21. MSN Encarta - Résultats De La Recherche - Aiken Howard Hathaway aiken howard Hathaway http://fr.encarta.msn.com/Aiken_Howard_Hathaway.html

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22. MSN Encarta - Résultats De La Recherche - Aiken Howard Hathaway aiken howard Hathaway http://fr.ca.encarta.msn.com/Aiken_Howard_Hathaway.html

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23. HOWARD AIKEN Art Quotations From The Resource Of Art Quotations :: Painterskeys. The Painter s Keys Resource of Art Quotations This is by far the largest collectionof art quotations available anywhere. You get at least two new art http://www.painterskeys.com/auth_search.asp?name=HOWARD AIKEN

24. DBLP: Howard H. Aiken Howard H. Aiken. List of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server FAQ 1, Howard H. Aiken Closing Speech. IFIP Congress 1959 25-28 http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/a/Aiken:Howard_H=.html

Howard H. Aiken List of publications from the DBLP Bibliography Server FAQ Coauthor Index - Ask others: ACM DL ACM Guide CiteSeer CSB ... Anthony G. Oettinger , Howard H. Aiken: Retiring computer pioneer. Commun. ACM 5 , Howard H. Aiken, Pierre Auger Hughes Vinel : Inaugural addresses. IFIP Congress 1959 Howard H. Aiken: Closing Speech. IFIP Congress 1959 Coauthor Index Pierre Auger Anthony G. Oettinger Hughes Vinel DBLP: [ Home Author Title Conferences ... Michael Ley (ley@uni-trier.de) Fri Aug 26 20:35:22 2005

25. Aiken Biography of howard aiken (19001973) howard aiken studied at the Universityof Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html

Howard Hathaway Aiken Born: 9 March 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Died: 14 March 1973 in St Louis, Missouri, USA Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. While he was a graduate student and an instructor in the Department of Physics at Harvard Aiken began to make plans to build a large computer. These plans were made for a very specific purpose, for Aiken's research had led to a system of differential equations which had no exact solution and which could only be solved using numerical techniques. However, the amount of hand calculation involved would have been almost prohibitive, so Aiken's idea was to use an adaptation of the punched card machines which had been developed by Hollerith Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine. He listed four main points [2]:- ... whereas accounting machines handle only positive numbers, scientific machines must be able to handle negative ones as well; that scientific machines must be able to handle such functions as logarithms, sines, cosines and a whole lot of other functions; the computer would be most useful for scientists if, once it was set in motion, it would work through the problem frequently for numerous numerical values without intervention until the calculation was finished; and that the machine should compute lines instead of columns, which is more in keeping with the sequence of mathematical events.

26. Cc.kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html howard aikenhoward aiken A father of the modernday computer. On March 8, 1900, howard aikenwas born in Hoboken, New Jersey, although he was raised in Indianapolis, http://cc.kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html

27. Howard Aiken Translate this page howard Hathaway aiken nació el 9 de Marzo de 1900 en Hoboken (NJ, EE.UU) y fallecióel 14 de Marzo de 1973 en St. Louis (Mo., EE.UU). http://www-etsi2.ugr.es/alumnos/mlii/Aiken.htm

Howard Aiken (1900 - 1973) Howard Hathaway Aiken nació el 9 de Marzo de 1900 en Hoboken (N.J., EE.UU) y falleció el 14 de Marzo de 1973 en St. Louis (Mo., EE.UU). Durante su escuela superior en Indiana, Aiken asistía a la escuela por el día y trabajaba largas horas por la noche, e hizo trabajos de ingeniería mientras asistía a la Universidad de Wisconsin (Madison), donde obtuvo a los 23 años su licenciatura en filosofía y letras. Después de completar su doctorado en la Universidad de Harvard en 1939, permaneció allí un corto período como profesor antes de comenzar trabajos de guerra para la U.S. Navy Board of Ordnance (Consejo Naval de Artillería de EE.UU.). Con otros tres ingenieros (Clair D. Lake, B.M. Durfee y F.E. Hamilton), Aiken comenzó a trabajar en 1939 en una máquina automática de calcular que pudiese realizar cualquier secuencia seleccionada de 5 operaciones aritméticas (suma, resta, multiplicación, división y referencia a resultados anteriores) sin intervención humana, para lo que recibió una subvención de 500.000 dolares americanos (60 millones de ptas. aprox.) del primer jefe ejecutivo de IBM , Thomas J. Watson.

