61. Sir George Biddell Airy airy, Sir george Biddell, 1801–92, English astronomer. The son of a poor farmer,he distinguished himself as Senior Wrangler at Cambridge, http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0802912.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites 2006 TFK Almanac Quiz: Charlie and the Chocolate Factory SpongeBob Lemony Snicket ... Fantasy Books Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Airy, Sir George Biddell Airy, Sir George Biddell, , English astronomer. The son of a poor farmer, he distinguished himself as Senior Wrangler at Cambridge, where he was elected fellow of Trinity College (1824) and appointed professor (1826). As Astronomer Royal and director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory from 1835 to 1881, he organized the efficient and accurate observation of stellar positions. Airy wrote many governmental reports on astronomical and other subjects, published works on celestial mechanics, and made discoveries in theoretical and practical optics, including the cylindrical lens for correcting astigmatism, an eye defect he himself possessed. See his autobiography (1896). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Page Tools: Cite Print See more Encyclopedia articles on: Astronomy: Biographies AD AD AD ADS Business Cards Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search ... Privacy Brought to you by: Information Please

62. Airy, Sir George Biddell. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 airy, Sir george Biddell. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ai/Airy-Sir.html

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63. George Biddell Airy Free ebooks by from manybooks.net. Read on your PDA, Cellphone, or eBook reader! http://manybooks.net/authors/airyg.html

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64. Autobiography Of Sir George Biddell Airy By George Biddell Airy Autobiography of Sir george Biddell airy by george Biddell airy a free ebookfrom manybooks.net. Read on your PDA, Cellphone, iPod, or eBook reader! http://manybooks.net/titles/airyg10651065510655-8.html

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65. OASI - G B Airy's Country Retreat Bust of Sir george Biddell airy and memorial plaque for Wilfrid, In constantmemory of Wilfrid airy. Eldest son of Sir george Biddell airy KCB http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~ipswich/History/Airys_Country_Retreat.htm

G B Airy's Country Retreat By Kenneth J Goward, FRAS My main pleasure in the wonderful science of astronomy comes from the occasional study of its rich and colourful history. That pleasure was compounded in summer 1999 when Mr Ed O'Sullivan visited Orwell Park Observatory to progress his enquiries into a former owner of his cottage, Airy's , Church Lane, Playford. The former owner in question was no less a person than Sir George Biddell Airy, 7 th Astronomer Royal! Ed's visit passed all too quickly, discussing Airy, his many scientific achievements, his links to this corner of East Anglia and Orwell Park. Ed has no links with astronomy and didn't purchase the cottage because of its astronomical history. All he knew when he bought the property in 1997 was what the estate agent said: Some famous scientist was supposed to have lived there Following that fascinating meeting I sent off a package of information about Airy to Ed and was delighted to receive in return an invitation to visit the cottage. In November 1999, I was privileged to make the visit and was treated to a most interesting tour of the cottage, which still has much of Airy's influence pervading, and the adjacent St Mary's Church where the Airy family is buried and where one may see many mementos of the locally prominent Biddell family. The visit afforded me the chance to photograph the cottage inside and out for the information of Dr Allan Chapman who visited Orwell Park in May 2001 to deliver a lecture on Airy. Anyone who has ever been privileged to hear Allan lecture will know what a treat the lecture was. Allan has for some time been researching Airy with the intention of writing his biography and has full access to both the Greenwich archive and the Airy family papers. Indeed, Allan has told me that the family papers alone take up in excess of 30 feet of shelf space - such was the prodigious output from the 7

66. Sir George Biddell Airy (1801-1892), Astronomer Royal National Portrait Gallery, list of portraits for Sir george Biddell airy includingSir george Biddell airy by Thomas Herbert Maguire, Sir george Biddell http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp56451

67. NPG D7191; Sir George Biddell Airy NPG D7191; Sir george Biddell airy. 6 of 6 portraits of Sir george Biddellairy Previous Next. Web image not currently available. NPG D7191 http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp56451&rNo=5&role=sit

