41. BBC - H2g2 - Magnetic Levitation – The Future Of Rail Travel? magnetic levitation Transport, or maglev, is a revolutionary form of railway transport. It uses magnetic forces to make the vehicles hover above the track http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A21605663

@import '/h2g2/skins/brunel/brunel.css'; @import '/includes/tbenh.css'; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index 24th January 2008 Accessibility help Text only Guide ID: A21605663 (Edited) Edited Guide Entry SEARCH h2g2 Advanced Search New visitors: Returning members: BBC Homepage The Guide to Life The Universe and Everything 2. The Universe Transport 3. Everything ... Physics Created: 17th April 2007 Magnetic Levitation – the Future of Rail Travel? Front Page What is h2g2? Who's Online Write an Entry ... Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! We may perhaps learn to deprive large masses of their gravity and give them absolute levity, for the sake of easy transport. - Benjamin Franklin What is Maglev? Mag netic Lev itation Transport, or maglev, is a revolutionary form of railway transport. It uses magnetic forces to make the vehicles hover above the track rather than running along them, thus reducing the friction between the two and allowing much higher speeds to be attained than are safely achievable on any other form of ground based public transport. A Brief History of the Technology Though the idea of high speed trains levitated by magnetic forces seems revolutionary, even to us today, the concept is over a century old. In the early 1900s, Bachelet in France and Goddard in the United States discussed the possibility of using magnetically levitated vehicles for high speed transport. However, they were unable to propose a practical way to achieve this goal.

42. Magnet Man - Cool Experiments With Magnets Experiments with magnetic levitation. How can you magnetically levitate objects? Donut magnets expt.gif (888 bytes); Levitating Train expt.gif (888 bytes) http://www.coolmagnetman.com/magindex.htm

Cool Experiments with Magnets This web site is devoted to magnetism and the cool experiments you can do with permanent magnets and electro-magnets. Some of the experiments are very basic - things you've done since second grade. Others are unique; perhaps you hadn't thought of doing some of these before, or had difficulty in trying to set them up. Lists of the materials needed for the demonstrations, directions on how to assemble them, instructions on how to show them, and notes on how they work are all here for you. Also shown are several cool magnetic toys you can buy. Of course, there are also links to useful sites, sources and books on magnets. Have fun experimenting! Rick Hoadley (For other cool toys and puzzles , check this out!) This site is at http://www.coolmagnetman.com and at http://my.execpc.com/~rhoadley/magindex.htm Last updated: 20Dec2007. More to come! Here's what's new Wherever you see , that means that at the underlined link there is some kind of experiment you can buy or build which will help you learn about the world of magnetism. Magnet basics Safety Considerations UPDATED What is magnetism?

43. Magnetic Levitation - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Definition of magnetic levitation from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magnetic levitation

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "magnetic levitation" in: Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Dictionary Open Dictionary Browse words next to: magnetic levitation Browse the Dictionary: A B C D ... Z magnetic levitation One entry found. magnetic levitation Main Entry: magnetic levitation Function: noun Date: maglev Learn more about "magnetic levitation" and related topics at Britannica.com See a map of "magnetic levitation" in the Visual Thesaurus Pronunciation Symbols Products Premium Services ... Advertising Info

44. Robotics Institute: Magnetic Levitation Haptic Consortium magnetic levitation haptic devices allow users to interact with computed environments by manipulating a handle that is levitated by magnetic means. http://www.ri.cmu.edu/projects/project_572.html

RI Research Projects Text only version of this site Magnetic Levitation Haptic Consortium Head: Ralph Hollis Contact: Ralph Hollis (rhollis@cs.cmu.edu) Mailing address: Carnegie Mellon University Robotics Institute 5000 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15213 Associated lab/group: Microdynamic Systems Laboratory For more information, see this project's homepage This page last updated - June 2006. Jump to: Project Description Personnel Project Description Magnetic levitation haptic devices allow users to interact with computed environments by manipulating a handle that is levitated by magnetic means. Users can translate and rotate the handle while feeling forces and torques from the virtual environment. The motors, encoders, linkages, gears, belts, cables, and bearings of traditional haptic devices are simply dispensed with in favor of a direct electrodynamic connection to the handle held by the user. The Microdynamic Systems Laboratory is working to provide low-cost high fidelity magnetic levitation haptic interfaces to additional researchers under an NSF Major Research Equipment grant by re-engineering our old magnetic levitation system to provide much higher performance while drastically reducing its cost. We are currently building a batch of 9 new systems for distribution to members of the magnetic levitation haptic consortium. The picture above illustrates the new systems. The purpose of the consortium is to foster greater utilization of this technology, to share research experiences and results, to develop and share haptic rendering software using the magnetic levitation haptic devices, and to work together as a community to apply the developed knowledge to important problems.

