1. Quantum Mechanics - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia In physics, quantum mechanics is the study of the relationship between energy quanta (radiation) and matter, in particular that between valence shell http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics

Quantum mechanics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For a generally accessible and less technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics Introduction to... Mathematical formulation of... Fundamental concepts Quantum state Superposition Interference Entanglement ... Decoherence Experiments Double-slit experiment Davisson-Germer experiment Stern–Gerlach experiment Bell's inequality experiment ... Schr¶dinger's cat Equations Schr¶dinger equation Pauli equation Klein-Gordon equation Dirac equation Advanced theories Quantum field theory Wightman axioms Quantum electrodynamics Quantum chromodynamics ... Consciousness causes collapse Scientists Planck Schr¶dinger Heisenberg Bohr ... edit Fig. 1: The wavefunctions of an electron in a hydrogen atom possessing definite energy (increasing downward: n = 1, 2, 3, ...) and angular momentum (increasing across: s p d ,...). Brighter areas correspond to higher probability density for a position measurement. Wavefunctions like these are directly comparable to Chladni's figures of acoustic modes of vibration in classical physics and are indeed modes of oscillation as well: they possess a sharp energy and thus a sharp frequency . The angular momentum and energy are quantized , and only take on discrete values like those shown (as is the case for resonant frequencies in acoustics).

2. Quantum Mechanics Article which teaches the basics of quantum mechanics with help of digital videos showing the time evolution of wave packets in various potentials, http://msc.phys.rug.nl/quantummechanics/

help Preface Quantum mechanics is a mathematical theory that can describe the behavior of objects that are roughly 10,000,000,000 times smaller than a typical human being. Quantum particles move from one point to another as if they are waves. However, at a detector they always appear as discrete lumps of matter. There is no counterpart to this behavior in the world that we perceive with our own senses. One cannot rely on every-day experience to form some kind of "intuition" of how these objects move. The intuition or "understanding" formed by the study of basic elements of quantum mechanics is essential to grasp the behavior of more complicated quantum systems. The approach adopted in all textbooks on quantum mechanics is that the mathematical solution of model problems brings insight in the physics of quantum phenomena. The mathematical prerequisites to work through these model problems are considerable. Moreover, only a few of them can actually be solved analytically. Furthermore, the mathematical structure of the solution is often complicated and presents an additional obstacle for building intuition. This presentation introduces the basic concepts and fundamental phenomena of quantum physics through a combination of computer simulation and animation. The primary tool for presenting the simulation results is computer animation. Watching a quantum system evolve in time is a very effective method to get acquainted with the basic features and peculiarities of quantum mechanics. The images used to produce the computer animated movies shown in this presentation are not created by hand but are obtained by visualization of the simulation data. The process of generating the simulation data for the movies requires the use of computers that are far more powerful than Pentium III based PC 's. At the time that these simulations were carried out (1994), most of them required the use of a supercomputer. Consequently, within this presentation, it is not possible to change the model parameters and repeat a simulation in real time.

3. Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) quantum mechanics is, at least at first glance and at least in part, a mathematical machine for predicting the behaviors of microscopic particles — or, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Quantum Mechanics First published Wed 29 Nov, 2000 is like according to quantum mechanics. Minimally interpreted, the theory describes a set of facts about the way the microscopic world impinges on the macroscopic one, how it affects our measuring instruments, described in everyday language or the language of classical mechanics. Disagreement centers on the question of what a microscopic world, which affects our apparatuses in the prescribed manner, is, or even could be, like intrinsically ; or how those apparatuses could themselves be built out of microscopic parts of the sort the theory describes. this part of the theory makes exquisitely good sense. 1. Terminology 2. Mathematics Vectors and vector spaces Operators ... Related Entries 1. Terminology Physical systems are divided into types state A physical quantity is a mutually exclusive and jointly exhaustive family of physical properties (for those who know this way of talking, it is a family of properties with the structure of the cells in a partition). Knowing what kinds of values a quantity takes can tell us a great deal about the relations among the properties of which it is composed. The values of a bivalent quantity, for instance, form a set with two members; the values of a real-valued quantity form a set with the structure of the real numbers. This is a special case of something we will see again and again, viz.

