41. ARPANSA - Radioactive Waste Management In Australia Defines radiaoactive waste and informs about radioactive waste in the Australian context. http://www.arpansa.gov.au/radiationprotection/FactSheets/is_waste.cfm

42. BBC - London - London Local - The Giant Olympic Clean-up? But rumours persist about the presence of radioactive waste on the site, following claims in the mid1990s that a thorium plant in the area had dumped http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/07/18/newham_contamination_vid

@import '/includes/tbenh.css'; @import '/iplayer/syndication/patch/style/cta_patch.css'; @import '/iplayer/syndication/cta/style/ist_cta.css'; @import '/englandcms/style/common.css';@import '/englandcms/style/include_common.css'; @import '/englandcms/style/sitespecific/london.css'; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index 25 January 2008 Accessibility help Text only BBC Homepage England ... Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! Work and Money You are in: London London Local Newham Work and Money A part of the soil-washing machine The giant Olympic clean-up? By Angela Saini Is there nuclear waste on the Olympic site? Hear more about contaminants on the Olympic site Film maker: Angela Saini Length: 3:34 mins Date: 18 July 2007 Subject: Olympics, cleaning, contamination Arsenic, lead, petrol, tar and asbestos are some of the noxious substances found in the soil on the Olympic site, left behind by decades of factories, garages and landfill. A set of 50-tonne soil-washing machines have begun to clean the site of these contaminants. The Olympic Delivery Authority, which is responsible for delivering the Games, insists that it has found no nuclear waste on the site.

43. Radioactive Waste Section The radioactive waste Section of the Radiation Control Program was formed in September 1994. The section is responsible for the implementation and http://maine.gov/dhhs/eng/rad/hp_waste.htm

Skip Maine state header navigation State Search: Agencies Online Services Help Page Tools Page Tools Email page Watch page Add link to MyMaine Map addresses English Skip First Level Navigation Skip All Navigation MeCDC Home Contact Us Home Search MeCDC: Program INFORMATION Materials X-Ray Radon Nuclear Safety ... POTASSIUM IODIDE (KI) Resources Meetings Forms Personnel Links Commissions Division of Environmental Health Radiation Control Program Radioactive Waste Section Radioactive waste news The Radioactive Waste Section of the Radiation Control Program was formed in September 1994. The section is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of rules complying with the provisions of the Texas Compact and provide staff support to the Advisory Commission on Radioactive Waste and Decommissioning . This section is staffed by Thomas Hillman, who can be reached at (207)287-8401. The Maine Legislature voted to exit the Texas compact (effective April 5, 2002) with public law chapter 629 as an emergency measure to save Maine electric ratepayers the $25 million fee that Maine would have to pay to Texas otherwise. The compact language required a two year period before withdrawal would take effect, therefore April 5, 2004. It was the legislature's belief that since radioactive waste disposal is available from private firms (not compact exclusive of out of state waste) for all the radioactive waste generated in Maine, other than Maine Yankee, that the Texas compact was no longer necessary, and not an acceptable cost. What is the Texas Compact?

44. A Second Crisis In Radioactive Waste — The American, A Magazine Of Ideas The way things are going, lowlevel nuclear waste could end up in everyone’s backyard. http://www.american.com/archive/2007/august-0807/a-second-crisis-in-radioactive-

@import url(http://www.american.com/bernarticle.css); @import url(http://www.american.com/article.css); HOME THE MAGAZINE TOPICS ONLINE EXTRAS ... AMERICAN.COM A Magazine of Ideas ARTICLE TOOLS EMAIL PRINT SHARE BLOG COMMENTS A Second Crisis in Radioactive Waste By Joseph DiCamillo Friday, August 17, 2007 Filed under: The way things are going, low-level nuclear waste could end up in everyone’s backyard. The public has long been familiar with the problem of high level radioactive waste disposal at Yucca Mountain. In the next 12 months, the nation will face a second crisis, of disposal of low level waste. Low level waste is not the spent fuel itself, but rather many objects that have absorbed radiation, such as pipes, tools, resins, filters, medical tools, protective clothing, and whole sections from decommissioned nuclear power plants. Until now, our system has silently but effectively dealt with the disposal of low-level nuclear waste. However the GAO reports that this system no longer meets the disposal requirement for the United States. The consequences may harm the $15 billion per year commercial nuclear power industry, which is on the verge of a renaissance . As general counsel of Studsvik , a leading company involved in using modern technology to efficiently and safely dispose of low-level waste, it is clear to me that the government must act now.