28.  Inventor Howard Aiken Fascinating facts about howard aiken inventor of the Mark I computer in 1944. http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/aiken.htm

Howard Aiken Fascinating facts about Howard Aiken inventor of the Mark I computer in 1944. AT A GLANCE: Howard Hathaway Aiken with his colleagues at Harvard - and with some assistance from International Business Machines - by 1944 he had built the Mark I, the world’s first program-controlled calculator; an early form of a digital computer, it was controlled by both mechanical and electrical devices. Although he went on to build the Mark II (1947) and other computers, they would soon be made obsolete by more advanced electronics. Birth: March 8, 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey Death: 1973 in St. Louis, Missouri Invention: Mark I Computer Year: Keywords: aiken, howard aiken, mark i, ascc, harvard mark i, computer, ibm, inventor, biography, profile, history, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts. TO LEARN MORE RELATED INFORMATION: History of Computing from The Great Idea Finder ON THE BOOKSHELF: Howard Aiken: Portrait of a Computer Pioneer by I. Bernard Cohen / Paperback: 412 pages / MIT Press; (August 28, 2000)

29. Aiken, Howard Hathaway --  Encyclopædia Britannica aiken, howard Hathaway mathematician who invented the Harvard Mark I, forerunnerof the modern electronic digital computer. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9004179

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Howard Hathaway Aiken Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Aiken, Howard Hathaway  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 1 Howard Hathaway Aiken born March 9, 1900, Hoboken, N.J., U.S. died March 14, 1973, St. Louis, Mo. mathematician who invented the Harvard Mark I , forerunner of the modern electronic digital computer Aiken, Howard Hathaway... (75 of 238 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Aiken, Howard Hathaway."

30. Aiken, Howard --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia aiken, howard (1900–73). In 1944, with engineers Clair D. Lake, BM Durfee, andFE Hamilton, US mathematician howard aiken invented an early http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9315925

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Howard Aiken Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Aiken, Howard  Student Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. See also computer var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "Aiken, Howard." Britannica Student Encyclopedia http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-9315925

31. Aiken a computer science program as well as a computing center at University of Miami.He founded howard aiken Industries Inc., a New York consulting firm. http://www.libsci.sc.edu/bob/ISP/aiken.htm

NAME: Howard Hathaway Aiken DATES: ADDRESS: E-MAIL: WORKED AT: Harvard; Computation Laboratory; Miami University OTHER INFORMATION: Aiken worked at: Madison Gas 1923-28; General engineer, Westinghouse Electrical and Manufacturing Company 1928-31; Line Material Company 1931-32; Harvard University Master's degree in physics 1937 and doctorate in physics 1939. He wanted to created an automatic calculating machine which could handle most mathematical functions. He began research on large-scale calculating machine with IBM in 1939. At Harvard University he was: Faculty instructor 1939-41; Associate Professor 1941-46; Professor 1946. He was Director of Computation Laboratory from 1947-1961. He was a Professor of Information Technology at Miami University 1961-1973. He completed the Mark I in 1944. The Mark I was different from Bush's differential analyzer, because it could solve almost all mathematical problems. (Bush's machine only solved differential equations.) Mark I was important, since it was available to people outside of the government. Mark I was electromechanical rather than electronic. At the Computation Laboratory, Aiken completed new work/findings in mathematical linguistics, the automatic translation of languages, switching theory, and the use of magnetic cores and drums as computer components. He served as Editor of

32. Dictionary Of Computers - Aiken, Howard Hathaway aiken, howard Hathaway. US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, inconjunction with engineers from IBM, he started work on the design of an http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/computers/data/m0017360.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ DICTIONARIES Animals Computers Difficult Words ... Plants Frames not supported Frames not supported Index A B C D ... Z Aiken, Howard Hathaway US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM , he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin. His early research at Harvard in the 1930s was sponsored by the Navy Board of Ordnance and in 1939 he and three IBM engineers were placed under contract to develop a machine to produce mathematical tables and to assist the ballistics and gunnery divisions of the military. The Harvard Mark I was principally a mechanical device, although it had a few electronic features; it was 15 m/49 ft long and 2.5 m/8 ft high, and weighed more than 30 tonnes. Addition took 0.3 sec, multiplication 4 sec. It was able to manipulate numbers of up to 23 decimal places and to store 72 of them. The Mark II, completed 1947, was a fully electronic machine, requiring only 0.2 sec for addition and 0.7 sec for multiplication. It could store 100 ten-digit figures and their signs. Helicon Publishing LTD 2000.

