been converted into electronic versions, of which 26 have been proofed. These texts are available at: http://www.sacred-texts.com/sbe/ Volumes of the Sacred Books of the East Vol. Published Translator Title and contents Max M¼ller The Upanishads , Part 1 of 2. Chandogya Upanishad. Talavakara (Kena) Upanishad. Aitareya Upanishad. Kausitaki Upanishad.

10. Powell's Books - The Dharmasutras: The Law Codes Of Apastamba, Gautama, Baudhaya Includes bibliographical references (p. xivxx) and index http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=0192838822

11. Apastamba's Profile apastamba s profile, Send this page to a friend Boards Username, apastamba 167posts. IGN Boards Profile Added, 06/25/2004 191201 http://users.ign.com/about/Apastamba?boards=ign

12. NACSIS Webcat Shosai Layout and construction of citis according to Baudhayana, Manava-, an d apastamba-sulbasutras / by R http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

13. TITUS Texts: Yajur-Veda: Apastamba-Sulba-Sutra TITUS Texts YajurVeda apastamba-Sulba-Sutra Index /TITLE META NAME= http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/apsbs/apsbs.htm

Index of apsbs TITUS Project Index of apsbs TITUS Project

14. TITUS Texts: Yajur-Veda: Apastamba-Sulba-Sutra TITUS Texts YajurVeda apastamba-Sulba-Sutra. Yajur-Veda apastamba-Sulba-SutraPart No. 2. Paragraph 2 Sentence 1 at?aparoyoga? http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/yvs/apsbs/apsbs002.htm

TITUS Yajur-Veda: Apastamba-Sulba-Sutra Part No. 2 Paragraph: 2 Sentence: 1 atʰāparoyogaḥ pr̥ṣṭʰyāntayormadʰye ca śaṠkūnnihatyārdʰe ... śroṇyaṃsau Sentence: 2 pramāṇaṃ tiryagdvikaraṇyāyāmastasyākṣṇayārajjustrikaraṇī Sentence: 3 tr̥tīyakaraṇyetena vyākʰyāta vibʰāgastu navadʰā Sentence: 4 tulyayoścaturaśrayoruktassamāsaḥ nānā pramāṇayoścaturaśrayossamāsaḥ hrasīyasaḥ ... taduktam Sentence: 5 caturaśrāccaturaśraṃ nirjihīrṣanyāvannirjihīrṣettasya karaṇyā varṣīyaso ... nirastam Sentence: 6 upasaṃhr̥tā akṣṇayārajjussā catuṣkaraṇī cʰinnā ... taduktam Sentence: 7 dīrgʰacaturaśraṃ samacaturaśraṃ cikīrṣantiryaṠmānyā apaccʰidya ... TITUS Project

15. TITUS Texts Black Yajurveda Apastamba 21.4.2002 TITUS Black Yajurveda apastambaDharmasutra Index First select here Text level no. 1 Text collection YVS Text level no. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. ABBREVIATIONS Note For Ready Reference, The Five Historical Akkadian ApDhS apastamba dharmasUtra (5 C) ApZS apastamba zrautasUtra (5 C) Armen.Armenian AustroAs. Austro-Asiatic AV atharvaveda saMhitA (2 C) Avest. http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/ejvs0501/ejvs0501d.txt

< *mEcca 'defective' (Turner, CDIAL 10389. Parpola 1994: 174 has attempted a Dravidian explanation. He understands meluHHa (var. melaHHa) as Drav. *mElakam [mElaxam] 'high country' (= Baluchistan) (=ta-milakam) and points to Neo-Assyr. baluHHu 'galbanum', sinda 'wood from Sindh'. He traces mlech, milakkha back to *mlekS, which is seen as agreeing, with central Drav. metathesis with *mlExa = mElaxa-m. Kuiper 1991:24 indicates not infrequent elision of (Dravid.) -a- when taken over into Skt. Shafer 1954 has a Tib-Burm. etymology *mltSe; Southworth 1990: 223 reconstructs PDrav. 2 *mu.z.i/mi.z.i 'say, speak, utter', DEDR 4989, tami.l. 'Tamil' < 'own speech'. (6) The earliest archaeologically found rice is said to come from Koldihwa near Allahabad (c. 5440/5430 BCE or even earlier); this has been doubted. A more probable date is c. 4000 BCE, at Chirand in Bihar. (7) Southworth 1990: 229, n.10: PIA *camala/cAvala < TB ca-? (dza); cf. Southworth 1974, with an early Drav. substrate in the northwest and in the Gangetic plains: < Tib.-Burm. *cA + vAl/vAr

