61. Tracking The Ozone Layer. Currents 3:1 The term ozone layer generally refers to a relatively high concentration of ozone in the stratosphere, a layer of very dry air around 15 to 35 kilometers http://www.arn.org/currpage/31main.htm

Tracking the Ozone Layer What is the Ozone Layer and How Does It Affect You? By Forrest M. Mims III Sprinkled throughout the atmosphere are pale blue molecules of a toxic gas that are essential to most life on Earth. This gas is ozone. Ozone is toxic because it is highly reactive. This is why it can sterilize drinking water, eliminate odors, bleach colors, and decompose rubber. Fortunately, the amount of ozone at ground level is usually too low for these effects to be observed. However, high concentrations of various air pollutants and sunlight can increase ozone levels near the ground from a few tens of molecules per billion molecules of air (ppb) to a few hundred ppb. These levels of ozone can damage plants, cause eye irritation, inflame mucous membranes and impair the performance of athletes. Ozone is essential to life because it shields the Earth from the damaging, even lethal, ultraviolet radiation emitted by the sun. This filtering ability is particularly remarkable when you consider the relative scarcity of ozone molecules. For every billion molecules in the atmosphere, only around 300 are ozone. Imagine you could poke a tube through the entire atmosphere over your head and bring all the ozone molecules in the tube down to the surface. If they were then subjected to the same temperature and atmospheric pressure (standard temperature and pressure or STP) as you are, they would form a layer only about 3-millimeters thick.

62. Protection Of The Ozone Layer The issue of depletion of the ozone layer was one of the first global environmental emergencies faced by UNEP. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the http://www.iisd.ca/journal/sarma.html

Linkages Home Linkages Journal THIS PAGE WAS UPDATE ON: Volume 3 Number 3 28 July 1998 PROTECTION OF THE OZONE LAYER - A Success story of UNEP K.M. Sarma Executive Secretary for the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, UNEP, Nairobi Background The issue of depletion of the ozone layer was one of the first global environmental emergencies faced by UNEP. The stratospheric ozone layer protects the earth from excessive UV-B radiation from the sun. The atmosphere next to earth up to about 10 kilometres is called troposphere and stratosphere is above the troposphere, up to about 50 kilometres. The thin layer of ozone has been formed in the stratosphere by the action of solar radiation on normal oxygen. It is continuously formed and destroyed through natural processes leading to a natural balance. This ozone layer filters out excessive ultra-violet radiation from the sun and protects all life on earth from adverse effects. Its depletion has many adverse effects of increase in skin cancers and eye-cataracts, loss of immunity, lesser productivity of plants, deterioration of plastics etc. UNEP took up the issue of ozone depletion in 1976 and adopted a simple but effective approach. It first concentrated on assessment of the problem by convening a meeting of experts on the ozone layer in 1977. On the recommendation of this meeting, UNEP set up a Coordinating Committee of the Ozone Layer (CCOL) in cooperation with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). CCOL consisted of the leading experts of the world on the ozone layer.

63. Protecting The Ozone Layer - Climate Change Journals, Books & Online Media | Spr Protecting the ozone layer Atmospheric Protection Air Quality. Protecting the ozone layer Lessons, Models, and Prospects Since the mid-1980s, http://www.springer.com/prod/b/0-7923-8245-5?referer=www.wkap.nl

64. MeteoSwiss - Ozone Layer The ozone layer is well known for its protective effect of life on earth s surface by screening the damaging solar UV radiation. It is therefore important http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/web/en/weather/ozone_layer.html