45. C&EN: LATEST NEWS - Radioactive Waste To Be Left In Tanks Congress has given the Department of Energy the goahead to leave some high-level radioactive waste in huge underground tanks at contaminated former nuclear http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/8242/8242notw6.html

Latest News RSS Feed What is this? Join ACS October 18, Volume 82, Number 42 p. 12 REMEDIATION Radioactive Waste To Be Left In Tanks JEFF JOHNSON Congress has given the Department of Energy the go-ahead to leave some high-level radioactive waste in huge underground tanks at contaminated former nuclear weapons sites in South Carolina and Idaho. The provision, included in the defense authorization bill, redefines the radioactive tank sludge remaining after high-level radioactive liquid wastes are removed in those two states. The waste sludge need no longer be vitrified and buried in a repository, like high-level radioactive waste. DOE pushed for the provision after losing a court case when it proposed covering the waste in grout and leaving it in the tanks to speed cleanups and lower costs. Although small in volume, the sludge is highly radioactive, say opponents voicing concerns about groundwater contamination. When DOE lost in court to the Natural Resources Defense Council , which was supported by South Carolina, Washington state, and Idaho, the department turned to Congress to modify the Nuclear Waste Policy Act. In all, DOE oversees 100 million gal of radioactive waste in 250 underground tanks at DOE sites in Washington, South Carolina, Idaho, and New York.

46. Radioactive Waste And Spent Nuclear Fuel - Bellona Wherever a nuclear installation operates, be it a nuclear power plant or a reactor aboard a submarine, there will always be radioactive waste and spent http://www.bellona.org/subjects/1140450003.95

Contact us About Bellona Sitemap Bellona.org in: Nuclear energy Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel Nuclear accidents and incidents Pacific Fleet accidents and incidents ... Access to information ... in focus: Andreyeva Bay is a ticking bomb, Bellona’s documents prove Russian legal issues Reports Weblogs Last day at the Bali conference - Finally some real climate action? Eivind Hoff's blog Your 19th nervous break-down Vladimir Slivyak's blog ... Casefiles Calendar Establishment of the Northwest Russia Clean Energy Forum, Murmansk, Russia Who we are? Radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel Part of: Nuclear energy Thomas Nilsen/Bellona ARTICLES Bellona archive Russia preparing fuel for shipment to Iran despite western concerns NEW YORK - Russia gave on Friday the clearest indication yet that it was ready to send uranium to fuel Iran's first atomic power station, upping the stakes in a diplomatic crisis surrounding Tehran's nuclear programme. (photo: DOD) Use of depleted uranium gets thumbs down from military experts BRUSSELS - A conference of scientists, military technical experts and armed forces brass met in Brussels this week to speak out against the controversial use of depleted uranium in modern weaponry, and concluded that the risks to military and civilian health outweigh its tactical benefit on the battlefield. Comment: A floating nuclear plant as a disposable lighter?

47. CEA : Clefs CEA N° 46 Box A : What Is Radioactive Waste? - The Various Types Of According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), radioactive waste is any material, containing a concentration of radionuclides greater than http://www.cea.fr/var/cea/storage/static/gb/library/Clefs46/pagesg/clefs46_07.ht

MM_reloadPage(true); page RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH Today's results bringing tomorrow's solutions What is radioactive waste? A According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), " radioactive waste is any material, containing a concentration of radionuclides greater than those deemed safe by national authorities in materials appropriate for unchecked use, and for which no use is foreseen. " In practical terms these substances must be conditioned in such a way that the radionuclides present are contained until their radioactivity is extinguished and so that substances forming a shield stop the emission of the ionizing radiation, which is potentially hazardous for living organisms. In France the production of radioactive waste per inhabitant is about 1 kg per annum (of which only 20 g is high-level waste) compared to total waste production (including industrial) of roughly 2,500 kg, of which 100 kg is "eternal" toxic chemical waste (in particular, heavy metals), for which no removal or disposal industry exists at the present time. The various types of waste Radioactive waste is essentially characterized by the type of elements it contains and by the activity level per unit of volume or mass (expressed in becquerels, the number of spontaneous

