21. Computing Before Computers Additive number system, 5 Aiken, Howard, viii, 96, 203, 213219224 firstproposals, 214 IBM, 215 influence of, 219 amsler, jacob, 168 amsler planimeter. http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CBC.html

Go to On Line Documents , Go to Go to Antique Computer home page This is a presentation of Computing Before Computers Edited by William Aspray with contributions by W. Aspray A. G. Bromley M. Campbell-Kelly P.E. Ceruzzi M. R. Williams ISBN 0-8138-0047-1 1. Calculators-History. 2. Computers-History. I. Aspray, William. Statement of permission to web publish Scanned, and processed into Adobe .PDF format by Ed Thelen September 2000 from a first edition copy lent by Michael R. Williams - one of the contributors. To make the contents of this 266 page book more accessable for Internet viewers: the various chapters and sections are presented as separate files of 6 megabytes max each the Table of Contents (linked to the sections) is presented below the Index is presented below. (searchable by your browser) each .PDF section is searchable by the Adobe Acrobat viewer - "Image on Text". Table of Contents Introduction .................................... vii William Aspray Chapter One: Early Calculation Michael R. Williams Chapter Two: Difference and Analytical Engines Allan G. Bromley

22. Ancestry Message Boards [ Amsler ] Re amsler in Wuertemberg and Baden Kevin amsler 7 Dec 2003. jacob amsler Nancy amsler Wolf 2 Aug 2000. jacob amsler richard brown 7 Oct 2000 http://boards.ancestry.com/mbexec/board/an/surnames.amsler

DisplayAds('Top,Right,Position1','Top',468,60); Search: All Boards Amsler Board Advanced Search Boards Surnames Amsler (45) Search all Ancestry.com databases for "Amsler" records List Messages Post New Message Add Board To Favorites Add Board To Notifications Become An Admin Previous Next Henrietta Amsler N Marion 26 Nov 2004 Edith Greene and Arthur Amsler terry seegmiller 11 Aug 2004 Ambsler - alternate spelling of Amsler? Rebecca Parry 23 Feb 2004 Obit. Jane Amsler Kay Romubio 10 Feb 2004 Re: Obit. Jane Amsler (family written) Kay Romubio 23 Feb 2004 AMSLER_Maggie_C_1886-1980.JPG Allen Wheatley 4 Jun 2003 Iowa: Johnson Co Magdelena (Lena) Amsler and Leonard Oswald Linda Newberry 29 Jun 2002 Magdelena / Lena Amsler Linda Newberry 29 Jun 2002 Re: Magdelena / Lena Amsler Ruth Amster Hammer 18 Nov 2002 Re: Magdelena / Lena Amsler Linda Newberry 18 Nov 2002 Harry SUTTON d. 16 Jan 1944 Bruin, Butler Co., PA obit extract Laura Perry 30 Oct 2001 Benj.Amsler-Levina McKissick Venango/Clarion Pa. Al Telian 12 Sep 2001 Info found Al Telian 11 Jan 2002 Amsler in Wuertemberg and Baden Martin Koepple 7 Mar 2001 Re: Amsler in Wuertemberg and Baden Kevin Amsler 7 Dec 2003 Jacob Amsler Nancy Amsler Wolf 2 Aug 2000 Jacob Amsler richard brown 7 Oct 2000 Pa. Amslers

23. Jacob - Columbia Encyclopedia® Article About Jacob jacob. Information about jacob in the Columbia Encyclopedia®. jacob Agardh jacob Albright jacob Amman jacob Ammann jacob Ammen jacob amsler http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Jacob

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Jacob' join mailing list Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia Jacob Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Medical Wikipedia Hutchinson 0.03 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback Jacob Israel tribes of Israel were named for 10 sons of Jacob ( Reuben , Simeon , Judah , Zebulun , Issachar , Dan , Gad , Asher , Naphtali , and Benjamin ) and the two sons of Jacob's son Joseph ( Ephraim and Manasseh ); the 13th tribe, Levi (the third of Jacob's sons), was set apart and had no one portion of land of its own. Click the link for more information. , and reconciled with Esau the next day. Later, Jacob migrated to Egypt, where he was reunited with his son Joseph Joseph, one of the heroes of the patriarchal narratives of the Book of Genesis. He is presented as the favored son of Jacob and Rachel, sold as a boy into slavery by his brothers, who were jealous of Joseph's dreams and of his coat of many colors given him by Jacob. In Egypt, Joseph gained a position of authority in the household of his master, Potiphar, and was later imprisoned on the false accusations of Potiphar's wife. Click the link for more information.