45. LANL: Superconductivity Technology Center: Magnetic Levitation Train Superconductivity Technology Center magnetic levitation trains The idea of MAGLEV transportation has been around since the early 1900s. http://www.lanl.gov/orgs/mpa/stc/train.shtml

skip to: lanlbar menubar toolbar links ... JOBS STC STC Home OUR FOCUS Power Applications Electronic Materials HTS Research Wire Development ... Threat Reduction FUTURE APPLICATIONS Biomedical Developments Magnetic Levitation Train MHD Ship Magnetic Levitation Trains Japanese Maglev Train MLX01 on Test Bed MAGLEV Magnetically levitated (MAGLEV) trains are considered as a future application of HTS development. To understand why, we must look briefly at the history of the railroads. The development of trains and rails began in the early 1800s. The modern conventional train is no faster (~110 mph) than those of the late 1890s. So conventional trains have reached the end phase of their development. France, Germany, and Japan have developed "high-speed" or "bullet" trains capable of speeds of 150-180 mph. This improvement in speed is based upon improved rails and controls. However, this technology has also reached the end phase of its development. One limiting factor for these trains is the expensive and time-consuming maintenance of the rails. So it is the mechanical friction between train wheels and metal tracks that limit this technology. This leads us to the development of the magnetically levitated (no friction) trains. We briefly describe the history of this development. The idea of MAGLEV transportation has been around since the early 1900s. The benefit of eliminating the wheel/rail friction to obtain higher speeds and lower maintenance costs has great appeal. The basic idea of a MAGLEV train is to levitate it with magnetic fields so there is no physical contact between the train and the rails (guideways).

46. Magnetic Levitation Train - MSN Encarta magnetic levitation Train, also maglev train, a highspeed ground transportation vehicle levitated above a track called a guideway and propelled by http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579465/Magnetic_Levitation_Train.html

var s_account="msnportalencarta"; MSN home Mail My MSN Sign in ... more Hotmail Messenger My MSN MSN Directory Air Tickets/Travel Autos City Guides Election 2008 ... More Additional Reference Materials Thesaurus Translations Multimedia Other Resources Education Resources Math Help Foreign Language Help Project Planner ... Help Related Items Monorail Public Transportation more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about Magnetic Levitation Train Also on Encarta Secret students What colleges really want Famous misquotes quiz Advertisement Magnetic Levitation Train Encyclopedia Article Find Print E-mail Blog It Multimedia 3 items Magnetic Levitation Train , also maglev train, a high-speed ground transportation vehicle levitated above a track called a guideway and propelled by magnetic fields ( see Magnetism ). Magnetic levitation train technology can be used for urban travel at relatively low speeds (less than 100 km/h, or less than 62 mph). For example, a short-distance maglev shuttle operated for 11 years from 1984 to 1995 between the Birmingham, England, airport and the city train station. However, the greatest worldwide interest is in high-speed maglev systems. Train speeds of 552 km/h (343 mph) have been demonstrated by a full-size maglev vehicle in Japan, while in Germany a maglev train has run at 450 km/h (280 mph) and in China a maglev train has reached a peak speed of 432 km/h (268 mph). Two different approaches to magnetic levitation train systems have been developed. The first, called