68. Sir George Biddell Airy airy, Sir george Biddell (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition). A tale oftwo towns .(News) (The Journal (Newcastle, England)) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0802912.html

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69. FAS Sir George Airy He is passionate about Sir george. And it’s infectious. The professional georgeBiddell airy (18011892) is well documented seventh Astronomer Royal http://www.flamsteed.info/fasairy.htm

Flamsteed Astronomy Society I am a bit of a nut about Airy.  Joining the Royal Observatory from school in 1952, I worked with Airy instruments, wrote in books designed by Airy, and followed calculation steps worked-out by Airy.  You get that way. Gilbert’s own words (-ish) speak for themselves.  He is passionate about Sir George.  And it’s infectious. The professional George Biddell Airy (1801-1892) is well documented:  seventh Astronomer Royal 1835-1881, mathematician, astronomer, engineer, and administrator.  He was a brilliant scholar and academic—Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at 25 (a post once held by Isaac Newton and now by Stephen Hawking), Plumian Professor of Astronomy at 27, and Astronomer Royal at 34.  He reorganised the Royal Observatory and established instrumentation and structures for staffing and procedure that put it in good stead for 150 years. Gilbert set-out to tell us about Airy, the man — what made him what he was. In documented memory Airy has a dark side.  Allegedly arrogant, scornful,  obsessive, petty and a perfectionist slave-driver.  Gilbert explained how Airy has suffered from the biased views mainly of just two men—assistants at the Observatory, James Glaisher and Walter Maunder.  Glaisher had felt restricted by Airy who took a too narrow view of his functions for him.  Maunder wrote the early history of the Observatory but was writing in some cases about events long before he joined (or was even born!). Airy is a historian’s dream.  For years he kept daily ‘scribbling notes’ about his activities, each carefully dated.  His son Wilfrid edited them and published them as an Autobiography in 1896 (re-published this year).  Order ruled Airy’s life.  He kept everything including domestic bills etc.  He issued a General Order at the Observatory forbidding the destruction of any paper records —the Airy Archives at Cambridge occupy 125 yards of shelving!

70. AllRefer.com - Sir George Biddell Airy (Astronomy, Biography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon Sir george Biddell airy, Astronomy, Biographies. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/A/Airy-Sir.html

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71. The National Archives | Search The Archives | National Register Of Archives | De airy, Sir george Biddell (18011892) Knight Astronomer and Mathematician.36 records noted. Scope, corresp and papers as Astronomer Royal http://www.nra.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/pidocs.asp?P=P269

72. Sir George Biddell Airy Sir george Biddell airy. airy served as astronomer royal and director of theGreenwich Sir george airy (18011892)), Sir george airy (1801-1892) http://www.math.wfu.edu/~kuz/Stamps/Airy/Airy.html

Sir George Biddell Airy Airy served as astronomer royal and director of the Greenwich Observatory from 1835 to 1881. He was known to his contemporaries more as an administrator (somewhat unliked due to his strict control of funds) than as an astronomer or mathematician. He nevertheless had strong mathematical ties graduating as Senior Wrangler from Cambridge in 1823 and at one time holding the Lucasian professorship (Barrow and Newton were the first and second holders of the Lucasian Chair at Cambridge). Undergraduates come across Airy's name in the first course in differential equations. Airy's equation is usually assigned in the section on series solutions. The equation is interesting in that solutions are monotone for positive values of x and oscillatory for negative values. Sir George Airy (1801-1892) Sir George Airy (1801-1892) Tonga (1984), No. 586 Great Britain (1984), No. 1061 About this document

73. Bath Royal Literary And Scientific Institution Proceedings Vol.8 SIR george BIDDEL airy BRITAIN S FIRST PROFESSIONAL ASTRONOMER george airywas born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 27 July 1801 and died at the age of http://www.brlsi.org/proceed04/lecture200311b.htm