17. Dharmasutras The Law Codes Of Apastamba Gautama Baudhayana And Dharmasutras The Law Codes of apastamba Gautama Baudhayana and Vasistha Patrick Olivelle http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

18. The Bhargavas Baudhayana, apastamba, Vaikhanasa, Manava, Asvalayana. V. shunaka (grtsamada) apastamba, Katyayana, Manava, Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Vaikhanasa http://www.bharatavarsha.com/iyer/gotra/bhargava.html

THE BHARGAVAs The Bhargavas (descendents of Bhrgu) include such illustrious names like Chyavana, Jamadagni and Parasu-rama (usually referred to as ramo bhargava, or simply as bhargava). The Bhargavas may be divided into the 5 subsets. The first subset may be called simply Bhargava, constituted by 11 gotras. The remaining 4 subsets of the Bhargavas are individual gotras by themselves. Collectively these 4 subsets are called the Kevala Bhargavas. NOTE: In the table below, the subdivisions of the Bhargavas are listed. The name of the gotra is listed in the first column, and the corresponding pravara rshi set is in the second column. Since some of the pravara lineages are specific to the followers of certain sutras, the appropriate sutra is given in the third column. Wherever there are two or more sets of pravara rshis, it should be taken to mean that there are different lineages that correspond to a certain gotra. In general, the set of pravara rshis is a more accurate indicator of a person's descent, than simply the gotra itself. GOTRA PRAVARA RSHIs SUTRA I. Bhargava

19. The Kaushikas Baudhayana, apastamba, Katyayana, Asvalayana, Manava. shraumatakAmakAyana apastamba, Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Katyayana, Vaikhanasa http://www.bharatavarsha.com/iyer/gotra/kaushika.html

THE KAUSHIKAs The kaushika (descendents of the influential kushika) include such intellectual giants as vishvAmitra and madhucchandasa. What is arguably the single most important verse in all the vedas - the gAyatri mantra- was composed by vishvAmitra. This set of lineages has kshatriya origins. vishvAmitra himself was a king of some importance during the vedic age. The accounts of his rivalry with vasishTha make up one of the great dramas in the vedas and the post-vedic literature. All the kaushika lineages have come down through vishvAmitra. The vaishvAmitras may be divided into 20 gotra-gaNas as shown below: NOTE: In the table below, the subdivisions of the kaushikas are listed. The name of the gotra is listed in the first column, and the corresponding pravara rshi set is in the second column. Since some of the pravara lineages are specific to the followers of certain sutras, the appropriate sutra is given in the third column. Wherever there are two or more sets of pravara rshis, it should be taken to mean that there are different lineages that correspond to a certain gotra. In general, the set of pravara rshis is a more accurate indicator of a person's descent, than simply the gotra itself. GOTRA PRAVARA RSHIs SUTRA vishvAmitra vaishvAmitra, daivarAta, audala

20. Math Lessons - Apastamba Math Lessons apastamba. apastamba. apastamba (c. 700 BC) wrote one of theShulba Sutras , manual of Vedic geometry. http://www.mathdaily.com/lessons/Apastamba

Search Mathematics Encyclopedia and Lessons Lessons Popular Subjects algebra arithmetic calculus equations ... more References applied mathematics mathematical games mathematicians more ... Ancient mathematicians Apastamba Apastamba (c. 700 BC ) wrote one of the Shulba Sutras , manual of Vedic geometry Categories Indian mathematicians ... Ancient mathematicians Last updated: 08-29-2005 18:09:32 algebra arithmetic calculus equations ... mathematicians

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