47. Riding The World's Fastest Train In Shanghai. - By Henry Blodget - Slate Magazin So, in 2001, with Germany s Transrapid International seeking a place to demonstrate its magnetic levitation train—and apparently willing to give the http://www.slate.com/id/2115114/

var PStax = 84997;var msn_cobrand = 0; placeAd(1,'slate.business/slate') Home go east, young man Campaign 2008 Sports Slate on NPR ... Video placeAd2('business/slate','120x90',false); PRINT DISCUSS E-MAIL RECOMMEND Facebook Mixx Digg Reddit del.icio.us Furl Ma.gnolia Sphere CLOSE NEWSLETTERS PODCASTS RSS adsonar_placementId=1307705;adsonar_pid=833778;adsonar_ps=-1;adsonar_zw=134;adsonar_zh=620;adsonar_jv='ads.adsonar.com'; placeAd(3,'slate.business/slate') placeAd(6,'slate.business/slate') More go east, young man columns Go Work in China, Immediately. But don't buy any stocks from there. Henry Blodget posted April 27, 2005 China's Biggest Gamble Can it have capitalism without democracy? A prediction. Henry Blodget posted April 22, 2005 The Best China Investment Strategy Forget about it. Henry Blodget posted April 15, 2005 How To Solve China's Piracy Problem A dozen ideas. Maybe one will work. Henry Blodget posted April 12, 2005 The Empty Village What about the 750 million Chinese who aren't getting rich? Henry Blodget posted April 8, 2005 Search for more go east, young man

48. Carnegie Mellon University Researchers Develop Magnetic Levitation-Based Haptic Carnegie Mellon University researchers have developed a new type of haptic interface employing magnetic levitation that enables computer users to physically http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/02/990212070951.htm

Science News Share Blog Cite Print Email Bookmark Carnegie Mellon University Researchers Develop Magnetic Levitation-Based Haptic Interface For Computers ScienceDaily (Feb. 12, 1999) See also: Virtual Environment Medical Technology Electronics Communications ... Robotic surgery The device is unique because it enables people to not only touch these objects, but to reach in and manipulate them in three dimensions as well. The new system also eliminates the bulky links, cables and mechanisms of current haptic interfaces in favor of a single, lightweight moving part, which floats on magnetic fields. The system has a bowl-shaped floating element containing six levitation coils surrounded by strong, permanent magnets. A protruding handle attached to the bowl is grasped by the computer user, enabling interaction with solid, three-dimensional models graphically depicted on the computer screen. The system is housed in a desktop-high cabinet. It has taken Hollis and his Ph.D. student, Peter Berkelman, five years to develop the haptic interface. They believe that future applications of the technology will be in computer-augmented design, medical training, entertainment, flight simulation and the interactive control of remote robots. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~msl

49. Educational Control Products - Control Systems - Magnetic Levitation ECP s unique MagLev apparatus dramatically demonstrates closed loop levitation of permanent and ferromagnetic elements. The apparatus includes laser http://www.ecpsystems.com/controls_maglevit.htm

E CP's unique MagLev apparatus dramatically demonstrates closed loop levitation of permanent and ferromagnetic elements. The apparatus includes laser feedback and high flux magnetics to affect large displacements and provide visually stimulating tracking and regulation demonstrations. The system is quickly set up in the open loop stable and unstable (repulsive and attractive fields) configurations shown. By adding a second magnet, two SIMO plants may be created, and by driving both actuators with both magnets, MIMO control is studied. The inherent magnetic field nonlinearities may be inverted via provided real-time algorithms for linear control study or the full system dynamics may be examined. Disturbances may be introduced via the second drive coil for demonstrating system regulation in SISO and SIMO operation The field interaction between the two magnets causes strong cross coupling and thus produces a true multi-variable system. The inherent magnetic field nonlinearities may be inverted via provided real-time algorithms for linear control implementation or the full system dynamics may be studied. This plant provides substantially more configuration flexibility and, by virtue of its dramatically greater levitation travel range, greater visual impact in demonstrations than any other educational maglev system.