Main navigation Navigation within the topic Content Ozone Layer Atmospheric Ozone Monitoring The ozone layer is well known for its protective effect of life on earth's surface by screening the damaging solar UV radiation. It is therefore important to regularly monitor the amount of ozone around the globe. MeteoSwiss is regularily measuring the ozone present in the upper atmosphere above Switzerland with different instruments. MeteoSwiss ozone monitoring Updated on 24.01.2008, 18.00 large.gif, 11 KB Total ozone amount above Arosa The transparency of the atmosphere to the UV radiation from the sun is measured with spectrophotometers. From these measurements, the total amount of ozone contained in the column of atmosphere above the Arosa Observatory is calculated. In the figure to the left, the daily mean ozone is reported for the last 14 days. Updated on 24.01.2008, 18.00 large.gif, 16 KB LastOzoneProfile.gif, 15 KB PenultimateOzoneProfile.gif, 15 KB Ozone profile above Payerne The ozone profile is recorded using an ozone sonde attached to an aerological balloon. The ozone is measured in situ and the data are transmitted to the Payerne station during the ascent. Such profiles are measured three times per week on Monday, Wednesday and Friday noon. In the figure on the left, the last valid ozone profile is presented.

65. Protecting The Ozone Layer - UNEP Tourism This guide helps the hotel and tourism industry understand the damage caused by ozonedepleting substances and why they should be concerned. http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/library/ozone.htm

Publications Tourism Focus Newsletter Links About Us UNEP Publications How the Hotel and Tourism Industry can Protect the Ozone Layer The first step in controlling consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) applicable to developing countries that are Party to the Montreal Protocol has already passed: the freeze in consumption and production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by 1 July 1999. Further deadlines affecting other chemicals will follow. It is crucial that the hotel and tourism industry understand the implications of the Protocol deadlines and take action to manage a smooth transition away from ODs and avoid situations that may adversely affect their operations. Jointly developed by UNEP IE's OzonAction and Tourism as part of UNEP's work programme under the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol, this 60-page guide helps the hotel and tourism industry understand the damage being done to the stratospheric ozone layer by ODs and why they should be concerned. It outlines the steps to be taken by hotel managers to establish their own ODs management programme to properly manage the transition away from these chemicals. Hotels and the tourism industry use CFCs, halons and other ODs in various applications such as air conditioning in guest rooms, public areas, vehicles, refrigerators and freezers in kitchens, aerosol spray cans in cleaning products, fire protection equipment, etc. The guide provides information about how to reduce or avoid the use of ODs in these various applications. It also includes examples of good practices from hotel and tourism facilities around the world, contributed by the International Hotel and Restaurant Association and hotel companies, which detail how those businesses have successfully adopted alternatives and chemicals to replace ODs

66. Bush Ready To Wreck Ozone Layer Treaty - US Slips In Demand To President George Bush is targeting the international treaty to save the ozone layer which protects all life on earth from deadly radiation, The Independent http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0720-02.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Sunday, July 20, 2003 by the Independent /UK Bush Ready to Wreck Ozone Layer Treaty - US Slips in Demand to Drop Ban on Harmful Pesticide by Geoffrey Lean President George Bush is targeting the international treaty to save the ozone layer which protects all life on earth from deadly radiation, The Independent on Sunday can reveal. New US demands - tabled at a little-noticed meeting in Montreal earlier this month - threaten to unravel one of the greatest environmental success stories of the past few decades, causing millions of deaths from cancer. The news comes at a particularly embarrassing time for the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who pressed the President in their talks in Washington last week to stop his attempts to sabotage the Kyoto Protocol which sets out to control global warming: one of the few international issues on which they differ. Now, instead of heeding Mr Blair, Mr Bush is undermining the ozone treaty as well, by seeking to perpetuate the use of the most ozone-destructive chemical still employed in developed countries, otherwise soon to be phased out. Ironically, it was sustained pressure from the Reagan administration, in which Mr Bush's father served as vice-president, that ensured the treaty was adopted in the first place. It has proved such a success that environmentalists have long regarded it as inviolable. The ozone layer - made of a type of oxygen so thinly scattered through the upper atmosphere that, if gathered all together, it would form a ring around the earth no thicker than the sole of a shoe - screens out the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays which would, otherwise, wipe out terrestrial life. As it weakens, more of the rays get through, causing skin cancer and blindness from cataracts.