33. Aiken, Howard Hathaway aiken, howard Hathaway. US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, inconjunction with engineers Dictionary of Computers aiken, howard Hathaway http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0017360.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Aiken, Howard Hathaway US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards. Related Links Dictionary of Computers - Aiken, Howard Hathaway Dictionary of Computers, Multi-Media and the Internet - computer: chronology Dictionary of Computers - Hopper, Grace Babbage, Charles ... NEW Brain Teaser Try our second Mensa brain teaser - can you beat our champion? Buy Mensa books Rwanda Flag Green symbolizes hopes of prosperity. Yellow stands for economic development and work. Blue represents peace and happiness. The sun represents light and enlightenment. Effective date 31 December 2001.

34. MSN Encarta - Howard Aiken aiken, howard H. (19001973), American computer engineer and mathematician.aiken invented the first large, American, calculating machine that worked http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761589179/Howard_Aiken.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Subscription Article MSN Encarta Premium: Get this article, plus 60,000 other articles, an interactive atlas, dictionaries, thesaurus, articles from 100 leading magazines, homework tools, daily math help and more for $4.95/month or $29.95/year (plus applicable taxes.) Learn more. This article is exclusively available for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Already a subscriber? Sign in above. Aiken, Howard H. Aiken, Howard H. (1900-1973), American computer engineer and mathematician. Aiken invented the first large, American, calculating machine that worked... Related Items Calculator Harvard University 6 items Want more Encarta? Become a subscriber today and gain access to: Daily Math Help Literature Guides Researcher Tools Paper-Writing Guides 60,000 + articles Interactive Atlas Magazine Center Find more about Aiken, Howard H. from Related Items Other Features from Encarta Harvard University International Business Machines Corporation Computer Search Encarta for ... Aiken, Howard H. © 2005 Microsoft MSN Privacy Legal Advertise Feedback ... Help

35. MSN Encarta - Search Results - Howard Aiken Join Now. Searched Encarta for howard aiken . Articles MSN Encarta Premium.Get more results for howard aiken . 73 results on MSN Encarta http://encarta.msn.com/Howard_Aiken.html

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36. Aiken, Howard aiken, howard (1900 ) aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studiedengineering at the University of Wisconsin. His early research at Harvard in http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/A/Aiken/1.html

Aiken, Howard (Hathaway) US mathematician and computer pioneer. In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started work on the design of an automatic calculator using standard business-machine components. In 1944 the team completed one of the first computers, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known as the Harvard Mark I), a programmable computer controlled by punched paper tape and using punched cards. Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, and studied engineering at the University of Wisconsin. His early research at Harvard in the 1930s was sponsored by the Navy Board of Ordnance and in 1939 he and three IBM engineers were placed under contract to develop a machine to produce mathematical tables and to assist the ballistics and gunnery divisions of the military. The Harvard Mark I was principally a mechanical device, although it had a few electronic features; it was 15 m/49 ft long and 2.5 m/8 ft high, and weighed more than 30 to nes. Addition took 0.3 sec, multiplication 4 sec. It was able to manipulate numbers of up to 23 decimal places and to store 72 of them. The Mark II, completed 1947, was a fully electronic machine, requiring only 0.2 sec for addition and 0.7 sec for multiplication. It could store 100 ten-digit figures and their signs.

37. Howard Aiken And Grace Hopper - Inventors Of The Mark I Computer howard aiken and Grace Hopper computer inventors with the Mark I computer. http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Business ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors Inventors of the Modern Computer The Harvard MARK I Computer - Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Harvard Mark 1 Computer Grace Hopper Howard Aiken Inventors of the Modern Computer Series Table of Contents Next Chapter ENTER More on Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken Complete Biography of Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken Looking Back: Grace Hopper's Younger Years Remembering ... Grace Hopper A Legend in Her Own Time By Mary Bellis Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a multiplication operation.