4. Visual Quantum Mechanics Instructional units that introduce quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher level math http://phys.educ.ksu.edu/

Visual Quantum Mechanics The Visual Quantum Mechanics project, funded by the National Science Foundation, introduces quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher-level math. To reach these students, the instructional units integrate interactive computer programs and digital multimedia with inexpensive materials and written documents in an activity-based environment. Physics Education Research Group Kansas State University

5. Todd's Quantum Intro A brief overview of quantum mechanics. http://www.hi.is/~hj/QuantumMechanics/quantum.html

Intro to Quantum Mechanics Sigh So please read on, and take a dip in an ocean of information that I find completely invigorating! If the above picture is your idea of an atom, with electrons looping around the nucleus, you are about 70 years out of date. It's time to open your eyes to the modern world of quantum mechanics! The picture below shows some plots of where you would most likely find an electron in a hydrogen atom (the nucleus is at the center of each plot). What is quantum mechanics? Simply put, quantum mechanics is the study of matter and radiation at an atomic level. Why was quantum mechanics developed? In the early 20th century some experiments produced results which could not be explained by classical physics (the science developed by Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, etc.). For instance, it was well known that electrons orbited the nucleus of an atom. However, if they did so in a manner which resembled the planets orbiting the sun, classical physics predicted that the electrons would spiral in and crash into the nucleus within a fraction of a second. Obviously that doesn't happen, or life as we know it would not exist. (Chemistry depends upon the interaction of the electrons in atoms, and life depends upon chemistry). That incorrect prediction, along with some other experiments that classical physics could not explain, showed scientists that something new was needed to explain science at the atomic level. If classical physics is wrong, why do we still use it?

6. Measurement In Quantum Mechanics FAQ Lucid description of exisitng Interpretations and their problems, acessible to general public. http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html

Previous Next Table of Contents Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ Maintained by Paul Budnik, paul@mtnmath.com http://www.mtnmath.com This FAQ describes the measurement problem in QM and approaches to its solution. Please help make it more complete. See What is needed for details. Web version: http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html About this FAQ Quantum mechanics The measurement problem ... Is this a real FAQ? Previous Next Table of Contents Mountain Math Software NEW: book on physics mathematics and consciousness home about ... infinite Comments to: webmaster@mtnmath.com

7. 2. Some Basic Ideas About Quantum Mechanics Modern physics is dominated by the concepts of quantum mechanics. This page aims to give a brief introduction to some of these ideas. http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/qsystems/people/jenkins/mbody/mbody2.html

2. Some Basic Ideas about Quantum Mechanics Modern physics is dominated by the concepts of Quantum Mechanics. This page aims to give a brief introduction to some of these ideas. Until the closing decades of the last century the physical world, as studied by experiment, could be explained according to the principles of classical (or Newtonian) mechanics: the physics of everyday life. By the turn of the century, however, the cracks were beginning to show and the disciplines of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics were developed to account for them. Relativity came first, and described the physics of very massive and very fast objects, then came Quantum Mechanics in the 1920's to describe the physics of very small objects. Neither of these theories provide an easy intuitive picture of the world, since they contradict the predictions of familiar Newtonian Mechanics in the regimes for which they were developed. Nevertheless, both schemes reproduce the Newtonian results when applied to the everyday world. In seeking to understand the physics of semiconductors at an atomic level we must start from a Quantum Mechanical viewpoint, since the entities with which we will be dealing (electrons, atoms, etc) are so very small....

8. Quantum Mechanics History An overview of the development of quantum mechanics. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.ht

A history of Quantum Mechanics Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index Version for printing It is hard to realise that the electron was only discovered a little over 100 years ago in 1897. That it was not expected is illustrated by a remark made by J J Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. He said I was told long afterwards by a distinguished physicist who had been present at my lecture that he thought I had been pulling their leg. The neutron was not discovered until 1932 so it is against this background that we trace the beginnings of quantum theory back to 1859. In 1859 Gustav Kirchhoff proved a theorem about blackbody radiation. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the energy that falls upon it and, because it reflects no light, it would appear black to an observer. A blackbody is also a perfect emitter and Kirchhoff proved that the energy emitted E depends only on the temperature T and the frequency v of the emitted energy, i.e. E J T v He challenged physicists to find the function J In 1879 Josef Stefan proposed, on experimental grounds, that the total energy emitted by a hot body was proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. In the generality stated by

9. Quantum Mechanics This is the first part of a quantum mechanics class for graduate students. All instructional materials for this class will be distributed electronically http://electron6.phys.utk.edu/QM1/

A Web-Based Quantum Mechanics Course with In-Class Tutorials . Physics 521, Quantum Mechanics I, Fall 2000 The University of Tennessee, Department of Physics and Astronomy Marianne Breinig The University of Tennessee Department of Physics and Astronomy Note: This Website contains interactive elements which must be viewed with Internet Explorer 4 or higher.