67. Protecting Ozone Layer Also Slowed Global Warming | LiveScience Global warming would be substantially worse right now if not for an international agreement in the 1980s that banned the use of ozonedestroying chemicals, http://www.livescience.com/environment/070309_gw_ozone.html

Space Animals Health Environment ... Store Protecting Ozone Layer Also Slowed Global Warming By Andrea Thompson , LiveScience Staff Writer posted: 09 March 2007 11:37 am ET Share this story Global warming would be substantially worse right now if not for an international agreement in the 1980s that banned the use of ozone-destroying chemicals, a new study finds. Also Today - Surprising New Arctic Inhabitants: Trees Nations around the world signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987 to control the production and use of substances that deplete the ozone layer , which shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. While these chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (formerly used in air conditioners ), eat up ozone, they also act as greenhouse gases By curbing their use, the pact has also cut in half the amount of greenhouse warming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences The amount of warming that was avoided is equivalent to 7 to12 years of an increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. The quantity of greenhouse gas curbed by the Montreal Protocol is equivalent to five times the reduction target for the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol , a 2005 international agreement to address climate change, according to Fahey and his colleagues. The United States did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol.

68. The Search For Signs Of Recovery Of The Ozone Layer : Abstract : Nature Evidence of midlatitude ozone depletion and proof that the Antarctic ozone hole was caused by humans spurred policy makers from the late 1980s onwards to http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7089/abs/nature04746.html

@import "/common/style/layout.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/layout_wide_banner.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/main.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/common/style/header_footer_smallfonts.css";/* do not edit this stylesheet */ @import "/nature/style/site.css";/* edit this stylesheet only */ @import "/common/style/restrict_width/930px.css"; nature.com homepage Jump to main content Jump to navigation ... Browse by subject Search This journal All of Nature.com Advanced search Journal home Archive Review Abstract Review Nature doi The search for signs of recovery of the ozone layer Elizabeth C. Weatherhead Top of page Abstract Top of page Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, Campus Box 216, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark Correspondence to: Elizabeth C. Weatherhead Correspondence should be addressed to E.C.W. (Email: betsy.weatherhead@cires.colorado.edu

69. Major Step In Protecting The Ozone Layer - Highlights — EEA World governments meeting in Montreal last week agreed to freeze production of the ozone depleting substances hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in 2013 and http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/major-step-in-protecting-the-ozone-layer

Skip to content. Skip to navigation Site map Accessibility ... Subscriptions Search site EEA Home Products Overview ... Highlights Major step in protecting the ozone layer Major step in protecting the ozone layer Document Actions Published: 28 Sep 2007 World governments meeting in Montreal last week agreed to freeze production of the ozone depleting substances hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in 2013 and bring forward the final phase-out date of these chemicals by ten years. Industrialised countries also pledged to provide 'stable and sufficient' funds to help developing countries meet the accelerated phase-out deadline. Themes Climate change More on climate change Climate change and energy package a major step forward Counting the cost of climate change EU within reach of Kyoto targets The accelerated phase out is expected to restore the ozone layer, which filters out damaging levels of ultra violet light, a few years earlier than originally estimated. 'Governments from all countries, developed and developing, have achieved a major step forwards in protecting the ozone layer and at the same time combating climate change in an effective way', says Jacqueline McGlade, Executive Director at the European Environment Agency in Copenhagen. HCFCs are chemicals replacing more ozone-damaging chemicals such as CFCs (chloroflurocarbons) in air conditioning and some forms of refrigeration equipment and foams. CFCs are already being phased out under earlier decisions. There is mounting evidence that HCFCs contribute to global warming. These gases are not covered by the Kyoto Protocol which does address all other main greenhouse gases from human activities. Thus apart from helping restoring the ozone layer the phasing out of HCFCs also reduces global greenhouse gas emissions and helps tackling climate change.