48. Radioactive Waste Management Training During the course of 2001 work was carried out to set down a comprehensive syllabus for training in radioactive waste management with particular emphasis on http://www-ns.iaea.org/training/rw/wss-training.htm

Contact Us Help NS Site Index About IAEA ... Data Centre NS IAEA You are in : Home Our Work Training Our Work Events Calendar Training Material Nuclear Installation Safety Programme Radiation, Transport and Waste Safety Nuclear Installation Safety Technical Areas Safety Standards ... Meetings Radioactive Waste Management Training Reference Training Material on Radioactive Waste Management table For further information please contact B.Batandjieva Resources Promoting Education and Training Back to top Telephone (+431) 2600-0; Facsimilie (+431) 2600-7; E-mail: Official.Mail@iaea.org

49. Reviewjournal.com -- News - Radioactive Waste Recycling Criticized radioactive waste recycling criticized Yucca Mountain needed, industry officials say By TONY BATT STEPHENS WASHINGTON BUREAU http://www.reviewjournal.com/lvrj_home/2006/Jan-12-Thu-2006/news/5322809.html

Web Site Analytics NEWS Today's News Archives ... Member Center Recent Editions F S Su M ... Opinion Polls Jan. 12, 2006 Radioactive waste recycling criticized Yucca Mountain needed, industry officials say By TONY BATT STEPHENS WASHINGTON BUREAU WASHINGTON Reprocessing and other alternatives to the storage of nuclear waste may be a diversion, and the Department of Energy should remain focused on developing a repository at Yucca Mountain, nuclear industry executives were told Wednesday. "We can't allow long-term technology to divert us from our goal for central storage," said Steven Kraft, director of used fuel management at the Nuclear Energy Institute. Advertisement Kraft said prospects for new nuclear power plants are improving and he would not be surprised if the United States has 20 new plants by 2025. There has not been an order for a new nuclear power plant in the United States since December 1978. Even if reprocessing is successful and the amount of nuclear waste is reduced, permanent disposal of some spent fuel still would be necessary at Yucca Mountain, northwest of Las Vegas, Kraft said at an annual meeting sponsored by the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management. Jay Silberg, an attorney representing nuclear power utilities, said recycling nuclear waste is attractive to Congress because it's still uncertain when Yucca Mountain will begin storing radioactive spent fuel.

50. Japanese Leaders Say Radioactive Waste May Have Contributed To Creation Of Giant TOKYO—Japanese prime minister Ryutaro Hashimoto announced Tuesday that radioactive waste recently discovered in Japan s Nihon prefecture may have http://www.theonion.com/content/node/39222

afns_ad_redirect = ""; afns_base_url = "http://www.theonion.com/content/"; @import "/content/themes/onion/page/elements/global.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/page/elements/print.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/style/pages/article.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/style/partials/article_tools.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/home/elements/slideable.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/page/elements/body-box.css"; @import "/content/themes/onion/style/partials/embeddable_styles.css"; The Onion Japanese Leaders Say Radioactive Waste May Have Contributed To Creation Of Giant Monsters TOKYO—Japanese prime minister Ryutaro Hashimoto announced Tuesday that radioactive waste recently discovered in Japan's Nihon prefecture may have contributed to the development of kaiju —translated as "strange, mysterious beast-animal supernatural giant warrior-monsters"—whose many battles have wreaked havoc throughout the Western world and Japan since the late 1950s. Enlarge Image Prime Minister Hashimoto (center) holds an emergency meeting to discuss giant-monster containment strategies. "We are still continuing our investigation into the source of these radioactive-waste deposits," Hashimoto said. "However, it does appear that there may be a link between this waste and such monsters as Gohidra and King Krusan, who have so often laid waste to our armies and urban areas."