24. Amsler Von Densbüren Familienforschung Genealogie In diesem Jahre wird ein Vogt amsler erwähnt. jacob amsler, alter http://home.datacomm.ch/hallauerr/amsler/andereBorte.html

Familienforschung von Rolf T. Hallauer von Suhr Home Hallauer Amsler Rohrbach ... Auswanderung Amsler von Schinznach Amsler von Aarau "Frow Veronica Eggli von Arauw auf erlaag 400 Pfund die sie in der Cantzleÿ Pahr bezahlt." Amsler von Lenzburg Nach dem Schwabenkrieg begann 1508 eine zweite bernische Unternehmung beim Umbau des Schlosses Lenzburg. Bauherr Rudolf Huber und Hans Vögeli, Werkmeister der Stadt Bern, erschienen in Lenzburg, um den Bauvorgang zu regeln, nämlich "das Haus auf dem Schloss Lenzburg, genannt des Herzogen Haus, wiederum in Dach und Gemach zu bringen". In diesem Zusammenhang wurde laut den "Verdingen" die Renovation des baufälligen Herzogen- oder Ritterhauses 1509 ausgeführt von den Zimmermeistern Ulrich Amsler, Lenzburg und Heinrich Sumerau, Mellingen sowie durch den Maurermeister Lienhart, der einen Anbau auf der Kapellenseite herzurichten hatte. In Basel erkaufte sich im Jahre 1539 ein Bartolme Amsler das Bürgerrecht. Er stammte von Lenzburg und war ebenfalls Zimmermann. Verwandtschaftliche Beziehungen bestanden auch zwischen den Amslern von Lenzburg zu jenen von Schinznach.

25. Amsler Von Densbüren Familienforschung Genealogie Translate this page 1742 ward begraben jacob amsler, holländer (bezug zum Flurnamen in Densbüren)ein knab von 42 jahr ist gestorben durch einen unglücklichen Fall, http://home.datacomm.ch/hallauerr/amsler/densbueren.html

Familienforschung von Rolf T. Hallauer von Suhr Home Hallauer Amsler Rohrbach ... Auswanderung Die Amsler von Densbüren (vor 1600 "Tennsperg") In der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts führte die Kirche von Elfingen-Bözen erstmals Buch über die Taufen und vollzogenen Ehen von Densbüren und Asp. Damals waren die beiden Dörfer der Bözener Pfarrei zugehörig. Am 12. Juni , drei Jahre nach dem Beginn der Aufzeichnungen ist folgender Eintrag im Eherödel verzeichnet worden: "Jacob Capeler, Thorotha Senn hand in bezogen ee mit gewohnlichem Kirchgang bestetet, den 12. Juni. Zacharias Amsler und Agnes Uebinger Eodem" (Jakob Kappeler, Dorothea Senn haben ihre Ehe mit üblichem Kirchgang bestätigt, den 12. Juni. Zacharias Amsler und Agnes Uebinger ebenfalls). In einem Zinsurbar von 1625, nachgeführt im Jahre 1654, wird Zacharias Amsler wie folgt beschrieben: "Zacharias Ambssler, als ein Trager Zinnset Jarlichen an stath Melchior Pffisters Ann korn ..... Einer halb Jucharten uff Subacheren, zwyschen hanns unndt klein hanns den Pffisteren besitzt Zacharias Amsler Anno 1654 Hanss Senn hantes Sohn"

26. Biography-center - Letter A Alpers, Bernard jacob www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/185.html; Alphonso, Rolando wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/amsler.html http://www.biography-center.com/a.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish A 615 biographies A rnoldson, Klas Pontus www.nobel.se/peace/laureates/1908/arnoldson-bio.html Aachen, Hans von www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/a/aachen/biograph.html Aachen, Hans von www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a3241-1.html Aamodt, Kjetil Andre www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/heroes/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=74486 Aaron, Henry L. www.hickoksports.com/biograph/aaronhen.shtml Aarons, Ruth Hughes www.hickoksports.com/biograph/aaronsrh.shtml#other Aarskog, Dagfinn www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cf m/351.html Aase, Jon Morton www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/334.html Abadie, J oseph Louis Ir©n©e Jean www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/35.html Abate, Nicol² dell www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a672-1.html Abbad ibn Bishr,