70. Record Low Temperatures In Arctic Ozone Layer - First Signs Of PhysOrg news Record low temperatures in Arctic ozone layer first signs of ozone loss. http://www.physorg.com/news2860.html

PhysOrg Account: Sign In Sign Up Home Nanotechnology ... General Science Published: 06:59 EST, January 28, 2005 Toolbox Rating: 3.3 Bookmark Save as PDF Print Email Blog It Digg It del.icio.us Slashdot It! Stumble It! Record low temperatures in Arctic ozone layer - first signs of ozone loss The first signs of ozone loss have now been observed in the Arctic this winter, and large scale losses are expected to occur if the cold conditions persist. Overall temperatures in the ozone layer are the lowest for 50 years having been consistently low for the past two months. Since late November large areas of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) - clouds in the ozone layer - have been present over the Arctic region at altitudes around 20 kilometres. They are now the largest in the last 20 years, the period when the ozone-depleting compounds have been high. These conditions could make ozone depletion very likely. The chemical balance in the stratosphere is changed significantly by the presence of these clouds, altering the breakdown products from CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) so that rapid chemical ozone destruction can occur in the presence of sunlight. If the Arctic stratosphere remains cold during February and March, large ozone loss is expected to take place as sunlight returns to northern latitudes. This could lead to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation in inhabited areas in the northern part of Europe. Scientists from the EU SCOUT-O3 Integrated Project have been studying the links between stratospheric ozone and climate change in the Arctic since May 2004, with the aim of providing predictions of future ozone and other stratospheric changes as well as the associated UV and climate impact. The project is co-ordinated at the University of Cambridge's Department of Chemistry and has 59 partner institutions with over 200 scientists involved from 19 countries.

71. Global Fight To Restore Ozone Layer Hailed By Secretary-General 16 September 2007 – The battle to repair the ozone layer “represents one of the great success stories of international cooperation,” with the use of http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=23821&Cr=Ozone&Cr1

72. The Ozone Layer And Climate Change - Global Issues An overview of the concerns of climate change s impacts on the ozone layer. http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/Ozone.asp

Section: Climate Change and Global Warming Accessibility Statement Skip straight to main content Email Page to a Friend Printer-Friendly Version ... Set Text Preferences Page Sign Post You are here: Skip this sign post section Home Environmental Issues Climate Change and Global Warming Ozone Layer Search Search this site Or Site Map The Ozone Layer and Climate Change Author and Page information Skip this section and go straight to the main content by Anup Shah This Page Last Updated Saturday, June 08, 2002 This page: http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/Ozone.asp To print full details (expanded/alternative links, side notes, etc.) use the printer-friendly version: http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/Ozone.asp?p=1 Scientists believe that Global Warming will lead to a weaker Ozone layer, because as the surface temperature rises, the stratosphere (the Ozone layer being found in the upper part) will get colder, making the natural repairing of the Ozone slower. NASA, for example, reports that by 2030, "climate change may surpass chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the main driver of overall ozone loss." The Ozone layer protects all life on Earth from the harmful effects of the Sun's rays. It has been depleting for many years now. Scientists have said that currently over Antarctica

73. Ozone However, at all latitudes away from the equator, the layer of ozone that More than half a century may pass before the hole in the ozone layer is http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/ozone.html

RESEARCH PRODUCTS FACILITIES COLLABORATIONS ... CSIRO AUSTRALIA Ozone depletion Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere is the result of human-produced chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. Depletion is especially severe over Antarctica in spring, causing the highly publicised "ozone hole". However, at all latitudes away from the equator, the layer of ozone that protects us from the harmful radiation of the sun is thinner that it was in the late 1970s. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and subsequently strengthened, has led to phase out of most CFC and halon use. However, CFCs and halons last for a long time in the atmosphere, so it will be some decades before the ozone layer completely replenishes itself. Scientists in the Global Atmospheric Change Program are tracking changes to atmospheric concentrations of ozone depleting chemicals and contributing to international efforts to assess and minimise ozone damage. CRC for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology status report on the 1998 Antarctic ozone hole (and other information about CFCs and ozone depletion).