50. A Smaller, Sleeker Heart Pump Khanwilkar and his colleagues turned to a technology that no other blood pumps or other heart devices incorporated in the early 1990s magnetic levitation, http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/jan2007/id20070116_604821.htm

Register Sign In About Our New Lifestyle Channel Current Issue ... FAQs Innovation January 16, 2007, 11:15AM EST A Smaller, Sleeker Heart Pump by Reena Jana The Levacor device has only one moving part, a spinning rotor. WorldHeart Levacor relies on magnetic levitation to suspend the rotor, eliminating the need for bearings. WorldHeart Artist's rendering of the Levacor implanted in patient. WorldHeart The Levacor pushes blood from the heart into the circulatory system. WorldHeart Story Tools post a comment e-mail this story print this story order a reprint ... save to del.icio.us Back in 1982, Barney Clark, a 61-year-old dentist, was implanted with the world's first artificial heart, the Jarvik-7, a cumbersome piece of equipment with complicated external mechanisms. The device, which extended Clark's life for 112 days, required the patient to be hooked up, via hose-like tubes emerging from his chest, to a machine the size of a laundry dryer. The machine supplied bursts of air that helped to pump the mechanical heart. Today's medical-device designers foresee a more independent existence for patients suffering from heart failure. Just as the designers of popular consumer electronics such as Apple's ( AAPL ) iPod or Motorola's ( MOT ) RAZR phone have been able to slim their products to wafer-thinness, medical engineers and consultants are employing similar strategies and innovations to create slimline devices that are genuinely life-enhancing.

51. Web Quest Exploring Magnetic Levitation Technology Teacher s resources on teaching maglev, including tasks and evaluations for students. http://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Stu/ppoggio/maglev/

Teacher Resource Page for MagLev Technology MagLev Moving Into the Future MagLev Train from MVP Home Page www.mvp.de/ A Web Quest Exploring Magnetic Levitation Technology Created by: Patricia A. Poggio July 2000 Last updated: April 5, 2005 Link to My Technology Notebook Home Page Introduction Task ... Conclusion

52. Science Central : Science - Physics - Electromagnetism - Magnetic Levitation How to design a magnetic levitation demonstrator using photodetectors and electronics to magnetic levitation links. Also experiments by Bill Beaty. http://www.sciencecentral.com/category/196267

Thursday, 24 January, 2008 Home Submit Science Site Add to Favorite Contact search for Directories Aeronautics and Aerospace Agriculture Anomalies and Alternative Science Astronomy ... Technology Category: Science Physics Electromagnetism Magnetic Levitation SUBMIT A SITE Magnetic Levitation Order by Popularity Alphabet Sites Records 1-20 of 39 Go to page Inductrak (Popularity: Passive maglev technology developed by a Livermore team. Barry's Magnetic Levitation Plans (Popularity: How to design a magnetic levitation demonstrator using photodetectors and electronics to control an electromagnet. Shanghai's Maglev - the world's fastest train (Popularity: The future is here, in Shanghai, where the world's first maglev is up and running, ... Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun (Popularity: Magnetic levitation information, photos and links. Includes the article "What is a magnetic field?". Howstuffworks: How Maglev Train Works (Popularity: Explanation of how maglev train levitates and moves Fun with Diamagnetic Levitation (Popularity: A simple how-to for creating your own diamagnetic levitation experiments, complete with demonstration images and ...

53. Robust Position Control Of A Magnetic Levitation System Via Your browser may not have a PDF reader available. Google recommends visiting our text version of this document. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/41/28307/01265780.pdf

54. Magnetic Levitation Stirrers The V P Scientific, Inc. magnetic levitation Stirrers (US patent 6357907) were designed to stir the tall narrow columns of deep well 96 and the new Whatman http://www.vp-scientific.com/magnetic_levitation.htm

Home Product Groups Applications Technical Notes ... Contact Us Magnetic Levitation Stirrers Click here for a list of published articles that cite the products on this page. Applications Rapid and efficient stirring of 96 and 384 deep well microplates Thorough mixing of 2 or more viscous solutions Keeps particulates in suspension Aeration of microbial cultures to increase DNA or protein yield Miniaturization of fermentations Stirring chemical reactions to speed completion Advantages of the System Thorough stirring of large numbers of samples Will stir even viscous solutions (100,000 centistokes) Simple to operate INCUBATION TIME LEVITATION STIRRER OD SHAKE FLASK OD hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours Levitation Stirring Viscous Solutions For comparison 1 centistoke = 1.0760 x 10E-5 sq. ft./sec., water = 1 cst molasses ~ 2,500 cst honey ~ 15,000 cst The follow graph illustrates that it will levitate the balls in all the standards, however it took several minutes for the ball to fall by gravity or with the assist of a pull down magnet with the 60,000 and 100,000 cst standards. Modification of the Stirrer with a stronger pull down magnet would perhaps solve this problem. The Levitation Stir Balls are made from corrosion resistant stainless steel and come in a variety of sizes to accommodate all 96 and 384 deep well microplates. The