51. Bureau Of Radiation Protection--Radioactive Waste Section The radioactive waste Emergency Response Section regulates and oversees the activities associated with the siting of a lowlevel radioactive waste (LLRW) http://www.dep.state.pa.us/brp/Nuclear_Safety_Division/RadWasteEmergencyRespSect

Site Navigation Quick Access Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Radiation Protection Keyword Search "Find It Fast" ... DEP Public Participation Center (PPC) BRP Nuclear Safety Division As of January 1, 1999, The the Radioactive Waste Section assumed the administrative duties of the Appalachian States LLRW Compact Commission. The commission represents the four party states of Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. Over a half-million individuals live within the Emergency Planning Zone (within a 10 mile radius) of the five nuclear power plant sites in Pennsylvania. Timely, effective, and protective action decisions on their behalf are necessary in the event of a nuclear power plant accident. These decisions depend on the continued viability of a comprehensive radiation emergency plan; up-to-date techniques; radiation detection equipment; ongoing staff training; coordination with nuclear utilities, federal agencies, and other state agencies. The Bureau of Radiation Protection has a major responsibility to provide technical support and assistance to the Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency during a nuclear event or emergency. Contacting the Nuclear Safety Division: Nuclear Safety Division Hotline: (800) 232-2786 (Pennsylvania only) Click here to email the Nuclear Safety Division Appalachian States Low-Level Radioactive Waste Commission Members DEP Low-Level Radioactive Waste Advisory Committe Bylaws Site Navigation

52. MORM - Naturally-Occuring Radioactive Materials Information Page Acceleratorproduced radioactive waste is produced during the operation of There are two types of naturally occurring radioactive waste discrete and http://www.ehso.com/NuclearNORM.htm

Environment, Health and Safety Online The site for free, objective information you can use! Free information for the general public and EHS professionals Search the site Feedback ... FAQs - Quick links: Today's Federal Register - Contact Info: EPA State agencies OSHA DOT Regs: Search Government regs and sites Data: Search EPA databases NARM and NORM Radioactive Waste Back to the main Radioactive Materials Page Nuclear waste overview Types of radiation Low-level radioactive wastes ... Links to State nuclear agencies Disposal of Naturally Occurring and Accelerator-Produced Radioactive Materials (NARM) Sources and Volume Accelerator-Produced Materials Accelerator-produced radioactive waste is produced during the operation of atomic particle accelerators for medical, research, or industrial purposes. The accelerators use magnetic fields to move atomic particles at higher and higher speeds before crashing into a preselected target. This reaction produces desired radioactive materials in metallic targets or kills cancer cells where a cancer tumor is the target. The radioactivity contained in the waste from accelerators is generally short-lived, less than one year. The waste may be stored at laboratories or production facilities until it is no longer radioactive. An extremely small fraction of the waste may retain some longer-lived radioactivity with half lives greater than one year. There are no firm estimates of the amount of this type of radioactive waste; however, it is generally accepted that the volume is extremely small compared to the other wastes discussed.

53. HAZARDS OF HIGH-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE — THE GREAT MYTH An important reason for the public s concern about nuclear power is an unjustifiable fear of the hazards from radioactive waste. Even people whom I know to http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~blc/book/chapter11.html

THE NUCLEAR ENERGY OPTION A FIRST PERSPECTIVE What is this material that is so controversial? As we know from elementary physical science courses, matter can be neither created nor destroyed. When fuel is burned to liberate energy, the fuel doesn't simply disappear. It is converted into another form, which we refer to as "waste." This is true whether we burn uranium or coal or anything else. For nuclear fuels, this residue, called "high-level waste," has been the principal source of concern to the public. As an initial perspective, it is interesting to compare nuclear waste with the analogous waste from a single large coal-burning power plant. The largest component of the coal-burning waste is carbon dioxide gas, produced at a rate of 500 pounds every second, 15 tons every minute. It is not a particularly dangerous gas, but it is the principal contributor to the "greenhouse effect" discussed at some length in Chapter 3 . The other wastes from coal burning were also discussed in Chapter 3 And then there are heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and many others that are known or suspected of causing cancer, plus a myriad of other health impacts. Finally there is uranium, thorium, and radium, radioactive wastes released from coal burning that serve as a source of radon gas. The impact of this radioactive radon gas from coal burning on the public's health far exceeds the effects of all the radioactive waste released from nuclear plants (see