10. Physics Virtual Bookshelf: Quantum Mechanics A collection of articles explaining basic concepts in quantum mechanics. http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/QM.html

Quantum Mechanics Manhy of the listings are roughly in the order in which these topics might be taught. Topic Description Author Format Wave-Particle Duality A brief summary of wave-particle duality, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here Anthony W. Key html Quantum Interference A brief summary of quantum interference and the uncertainty principle, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here Anthony W. Key html Double Slit: html pdf A discussion of the "Feynman double slit," which forms the basis of many discussions of Quantum Mechanics. The topic is quite subtle, but the document is equally accessible to students at all levels. (183k/216k) David M. Harrison html and pdf The Bohr Model of the Atom A very brief introduction, originally designed for upper-year liberal arts students. (30k) David M. Harrison

11. An Introduction To Quantum Mechanics Answers the questions, 1. What is a Wave Function? and 2. What is an Orbital? http://www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/betha/qm/

What is a Wave Function? What is an Orbital? : An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Neal McDonald, Midori Kitagawa-DeLeon, Anna Timasheva,Heath Hanlin,Zil Lilas,and Sherwin J. Singer An introduction to the principles of quantum mechanics is presented here. It is intended to supplement the discussion of hydrogen and many-electron orbitals commonly found in general chemistry text books with a deeper understanding of the underlying physical principles. The relationship between classical and quantum mechanics is explored to illustrate how physical objects can be viewed both as a particle and a wave. Contents: Classical Mechanics. Trajectories. QM is completely different. Uncertainty. ... The Aufbau principle. If your computer can play sound, and you have Shockwave plug-in loaded, choose the topics listed above to hear a discussion of quantum mechanics. If not, choose the same topics listed below to read a text-only version of the same discussion. Classical Mechanics. Trajectories. QM is completely different. Uncertainty. ... To the third tutorial: An introduction to quantum mechanics.

12. Homepage Of Visual Quantum Mechanics Contains a collection of QuickTime movies showing solutions of the Schrödinger and Dirac equation and the homepage of the book Visual quantum mechanics by http://www.uni-graz.at/imawww/vqm/

13. Quantum Mechanics I walet.phy.umist.ac.uk/QM/LectureNotes/ 3k - Cached - Similar pages quantum mechanicsA complete set of lecture notes for a graduate quantum mechanics course. Topics covered include fundamentals of quantum mechanics, angular momentum, http://walet.phy.umist.ac.uk/QM/LectureNotes/

Next: Contents Sorry, this requires a browser that supports frames! Try QM_ct.html instead. Email Niels.Walet_at_manchester.ac.uk

14. Quantum Mechanics -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Physics quantum mechanics is the description of motion and interaction of particles at the small scales where the discrete nature of the physical world becomes http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/QuantumMechanics.html

Modern Physics Quantum Physics Quantum Mechanics General Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is the description of motion and interaction of particles at the small scales where the discrete nature of the physical world becomes important. Quantum mechanics represented a fundamental break with classical physics , in which energies and angular momenta were regarded as continuous quantities that could change by arbitrary amounts. The first break with classical physics was performed by Planck who, in order to explain the observed spectrum of a blackbody, was forced to postulate that the oscillators in a blackbody could attain only certain quantized energies. Niels Bohr had a large influence on the development of quantum mechanics through his so-called " Copenhagen Interpretation ," a philosophical construct which was formulated to provide a fundamental framework for understanding the implicit assumptions, limitations, and applicability of the theory of quantum mechanics. Einstein subsequently postulated that electromagnetic radiation could exist only in discrete units, called

15. Visual Quantum Mechanics A complete course on Lasers and their applications (text, drawings, and Java applets). Explains basic physical principles, with numerical examples, http://web.phys.ksu.edu/vqm/

The Visual Quantum Mechanics project is developing instructional materials about quantum physics for high school and college students. Instructional units and/or courses are being created for high school and college non-science students, pre-medical and biology students, and science and engineering majors. Each set of the teaching-learning materials integrates interactive visualizations with inexpensive materials and written documents in an activity-based environment. The original Visual Quantum Mechanics project developed materials for high school students and for non-science college students. Teaching-learning materials for science and engineering students who have complete a two-semester calculus-based physics course. Instructional Units Tutorials Software Software ... Equipment Lists Interactive Engagements for use in an upper-level undergraduate quantum mechanics course are now in development. Some materials are available for testing. Using contemporary medical diagnosis tools as motivation the project is creating a course in modern physics for students interested in medicine and the biological sciences.