55. China Develops Magnetic Levitation Train PhysOrg news China develops magnetic levitation train. http://www.physorg.com/news9749.html

PhysOrg Account: Sign In Sign Up Home Nanotechnology ... General Science Published: 13:28 EST, January 10, 2006 Toolbox Rating: 2.8 Bookmark Save as PDF Print Email Blog It Digg It del.icio.us Slashdot It! Stumble It! China develops magnetic levitation train Chinese engineers have developed a medium- to low-speed magnetic levitation train that travels 93 miles an hour. The quiet low-pollution train will be mainly used in urban areas, Xinhua news service reported. The train consumes less energy than faster maglev trains. China opened the world's first commercial magnetic levitation train with the highest velocity of more than 267 miles per hour in Shanghai in 2002, based on German technology. Maglev train lines have been considered as an effective means to deal with the heavy passenger flow in the Yangtze River Delta, one of the economic powerhouses in China, the news service said. » Next Article in Technology: No stampede yet to snap up tech stocks would you recommend this story? User Rating out of 5 after 11 total votes not at all highly Leave a Comment Breaking news Most popular Editorials You need to have JavaScript and cookies enabled to use all the features of this website.

56. Magnetic Levitation For an explanation of Earnshaw s theorem M. D. Simon, L. O. Heflinger, and A. K. Geim, Diamagnetically stabilized magnet levitation , American Journal of http://groups.mrl.uiuc.edu/chiang/Chiang/Magnetic Levitation.htm

Magnetic Levitation at Room Temperature Tai C. Chiang (first draft 8/7/2004) Simple and inexpensive levitation no batteries, no liquid nitrogen, and no complicated electronic circuits. Stable passive diamagnetic levitation at room temperature using permanent magnets Many people have seen levitation tricks. A common one is a magnet floating above a piece of YBCO high-temperature superconductor cooled by liquid nitrogen. One can also levitate a frog (or other animals or objects) with a very powerful superconducting magnet. But these tricks are hard to do at home. For levitation enthusiasts, here is a simple experiment. You can levitate a piece of graphite at room temperature using powerful permanent magnets. The cost can be as low as a dollar. Sextupole, quadrupole, and 3x3 configurations. Pictures for a quadrupole set. These are some of the simplest configurations. The magnets are arranged with the north poles of adjoining magnets alternately pointing up and down. The magnets are neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnets coated with nickel or gold. Small ones are inexpensive. You can find many vendors on the web. You can also find such magnets in some stores. NIB magnets of 0.5-inch size or larger can be dangerously powerful and should not be used by beginners. Keep the magnets away from medical equipment, computers, monitors, TVs, cards with magnetic strips, and other magnetic objects. You can use fairly small ones for levitation. The 3x3 configuration above uses 1/8-inch cubes. High grade NIB magnets (N50 for example) are better, but the cost is higher. N38 grade is more common and cheaper, and works nearly as well.

57. Superconducting Magnetic Levitation Model Train Superconducting magnetic levitation Model Train from the IFW Dresden, Germany. It is cooled with liquid nitrogen. The core is a super conducting material http://www.flixxy.com/magnetic-levitation-model-train.htm

Superconducting Magnetic Levitation Model Train myprintln(''); myprintln(''); myprintln(''); myprintln(''); myprintln(''); F l i x ... archive Superconducting Magnetic Levitation Model Train from the IFW Dresden, Germany. It is cooled with liquid nitrogen. The core is a super conducting material which conducts electric current without any resistance at temperatures below minus 180 degrees Celsius (minus 292 degrees Fahrenheit). In this state it can trap magnetic fields. The resulting magnetic forces cause not only the levitation but precision control above the rail, which is made of conventional magnetic material. More info at Supratrans.de and Evico.de Blog Link (click to select): var sc_project=1805197; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_partition=13; var sc_security="8a510444";