54. ExpectMore.gov: Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program: Yucca Mountain Pr The program s purpose is to manage and dispose of highlevel radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel safely in an underground repository. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/expectmore/summary/10001049.2007.html

Skip to main content Home About Us Contact ... What's New Show Me Programs Show me the programs that are performing Show me the programs that are not performing Show me the programs by name or keyword Show me the programs by topic Select a Topic Agriculture Business and Commerce Community and Regional Development Disaster Relief Education Energy Foreign Affairs Government Administration Health and Well-Being Housing Law Enforcement National Security Natural Resources and the Environment Science and Space Training and Employment Transportation Veterans Benefits Show me the programs by agency Program Assessment Program View Assessment Details Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program: Yucca Mountain Project The program's purpose is to manage and dispose of high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel safely in an underground repository. Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is the Congressionally-designated disposal site. Rating What This Rating Means PERFORMING Adequate This rating describes a program that needs to set more ambitious goals, achieve better results, improve accountability or strengthen its management practices. The program is on schedule for submittal of its Nuclear Regulatory Commission License Application in 2008 to begin initial operations in 2017.

55. Newsvine - Can Pac-Man Save Us From Radioactive Waste? If chemicals were people, uranium dioxide would be the guy standing alone with his drink at a party. The world s most commonly used radioactive http://www.newsvine.com/_news/2008/01/17/1234798-can-pac-man-save-us-from-radioa

Tags Full Text Users pd_top("Story","html40","a1234798","Can Pac-Man Save Us From Radioactive Waste?","","","","",1,1,"","Whyren","","","","","","","","","Newsvine",0,""); pd_om("msnbcnewsvine","100"); Top News Local News World U.S. ... WHYREN Right and Left Brain Striving for Harmony in One Mind Articles Posted: 3; Links Seeded: 400 Member Since: 3/2006 Backyard ElectionVine Top of the Vine Newsvine Live Newsvine Archives ... Wall of Vineness 1 Vote 1 Comment Can Pac-Man Save Us From Radioactive Waste? News Type: Event Article Source: Science: Current Issue science nature waste uranium ... Seeded by Whyren If chemicals were people, uranium dioxide would be the guy standing alone with his drink at a party. The world's most commonly used radioactive substanceand its heaviest natural elementclutches its two oxygen atoms so tightly, it almost never reacts with other compounds. Now researchers report finding a way to pry one oxygen atom loose, potentially opening up safer ways to handle and dispose of this nuclear antisocialite. Nature article: Reduction and selective oxo group silylation of the uranyl dication Comment on this Published to: Groups: Newsvine Science Science And Technology Public Discussion (1) Newsvine Science (0) ... Whyren To make uranium more reactive, a team of U.K. researchers employed what they call a "Pac-Man" strategynamed for the popular 1980s video game. After testing many alternatives, the chemists found an organic molecule that clamps downlike Pac-Manon one of uranium dioxide's oxygen atoms.

56. Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste Home The mission of the LowLevel radioactive waste project is to protect the health and safety of the citizens of the Northwest Interstate Compact member states http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/nwp/llrw/llrw.htm

Topic Index Contact Us Ecology home Nuclear Waste Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste About the Commercial LLRW Disposal Facility Permits Draft Environmental Impact Statement EIS Technical Support Documents ... US Ecology, Inc. Website Mission The mission of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste project is to protect the health and safety of the citizens of the Northwest Interstate Compact member states and to provide the most economical management of low level radioactive wastes. Commercial Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility The Department of Ecology is responsible for ensuring that waste shipped to the commercial low-level waste disposal facility operated by US. Ecology Inc. near Richland, Washington meets the criteria set by the Northwest Interstate Compact and the State of Washington. Ecology is also responsible for seeing that the conditions of the contract between the State of Washington, the Northwest Interstate Compact and the Rocky Mountain Interstate Compact are met. Northwest Interstate Compact In 1980, Congress enacted legislation authorizing states to form interstate compacts and to develop new regional disposal facilities for low-level radioactive waste. This legislation, the

57. Radioactive Waste Currently more than 100000 tonnes of radioactive waste is stored in theUK, awaiting final disposal. The majority of the existing UK nuclear power stations http://royalsociety.org/landing.asp?id=1282