38. Howard Aiken And Grace Hopper The biographies of Grace Hopper and howard aiken. howard aiken with theassistance of Grace Hopper, designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blaiken_hopper.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Famous Inventors ... H Start Inventors Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Business Inventors Essentials 20th Century Inventions - Timelines ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/6.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper The inventors of the Harvard MARK 1 Computer were Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken. Harvard Mark 1 Computer Featured Story and more on Grace Hopper Howard Aiken with the assistance of Grace Hopper, designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Looking Back: Grace Hopper's Younger Year s Remembering Grace Hopper A Legend in Her Own Time Related Innovations Computers Women Inventors By Mary Bellis Grace Hopper - Biography Grace Hopper (1906-1992) was one of the first programmers to transform large digital computers from oversized calculators into relatively intelligent machines capable of understanding "human" instructions. Hopper invented the first computer "compiler" in 1952. A compiler is software that makes other computer software called programming languages easier to write. Computer programmers had been required to write programming instructions in binary code, a series of 0's and 1's. Grace Hopper's compiler allowed programmers to use more human sounding language commands to replace repetitive commands.

39. Howard A. Aiken Translate this page howard H. aiken studierte an der Universität von Wisconsin in Madison. 1939 beganner seine Arbeit an der Harvard-Universität. Hier entwickelte aiken von http://www.fh-niederrhein.de/~rehork/ge_info/geschichte14.htm

Howard A. Aiken Howard H. Aiken studierte an der Universität von Wisconsin in Madison. 1939 begann er seine Arbeit an der Harvard-Universität. Hier entwickelte Aiken von 1939 bis 1944 mit Grace Hopper, die den Computer programmierte, und zwei weiteren Mitarbeitern den Relaisrechner "Mark I", der von der US Navy für ballistische Berechnungen benutzt wurde. An der Finanzierung des Projektes beteiligte sich auch die Firma IBM. Die "Mark I" in der Gesamtansicht (von vorne) Die "Mark I" war - im Gegensatz zur Z3 - ein Riese. Die Frontfläche des Mark I war etwa 15 Meter lang und 2,5 Meter hoch. Sie bestand aus rund 70.000 Einzelteilen. 3000 Kugellager verbargen sich hinter der riesigen Frontseite. 80 km Leitungsdraht wurden benötigt, um die elektrischen Teile miteinander zu verbinden. Wenn sie ein- oder ausgeschaltet wurde, hörte es sich an, als ginge ein Hagelschauer nieder. Aiken verwendete vorwiegend Standardbauteile, wie z. Bsp. Relais, Zahnräder, elektrische Kupplungen usw. Die Mark I gilt als der letzte Schritt auf dem Weg zum "echten" - digitalen - Computer. Das Programm, das Mark I steuerte, war dual codiert und auf einem 24spurigen Lochstreifen gespeichert. Acht Spuren speicherten Anweisungen für Rechenoperationen, die restlichen Spuren dienten zur Adressierung in den Speicherelementen. Mark I hatte 60 Festwertspeicher. Sie besaß aber keinen Schreib- und Lesespeicher, also noch keinen "Arbeitsspeicher", wie wir ihn heute kennen.

40. Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) Many consider that the modern computer era commenced with the first largescaleautomatic digital computer, the Harvard Mark 1, which was developed between http://www.maxmon.com/1939ad.htm

1939 AD to 1944 AD Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) Many consider that the modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944 (see also Konrad Zuse and his Z3 computer This device, the brainchild of a Harvard graduate, Howard H. Aiken, was officially known as the IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC), but is more commonly referred to as the Harvard Mark I. Howard Aiken a The Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays , rotating shafts, and clutches, and was described as sounding like a "roomful of ladies knitting." The machine contained more than 750,000 components, was 50 feet long, 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons! a IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC) (Courtesy of IBM) Although the Mark I is considered to be the first digital computer, its architecture was significantly different from modern machines. The device consisted of many calculators which worked on parts of the same problem under the guidance of a single control unit. Instructions were read in on paper tape, data was provided on punched cards, and the device could only perform operations in the sequence in which they were received. a This machine was based on numbers that were 23 digits wide it could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second, multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten seconds.

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