58. SPS Project: Magnetic Levitation Many people are familar with magnetic levitation using superconductors. This occurs because the superconductor is a perfect diamagnet. http://cas.umkc.edu/physics/sps/projects/maglev/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation Many people are familar with magnetic levitation using superconductors. This occurs because the superconductor is a perfect diamagnet. Other materials, such as water and bismuth are also diamagnetic (though much less so than a superconductor) and can be used for levitation. Labs with very powerful magnets have used this fact to levitate frogs as well as lots of other things SPS has made a slight twist on the above by using bismuth, which is a diamagnet, to levitate a rare earth magnet. Below are a couple of photographs of the set up that SPS put together for magnetic levitation. A rare earth magnet is being suspended between two bismuth plates. There is a stack of ceramic magnets above.

59. ScienceDirect - Physica B: Condensed Matter : Magnetic Levitation Experiments In magnetic levitation experiments of some diamagnetic materials in high magnetic fields have been done by using a hybrid magnet of Tohoku University. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921452698005833

Athens/Institution Login Not Registered? User Name: Password: Remember me on this computer Forgotten password? Home Browse My Settings ... Help Quick Search Title, abstract, keywords Author e.g. j s smith Journal/book title Volume Issue Page Physica B: Condensed Matter Volumes 256-258 , 2 December 1998, Pages 618-620 Abstract Full Text + Links PDF (238 K) Related Articles in ScienceDirect Magnetic levitation experiments in Tohoku University Physica B: Condensed Matter Magnetic levitation experiments in Tohoku University Physica B: Condensed Matter Volumes 294-295 January 2001 Pages 729-735 M. Motokawa, M. Hamai, T. Sato, I. Mogi, S. Awaji, K. Watanabe, N. Kitamura and M. Makihara Abstract Magnetic levitation makes a condition equivalent to non- or microgravity for diamagnetic materials and gives us an opportunity to do similar experiments as those planned for space projects. We have succeeded in the in situ observation of freezing of levitated water, crystal growth of some ionic crystals in a levitated solution and melt of levitated glass without a crucible. Abstract Full Text + Links PDF (262 K) Crystal growth and materials processing in the magnetic...

60. Diamagnetic Levitation The Invisible Force - Until Recently A What exactly is magnetic levitation? When the like poles of two This simple illustration of magnetic levitation shows that the force of gravity can be http://www.sensorsmag.com/articles/0301/30/main.shtml

HOME ABOUT US MEDIA KIT SUBSCRIBE: E-NEWSLETTERS Search HOME DISCUSSION FORUM Findit-Fixit INDUSTRY SEGMENTS Electronics Machine Manufacturing Process Industries Automotive ... Sensor Technology Alert SUBSCRIBE E-Newsletters TECHNICAL ARTICLES This Month Technologies in Depth AppSnaps Mel's Picks ... Archives RESOURCES Findit-Fixit Forum Buyer's Guide: GlobalSpec Events Calendar INSIDE SENSORS About Sensors Advertising Media Kit News Room ... Contact Us Diamagnetic Levitation: The Invisible Force Until recently a laboratory curiosity, diamagnetism has entered the commercial world as part of a hybrid levitation system in which a diamagnetic force provides the necessary control stability and permanent magnets supply the lift. Mar 1, 2001 By: Roger Schmidt, SRI International Sensors I magine two surfaces of a noncontact bearing, less than 1 mm apart and sliding effortlessly past each other without touching. No lubrication SRI's hybrid levitation system, based on permenent magnets and diamagnetism, has been used as a clean-room transport by a magnetic media storage system manufacturer. Now imagine this technology applied to your critical bearing needs. The bearings would have no parts to wear out, no lubrication to contaminate clean environments, and no friction to overcome because the surfaces are held apart by magnetic lines of force, or magnetically levitated.

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