LECTURE SIR GEORGE BIDDEL AIRY: BRITAIN'S FIRST PROFESSIONAL ASTRONOMER Dr Allan Chapman, Wadham College, Oxford, on 21 November 2003 Joint Meeting with The Institute of Physics and The William Herschel Society George Airy was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on 27 July 1801 and died at the age of 92. Before his appointment all Astronomers Royal had been rich amateurs who paid for their own equipment and needed no salary. "Their income came from benefices, inheritance, their wife, the law or brewing." Airy informed the authorities on his appointment in 1835 that he depended on his salary, initially £800/yr; he also administered the Observatory strictly so that time and money were accounted for carefully - a major change. In 1835 he was appointed Astronomer Royal, which he found had been badly administered by his predecessor who was only interested in observing through telescopes. Airy sacked the First Assistant and appointed a highly qualified Cambridge MA, a policy continued until Greenwich Observatory closed. There were a few Assistants of similar quality, Warrant Assistants who came as apprentices, and Juniors as calculators. Their main task was to provide information for the Admiralty for navigation, but this included work on the effect of the iron hull of the modern ships and of the motion of the engine on the ship's compass; checking chronometers for accuracy; and the signalling of accurate time to ships in port around the coast.

74. Sir George Airy Sir george airy thought that mountains and continents moved like icebergs, floatingon top of a sea of magma. He believed that the mountains floated higher http://library.thinkquest.org/17175/people/airy.html

Sir George Airy thought that mountains and continents moved like icebergs, floating on top of a sea of magma. He believed that the mountains floated higher than the continents because the mountains were made of granite, which is a lighter material than basalt, which is what the continents are made of.

75. Sir George B. Airy - Vanity Fair george B. airy became director of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, with theassociated title of Astronomer Royal, in 1835 when he was 34, http://www.ianridpath.com/atlases/airy.htm

George B. Airy became director of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, with the associated title of Astronomer Royal, in 1835 when he was 34, and held the post until his retirement in 1881 at the age of 80. As well as his astronomical duties Airy was widely consulted by the British government on various scientific matters and was the leading government scientist of the day. He was knighted in 1872. One additional contribution: in 1825 Airy designed the first eyeglasses to correct for astigatism, from which he suffered. As someone with the same defect, I am indebted. For obituaries of Airy, see Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 52, p. 212 (1892) , and The Observatory, vol. 15, p. 74 (1892) This caricature is by Ape, real name Carlo Pellegrini (1838-1889), an Italian artist who produced the first Vanity Fair Vanity Fair on 1875 November 13 when Airy was aged 74.

76. Sir George Airy Sir george Biddell airy (1801–92) was the seventh British Astronomer Royal andthe leading government scientist of his day. Appointed in 1835, he served for http://www.ianridpath.com/stamps/airy.htm

Sir George Airy GB set from 1984 commemorating the centenary of the Greenwich meridian. Tonga, 1984 Stanley Gibbons no. 888 Nicaragua, 1994 This stamp was part of a sheet of 12 commemorating great astronomers from Copernicus to Gerard Kuiper. Stanley Gibbons no. 3353

77. Warring States Texts | George B Airy One such was george B airy, 18011892, Astronomer Royal of England during 1835-1881.As a dependably wrong person, airy has at least three strings to his http://www.umass.edu/wsp/wst/apparatus/gallery/airy.html

Warring States Gallery George B Airy Human beings are mostly fallible. It is rare that one can be depended on to be always right, or always wrong. Examples of the former have yet to appear, but one can sometimes encounter a specimen of the latter. One such was George B Airy, 1801-1892, Astronomer Royal of England during 1835-1881. As a dependably wrong person, Airy has at least three strings to his bow: 1. Airy's taunt about drinking water, during a dinner at the estate of Lord Rosse, induced the sensitive William Rowan Hamilton (1805-1865), then two years on the wagon, to resume his former alcoholic ways. As a young man, and without having applied for the position, Hamilton had been chosen over Airy and others for a professorship at Trinity College (Dublin). Thus was the latter half of an important career darkened. The achievements of its first half nevertheless put Hamilton in the front rank of mathematicians in that century. 2. Airy's delay in searching for Neptune in 1858, where the calculations of John Couch Adams (1819-1892) had located it, compelled Adams to cede, and only later to share, the honor of its prediction with Urbain-Jean-Joseph Leverrier (1811-1877). This prediction ranks with those of Maxwell (radio waves) and Einstein (bending of light in a gravitational field) as one of the spectacular successes of mathematical methods in physics. Adams was offered the post of Astronomer Royal in succession to Airy in 1891, but declined.