58. TDEC: Environmental Permits: Radioactive Waste License-for-Delivery Tennessee s Environmental Permits Handbook information on obtaining a radioactive waste License-for-Delivery. http://www.state.tn.us/environment/permits/radwste.shtml

Skip to Content. Home Air Water ... State Parks Main content begins below. Environmental Permits Handbook Radioactive Waste License-for-Delivery Who Needs One? What Information Must I Provide? How Will My Application be Processed? What Fees are Required? ... After the Permit is Issued? Who Needs A Radioactive Waste License-for-Delivery? Persons who transport radioactive waste or have radioactive waste transported into or within the State of Tennessee to a disposal/processing facility are required to obtain a License-for-Delivery from the Division of Radiological Health (DRH). Persons whose activities result in the generation of radioactive waste have the primary responsibility to assure that a License-for-Delivery is obtained. What Information Must I Provide? Applicants must submit the Application For Radioactive Waste License-for-Delivery (Form RHS 8-30), the license fee and the required certificate of liability insurance or bond before any radioactive waste is transported to a disposal/processing facility in Tennessee. The application form requires information concerning the applicant, the person responsible for radioactive waste shipments, shipment location, total estimated pounds, complete waste descriptions, the prominent radionuclides and estimated radioactivity, the broker, and the carrier. Permit Forms Form Description Form # Application Form Form Instructions Application For Radioactive Waste License-for-Delivery RHS 8-30 CN-0898

59. Veoliaes TS - Low-Level Radioactive Waste Veolia Environmental Services can provide solutions to your low level radioactive waste needs. Our experts can. Identify and classify radioactive and mixed http://veoliaes-ts.com/Services/Low-Level Radioactive Waste

Home Services About Us Facilities ... Login Search OK Low-Level Radioactive Waste Company owned processing facility Alaron Corporation is a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Licensed facility. Alaron has been providing services to the Nuclear Industry since the Mid-80's. Alaron's facility, located in Wampum, Pennsylvania (~40 miles North of Pittsburgh), sits on 26 acres and has over 150,000 square feet of indoor processing areas. Alaron's NRC Licenses allows for the processing, decontamination, storage, packaging, and handling of Radioactive Material and Equipment. http://www.alaron-nuclear.com Veolia Environmental Services can provide solutions to your low level radioactive waste needs. Our experts can: Identify and classify radioactive and mixed wastes per all regulations Obtain the necessary approvals for disposal at the Veolia-audited and approved treatment facilities Package wastes in an efficient, cost-effective manner Complete all manifests and associated shipping papers Arrange transportation to the disposal facility Answer technical questions on the management of radioactive and mixed wastes Veolia is your one-stop shop for all your wastes. The types of radioactive wastes that we can manage for you are:

60. Radiocative Waste Management radioactive waste has emerged as one of the issues inhibiting further The multiple aspects of radioactive waste management this lesson examines include http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GreenDesign/gd/education/edradiocase.html

Radioactive Waste Management: An Environmental History Lesson for Engineers (and Others) By M. Joshua Silverman, Department of History, Carnegie Mellon University I. Framing the Problem The United States is at a "gridlock" position regarding nuclear waste management. Existing nuclear power plants, left to manage wastes in the absence of a coherent national policy, have become de facto long-term storage sites, using facilities designed only to temporarily house such materials. Radioactive waste has emerged as one of the issues inhibiting further development of the nuclear power industry, and the safety implications of forcing every power plant to handle wastes on a longer-term basis are severe. II. The Pre-History of the Problem: Radiation and Health in the early Twentieth Century Observers soon noted that these radioactive materials were associated with harmful side effects. Medical x-ray workers and many scientists were suffering from skin burns, blood disorders, and a variety of otherwise rare cancers; indeed, Marie Curie suffered terribly from bone diseases stemming from her prolonged exposure to radium and other radioactive materials. The women who worked as watch-dial painters began to develop horrible forms of jaw and throat problems. Health workers learned that these women would use their mouths to "point" their brushes, thereby ingesting what often amounted to lethal quantities of radioactive compounds. III. The Manhattan Project: Large-Scale Work with Radioactive Materials

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