16. UC Berkeley Webcasts | Video And Podcasts: Physics 137A Physics 137A Fall 2007 - Introduction to the methods of quantum mechanics with applications to atomic, molecular, solid state, nuclear and elementary http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978479

17. Time Development Of Quantum Mechanical Systems Welcome to the world of quantum mechanics! Change to Hungarian language. This document presents the results of the solution of the time dependent http://www.phy.bme.hu/education/schrd/index.html

Time development of quantum mechanical systems Welcome to the world of quantum mechanics! Change to Hungarian language This document presents the results of the solution of the time dependent Schrodinger equation for one-, two-, and three dimensional one particle systems. Simulation results for different V(r) potentials are displayed as images and animation. The program to calculate the images is also available. See also our mailing list devoted to physics education programs! Introduction Influence of the wave packet shape to its time development Two dimensional (2D) one particle simulations Three dimensional (3D) one particle simulations NEW! Download the programs Physics education programs mailing list (If you want to receive notifications about the new uploads to this server subscribe now!) Address: Institute of Physics Technical University of Budapest H-1111 Budafoki ut. 8. Budapest, Hungary Europe Tel: (+36-1)463-4107, Fax: 463-3999 Last updated: May 2, 2001 mark@sunserv.kfki.hu

18. Quantum Mechanics -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on quantum mechanics science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic scale. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110312/quantum-mechanics

document.writeln(''); document.writeln('Initializing application...'); Username Password Remember me Forgot your password? Browse Shop Log In Search Site: quantum mechanics physics Main science dealing with the behaviour of matter and light on the atomic and subatomic electrons , protons, neutrons, and other more esoteric particles such as quarks and gluons. These properties include the interactions of the particles with one another and with electromagnetic radiation i.e. , light, X-rays, and gamma rays). quantum mechanics Link to this article and share the full text with the readers of your Web site or blog-post. If you think a reference to this article on "quantum mechanics" will enhance your Web site, blog-post, or any other web-content, then feel free to link to this article, and your readers will gain full access to the full article, even if they do not subscribe to our service. You may want to use the HTML code fragment provided below. Table of Contents Main Historical basis of quantum theory Basic concepts and methods The interpretation of quantum mechanics ... Citations Media Figure 7: Decay of the K0 meson.

19. Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics, the branch of mathematical physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems and their interaction with radiation in terms of http://www.mtmi.vu.lt/pfk/funkc_dariniai/quant_mech/index.html

Quantum Mechanics Programm Quant mech Intro ... Technology Quantum mechanics, the branch of mathematical physics that deals with atomic and subatomic systems and their interaction with radiation in terms of observable quantities. It is an outgrowth of the concept that all forms of energy are released in discrete units or bundles called quanta. In the equations of quantum mechanics, Max Planck Niels Bohr Max Planck Werner Heisenberg Louis V. de Broglie Erwin Schrdinger The history of quantum mechanics may be divided into three main periods. The first began with Planck's theory of black-body radiation in 1900; it may be described as the period in which the validity of Planck's constant was demonstrated but its real meaning was not fully understood. The second period began with the quantum theory of atomic structure and spectra proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913. Bohr's ideas gave an accurate formula for the frequency of spectral lines in many cases and were an enormous help in the codification and understanding of spectra. Nonetheless, they did not represent a consistent, unified theory, constituting as they did a sort of patchwork affair in which classical mechanics was subjected to a somewhat extraneous set of so-called quantum conditions that restrict the constants of integration to particular values. True quantum mechanics appeared in 1926, reaching fruition nearly simultaneously in a variety of formsnamely, the matrix theory of Max Born and Werner Heisenberg

20. The Transactional Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics A comprehensive review of the historical interpretations of quantum mechanics, as well as a new proposal. http://www.npl.washington.edu/npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_toc.html

The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics John G. Cramer Department of Physics University of Washington PO Box 351560 Seattle WA 98195-1560 USA This paper was originally published in Reviews of Modern Physics See also "Generalized absorber theory and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox", published in Physical Review D "An Overview of the Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", published in the International Journal of Theoretical Physics , 227 (1988), and "Velocity Reversal and the Arrow of Time" , published in Foundations of Physics Note: Some browsers seem to fail in printing this paper from the HTML files. Therefore, PostScript versions of these pages are being made available in a separate directory. ABSTRACT P= ], basic elements of the CI. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1 Contrafactual Definiteness 1.0.2 Nonlocality and Formalism 1.0.3 Overview of Contents ... Continue to Section 1.0 This page was created by John G. Cramer on 7/1/96. It now has an access count of:

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