27. The Science Bookstore - Chronology amslerLaffon, jacob Born 11/16/1823, 1823 AD. 1823 AD, Purkinje, J.Fingerprints (individual patterns of grooves and ridges in human skin) Johannes E. http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=14

28. Encyclopedia: List Of Swiss People jacob amsler was a mathemetician (b. Werner Arber (born June 3, 1929) is aSwiss microbiologist. List of Nobel Prize laureates in Physiology or http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/List-of-Swiss-people

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "List of Swiss people" also viewed: List of famous Austrians Alfred Werner List of Presidents of the Swiss Confederation Werner Arber ... List of Catalans What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Yensid YTMND World Press Photo Wilberforce Eaves ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: List of Swiss people Updated 6 days 2 hours 18 minutes ago. Other descriptions of List of Swiss people This is a list of famous Swiss and notable people from or resident in Switzerland and cantons forming present-day Switzerland. The twenty-six cantons of Switzerland are the states of the federal state of Switzerland. ... Contents Architecture Art Aviation Business ... Not included Architecture Francesco Borromini (1599-1667), architect in Italy Mario Botta (born 1943), architect Le Corbusier Charles-Edouard Jeanneret ), (1887-1965), architect Pierre Jeanneret (1896-1967), architect Jacques Herzog (born 1950), architect

29. Encyclopedia: Jacob Amsler Planimeters and Isoperimetric Inequalitieswhere k is the curvature of the space k is 1/R2 for a sphere, k is negative forthe hyperbolic plane. Spherical planimeter, jacob amsler, 1884 http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Jacob-Amsler

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Jacob Amsler" also viewed: University of Jena Planimeter Sepp Blatter Homeacre_Lyndora, Pennsylvania ... English Bill of Rights What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Yensid YTMND World Press Photo Wilberforce Eaves ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Jacob Amsler Updated 200 days 1 hour 55 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Jacob Amsler Jacob Amsler was a mathemetician (b.16 Nov 1823 d. 3 Jan 1912) born in Stalden bei Brugg , in the Vispa valley and died in Schaffhausen Switzerland . On graduating from school, he went to the University of Jena and then to the University of Königsberg to study theology. At Königsberg he changed courses, deciding to focus on mathematics and physics after meeting the inspiring Franz Neumann . Amsler gained his doctorate from Königsberg in 1848. He is credited with having invented the planimeter External links Biography http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Amsler.html

30. Polar And Linear Planimeters The original polar planimeter was invented in 1854 by jacob amsler, a Swissmathematician and inventor of many measuring instruments. http://persweb.wabash.edu/facstaff/footer/Planimeter/Polar&Linear.htm

Polar and Linear Planimeters How They Are Used How They Work The main working parts of polar and linear planimeters are the same. Each has a rod, called the tracer arm, one end of which is the tracing point T, and a wheel attached to the rod with its axis parallel to the rod. A scale attached to the wheel records how much the wheel turns. Polar Planimeter Linear Planimeter The two planimeters differ in the movement of the end of the tracer arm opposite the tracer point. In the linear planimeter, that end is restricted to move along a straight line. The drawing suggests that it runs along a track, but a more common way to cause this motion is to have this end attached to a set of wheels that are fixed to an axis so that the wheels turn together. In the polar planimeter, the end opposite the tracer point is restricted to move along a circle. This is done by making that point the hinge between the tracer arm and a secondary arm, one end of which (the pole) is fixed. The original polar planimeter was invented in 1854 by Jacob Amsler , a Swiss mathematician and inventor of many measuring instruments. It was so much simpler, easier to use, and more accurate than

31. List Of Swiss People -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article (Click link for more info and facts about jacob amsler) jacob amsler (18231912),mathematician and inventor of measuring instruments http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/L/Li/List_of_Swiss_people.htm