74. Current Text For The Vienna Convention On The Protection Of The Ozone Layer Mindful also of the precautionary measures for the protection of the ozone layer which have already been taken at the national and international levels, http://www.unep.ch/ozone/vc-text.shtml

Error processing SSI file The 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Preamble The Parties to this Convention, Aware of the potentially harmful impact on human health and the environment through modification of the ozone layer, Recalling the pertinent provisions of the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, and in particular principle 21, which provides that "States have, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction", Taking into account the circumstances and particular requirements of developing countries, Mindful of the work and studies proceeding within both international and national organizations and, in particular, of the World Plan of Action on the Ozone Layer of the United Nations Environment Programme, Mindful also of the precautionary measures for the protection of the ozone layer which have already been taken at the national and international levels

75. NOAA News Online (Story 2814) The ozone layer shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. While protecting the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol also has cut in half the http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/s2814.htm

NOAA Magazine NOAA Home Page Commerce Dept. March 9, 2007 — An international agreement to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals, based in part on science conducted in the 1980s by NOAA scientists and their colleagues, also has slowed global warming by years, according to a new study by scientists at the NOAA Earth System Research Lab (Click NOAA satellite image for larger view of the March 7, 2007, analysis of the Southern Hemisphere total ozone from the an instrument on board the NOAA polar orbiting satellite. Click here The ozone layer shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. To protect this layer, nations around the world signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987 to control the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. Conrad Lautenbacher The amount of greenhouse gases curbed by the Montreal Protocol is equivalent to five times the reduction target for the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol, a 2005 international agreement to address climate change, according to the authors. The Kyoto Protocol did not regulate ozone-depleting chemicals because the prior agreements of the Montreal Protocol had already dealt with them. The paper also explores options for reducing future use of ozone-depleting substances, such as collecting and destroying chemical storage banks in old refrigerators and air conditioners, choosing substitutes with low climate-warming impact and evaluating the feasibility of further reducing overall emissions of the substances.

76. Ozone ozone is a highly active form of oxygen (O3 rather than O2). ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Ozone.html

Index to this page Ozone in the Troposphere Ozone in the Stratosphere The Ozone Shield CFCs The Ozone Problems Ozone is a highly active form of oxygen (O rather than O ). Ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the characteristic odor give off by some electrical motors. Ozone presents two quite different biological problems: too much at low levels of the atmosphere (the troposphere); too little at high altitudes (the stratosphere). Ozone in the Troposphere Ozone is produced by the reaction of sunlight, oxygen, and automobile exhaust (which contains hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides). Ozone is largely responsible for the discomfort associated with photochemical smog . This form of smog, long familiar to people in the Los Angeles basin, is now common wherever sunlight and stagnant air occur in urban areas (Mexico City is a dramatic example with ozone levels that often exceed 100 ppb and sometimes rise above 350 ppb). High levels of ozone during smog build-up can cause difficulty to people with respiratory ailments like emphysema and asthma. Ozone also damages plants and may be an important factor in the damage that is occurring to forests in Europe and North America. Ozone in the Stratosphere While we often have too much ozone around us, the concentration of ozone high in the stratosphere (which begins about 7 miles up - where airliners cruise) has declined over the past two decades. Satellite monitoring of the stratosphere, which began in 1978, has revealed a marked decline.

77. Ozonelayer - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Definition of ozonelayer from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ozonelayer

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "ozone layer" in: Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Dictionary Open Dictionary Browse words next to: ozone layer Browse the Dictionary: A B C D ... Z ozonelayer One entry found. ozone layer Main Entry: ozone layer Function: noun Date:  an atmospheric layer at heights of about 20 to 30 miles (32 to 48 kilometers) that is normally characterized by high ozone content which blocks most solar ultraviolet radiation from entry into the lower atmosphere Learn more about "ozone layer" and related topics at Britannica.com See a map of "ozone layer" in the Visual Thesaurus Pronunciation Symbols Products Premium Services ... Advertising Info

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