78. Encyclopedia Of Astronomy And Astrophysics » Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801†airy, Sir george Biddell (1801–92). DOI 10.1888/0333750888/3402; PublishedNovember 2000. Icon Full text (PDF, 20K) http://eaa.iop.org/index.cfm?action=summary&doc=eaa/3402@eaa-xml

79. George's Astronomical Observations *1996 Oct. 31.96 UT m1=4.6, Dia.=18 , NE george Varros (Mt airy, MD) george Varros (Mt airy, MD) Comet easier to lock on to than 10/28, http://www.gvarros.com/oct96.htm

October 96 Observations Home Return 10/31/96 6:15 -> PM EDT Hale-Bopp *1996 Oct. 31.96 UT: m1=4.6, Dia.=18', NE...George Varros (Mt Airy, MD) [NE visible at 6:15 PM EDT(prior to ast darkness). 1/2 degree tail visible shortly after with direct vision.] Hale-Bopp *1996 Nov. 1.00 UT: m1=4.6, Dia.=15',DC=7.0...10x50B...George Varros (Mt Airy, MD) [3+ degree tail. :)] Continues to brighten! :) Also observed M31, M33, M57, Double Open Cluster, with an Orion 80mm Short Tube Refractor at 16X. 10/30/96 7:00 -> PM EDT Comet Hale Bopp 1996 Oct. 31.02 UT: m1=4.8, Dia.=18', NE...George Varros (Mt Airy, MD) Comet easier to lock on to than 10/28, seeming larger and slightly brighter! 10/28/96 7:15 -> PM EDT Comet Hale Bopp 1996 Oct. 29.03 UT: m1=4.9, DIA=15', NE...George Varros (Mt Airy, MD) [1/2 deg tail and fairly stellar nucleus obvious with averted vision. Comet much easier viewed with direct vision than previous reports. Observation not compensated for proximity to horizon.] Viewed M31, M33. Saw -4 mag meteor. Saw two meteors thru 80mm refractor in the exact same spot 30 seconds apart. Then the moon shut down the observing for the night. A very slim window this soon after the full moon. 10/15/96 8:00 -> PM EST Comet Hale Bopp 1996 Oct 16.03 UT: m1=5.2, DIA=15', DC=7.0...10X50B...George Varros (Mt Airy, MD) What a time it has been, chasing Hale Bopp for over a year. It is now sinking low in the evening sky and within a month it will be too close to the sun. I will indeed miss this dynamic hairy monster beast of a comet until it returns in Feb 97.

80. George Biddel Airy - On Certain Conditions Under Which A Perpetual Motion Is Pos I came across an article written by george Biddel airy. george Biddell airy.On certain Conditions under which a Perpetual Motion is possible. http://www.besslerwheel.com/airy/

Early in my research into the Bessler mystery, I came across an article written by George Biddel Airy. It was published in the Cambridge Philisophical Transactions in the mid 1800s, and I found it at my local university library. It is entitled On Certain conditions under which a Perpetual Motion is possible , and appears to be the only known rigorous mathematical proof of the theoretical possiblity of perpetual motion. The historical record shows that Johann Bessler might have happened upon the secret after working for some time as a pipe organ apprentice. It is interesting to note that Airy's conclusions were based on the work of Robert Willis. Willis was studying the human voice organ and did experiments with air passing over inclined plates. George Biddell Airy On certain Conditions under which a Perpetual Motion is possible. Cambridge Philosophical Transactions, December 14, 1829 airy_01.jpg airy_02.jpg airy_03.jpg airy_04.jpg Here is the paper referenced on page 3 of Airy's article above... On the Disturbances of Pendulums and Balances, and on the Theory of Escapements.

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