List of Swiss people [Categories: Lists of people by nationality, Swiss people, Switzerland] This is a list of famous Swiss and notable people from or resident in (A landlocked federal republic in central Europe) Switzerland and (A small administrative division of a country) cantons forming present-day Switzerland. Architecture (Click link for more info and facts about Francesco Borromini) Francesco Borromini (1599-1667), architect in Italy (Click link for more info and facts about Mario Botta) Mario Botta (born 1943), architect (French architect (born in Switzerland) (1887-1965)) Le Corbusier Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (Click link for more info and facts about Jacques Herzog) Jacques Herzog (born 1950), architect (Click link for more info and facts about William Lescaze) William Lescaze (Click link for more info and facts about Pierre de Meuron) Pierre de Meuron (born 1950), architect Art (Click link for more info and facts about Jacques-Laurent Agasse) Jacques-Laurent Agasse (1767-1849), painter (Click link for more info and facts about Cuno Peter Amiet) Cuno Peter Amiet (Click link for more info and facts about Albert Anker) Albert Anker (Alsatian artist and poet who was cofounder of Dadaism in Zurich; noted for abstract organic sculptures (1887-1966))

32. Planimeter -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article theorem) Green s theorem and were invented by the Swiss mathematician (Clicklink for more info and facts about jacob amsler) jacob amsler in 1854. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/p/pl/planimeter.htm

Planimeter [Categories: Dimensional instruments] A planimeter is a (The craft of drawing blueprints) drafting instrument used to measure the surface area of an arbitrary two dimensional shape. The precise way in which they are constructed varies, the main types of mechanical planimeter being Polar; Linear; and Prytz or "Hatchet" Planimeters. They rely on (Click link for more info and facts about Green's theorem) Green's theorem and were invented by the Swiss mathematician (Click link for more info and facts about Jacob Amsler) Jacob Amsler in 1854. Electronic versions also exist. External links PrintLink("http://whistleralley.com/planimeter/planimeter.htm", "Whistleralley site") PrintLink("http://www.leinweb.com/snackbar/planimtr/", "Larry's Planimeter Platter") PrintFooter('Planimeter') Arts Business Health Sports ... Random

33. Aboriginal Fine Arts Gallery Portfolio of Australian Aboriginal Artists, Sherman Galleries, Sydney;Australie – Art, Arts d Australie • Stéphane jacob / JL amsler Bastille, Paris. http://www.aaia.com.au/gloria.htm

Gloria Tamerre Petyarre Born: 1938 Region: Central Desert Community Centre: Utopia, Mosquito Bore Outstation or Country: Atnangkere Language Bloc: Arandic Language: Anmatyerre Social Affiliations: Petyarre subsection Medium/ Form: Silk batik, acrylic paint on canvas, wood cut print Subjects and Themes: mountain devil lizard, body design, medicine leaves Awards: 1993, Design for tapestry for Victorian Tapestry Workshop.; 1993, Mural for Kansas City Zoo; 1999, Wynne Prize, Art Gallery of New South Wales. Collections: Exhibitions: Select Bibliography: © Discovery Media, Documentation Pty Ltd, and the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Gloria Petyarre "Leaves" Cat No. A8563 Size = 90 x 120 cm. Acrylic on linen Gloria Petyarre "Leaves" Cat No. A8564 Size = 90 x 120 cm. Acrylic on linen Gloria Petyarre "Leaves" Cat No. A8565 Size = 90 x 120 cm. Acrylic on linen For more Information //display the single email address contacts[2] from array displaycontact(contacts[2], "textstyle", "text", "")

34. Computation Without Electricity The G. Coradi factory was purchased in 1960 by Alfred amsler Co., Schaffhausen,Switzerland. Alfred (19571939) was the son of jacob amsler. http://www-db.stanford.edu/pub/voy/museum/pictures/display/2-5-Mechanical.html

Computation without Electricity (floor 2, side cabinet) We show both analog (sliderule, planimeter) and digital devices (Abacus, mechanical calculators) here. They were often used in combination: analog for speed, digital for precision. Digital calculation: Abacus and Soroban, Mechanical calculators A Chinese Abacus and a Japanese Soroban (to come) The earliest digital computing device known is the Abacus. the Chinese Abacus is largely unchanged since early records reaching back to ~500 B.C. The notation is bi-quinary: an upper deck selecting the 0-5 or 6-10 range, and the lower deck representing (in unary notation) 0-5 or 6-10. The beads are moved to add or subtract, and when all beads in a deck are up a carry to the next position is made. Multiplication and division are carried py repetetive addition and subtraction, much like the mechanical calculators shown on Floor 1. Divison on an abacus was described in Latin by Bishop Gerbert of Navarro, Spain, who later, in AD. 999, become Pope Sylvester II. The Russian version of an Abacus did not have the central bar, the unit beads were colored light and the 5-beads were dark.

35. Accessories Invented in the 1850s by a Swiss mathematician, jacob amsler, these instrumentsautomatically calculated the area of an enclosed figure with the aid of http://www.bollee.fsnet.co.uk/Indicator/accessories.htm

Accessories Indicators were customarily accompanied by a variety of accessories. Advertising literature published in 1917, for example, shows that each Crosby instrument came in a lockable velvet-lined walnut case with a compartmented lid. In addition to the indicator, the case contained one spring and a small scale-ruler, one straight steam cock, fifty diagram cards, a hank of indicator cord, a spring bracket, a cord adjuster, one small oil bottle, a turn-screw, a hollow wrench, and an instruction booklet. Dobbie McInnes indicators of the same vintage were usually supplied in mahogany boxes with a hinged platform and a compartment in the lid. In addition to an indicator cord, each box also contained a cylinder cock, a spare recording drum spring, a hexagon spanner, a turn-screw, an oil bottle, a set square, a detent-cord adjuster, a small sheet-metal tube containing spare pencil leads, a cord-adjusting plate, a radial dividing board, and a cylinder cleaning rod. Some cases will also be found with a short tubular wrench. Left Additional springs or scales could be purchased separately, as the supply of indicator springs varied according to individual requirements. Some cases had provision for as many as twelve springs, but the absence of springs from a case does not necessarily mean that they were always there: indicators that were purchased specifically for use with a solitary single-cylinder engine (or for one particular cylinder of a triple-expansion engine) may only have had one spring!

36. Balgo Art, Aboriginal Artist - Lucy Yukenbarri - Aboriginal Art Online - Aborigi 1999 Australie – Art, Arts d Australie • Stéphane jacob / JL amsler - Bastille,Paris. 2002 - An Artists Survey, Balgo Hills, at Hogarth Galleries, http://www.aboriginalartprints.com.au/ab_lucyyukenbarri.cfm

Home Power Search Browse Aboriginal Art Prints By: Aboriginal Artist Regions Title New Prints ... Help Balgo Art - Lucy Yukenbarri see the Artists prints Browse Balgo Hills Prints Lucy Yukenbarri is an Aboriginal artist from Balgo Hills in Western Australia, Lucy is a respected senior custodian with a vast knowledge of the waterholes in the Great Sandy Desert. She began painting in 1989. Lucy's early works followed standard Balgo Hills methods of forming lines by means of rows of dotting and of outlining icons in a similar way. A quietly creative artist, she then moved to another technique using single colour fields of dotting, later going on to a next step of painting her dots so closely together that they converged, creating dense masses of pigment on the surface of the canvas. This, together with her exploration of the visual possibilities of black icons for waterholes and soakwaters and of dark green and blue, gave her work a distinctive style, producing effects unique in desert Aboriginal art. As a result, her work became sought after in the marketplace. Today, Lucy Yukenbarri works diligently at her paintings that are boldly covered in thick paint. She concentrates on painting the soaks and rock holes of her country, also the numerous types of bush food including Kantilli (bush raisins) and Pura (bush tomato).

37. Am Claus von, (19262002), prince consort of the Netherlands; Amsicora; amsler,jacob, (1823-1912), mathematician and inventor of measuring instruments http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/am/am.html

Philip M. Parker, INSEAD. Am Definition: Am Am Adjective . Before noon. Noun . (Latin: before midday) the time interval from midnight to midday. . A radioactive transuranic metallic element; discovered by bombarding uranium with helium atoms. . A master's degree in arts and sciences. . Modulation of the amplitude of the (radio) carrier wave. Source: WordNet 1.7.1 Date "am" was first used in popular English literature: sometime before 1010. ( references Specialty Definition: Am Domain Definition Computing AM Amplitude Modulation. 2. A program by Doug Lenat to discover concepts in elementary mathematics. AM was written in 1976 in Interlisp. From 100 fundamental concepts and about 250 heuristics it discovered several important mathematical concepts including subsets, disjoint sets, sets with the same number of elements, and numbers. It worked by filling slots in frames maintaining an agenda of resource-limited prioritised tasks. AM's successor was Eurisko. (http://homepages.enterprise.net/hibou/aicourse/lenat.txt). (1999-04-19) am The country code for Armenia. Used for the vanity domain "i.am". (1999-01-27).

38. Schenectady County, New York: Schenectady Soldiers In The Spanish War - Austin A amsler, jacob Ayquoroyd, George Bates, Arthur O. Bernhard, David H. Blauel,Theodore C. Blood, John C. Bradt, Ira V. Brandow, Charles F. Brickner, Conrad http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/resources/yates/26.html

THE SCHENECTADY DIGITAL HISTORY ARCHIVE a service of the Schenectady County Public Library Yates' History Resources Military Home ... SCPL Home Schenectady County, New York: Schenectady Soldiers in the Spanish War - Austin A. Yates [This information is taken from Chapter XXVI (pp. 404-409) of Austin A. Yates' Schenectady County, New York: Its History to the Close of the Nineteenth Century . The author is the same Major Austin Yates listed below. Thanks to Carol Di Crosta for data entry help with this page.] The Second Regiment New York Infantry, United States Volunteers, assembled on Hempstead Plains, Long Island, May 2, 1898. The officers of the regiment were: Colonel, Edward E. Hardin, Seventh U. S. Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel, James H. Lloyd, Thirteenth Battalion, N. G. N. Y. Major, James W. Lester, Fourteenth Battalion, N. G. N. Y. Major, Austin A. Yates, Fifteenth Battalion, N. G. N. Y. Surgeon, Lewis Balch, Major and Acting Assistant Surgeon-General. Assistant Surgeons, First Lieutenant Henry C. Baum, Assistant Surgeon, Forty-first Separate Company, N. G. N. Y.; First Lieutenant Albert F. Brugman, Assistant Surgeon, Second Battery, N. G. N. Y. Chaplain, Hector Hall, D. D.

39. Sts3700b: Lecture Number 20a This instrument, invented by jacob amsler (1835) was used for computing thearea enclosed by a closed curve. The arm OB ( second figure below) has a http://www.yorku.ca/sasit/sts/sts3700b/lecture20a.html

ATKINSON FACULTY OF LIBERAL AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y S T U D I E S STS 3700B 6.0 HISTORY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lecture 20: Analog vs Digital Prev Next Search Syllabus ... Home Topics Investigation of a system by studying its analog has been fairly common in science; for example, in acoustics, the properties of various systems have been very successfully elucitated by setting up and studying the similar or analogous electrical system. Many students of physics will recall the most elementary explanation of electrical phenomena in terms of the more easily visualized but analogous hydraulic phenomena. It readily follows that an analog computer The digital computer represents [ numbers ] A digital computer is programmed by writing a set of instructions which will properly direct the computer at each step of the computation. The analog computer is programmed by interconnecting the various arithmetic units in such a way that the desired problem will be solved. [ from Lester S Skagg

40. Cstr99-1.ms jacob amsler s planimeter and Lord Kelvin s balland-disk integrator are earlyexamples. amsler s polar planimeter, invented about 1854, could readily http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/cstr/cstr99.html

Computing Science Technical Report No. 99 A History of Computing Research* at Bell Laboratories (1937-1975) Bernard D. Holbrook W. Stanley Brown NOTE: This document is an OCR-generated rendition of Computing Science Technical Report No. 99, prepared in 1982, mostly by Brown and Holbrook. It served as a draft for a section of the series A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System , in the volume subtitled Communications Sciences Editing errors introduced during fixup of the OCR are the responsibility of Dennis Ritchie. 1. INTRODUCTION Basically there are two varieties of modern electrical computers, analog and digital, corresponding respectively to the much older slide rule and abacus. Analog computers deal with continuous information, such as real numbers and waveforms, while digital computers handle discrete information, such as letters and digits. An analog computer is limited to the approximate solution of mathematical problems for which a physical analog can be found, while a digital computer can carry out any precisely specified logical procedure on any symbolic information, and can, in principle, obtain numerical results to any desired accuracy. For these reasons, digital computers have become the focal point of modern computer science, although analog computing facilities remain of great importance, particularly for specialized applications. 2. EXPEDIENTS FOR COMPUTING WITHOUT COMPUTERS

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