41. Groundwater - Encyclopedia Of Earth In the broadest sense, groundwater refers to all subsurface water. The term more commonly refers to water beneath the surface of the earth which saturates http://www.eoearth.org/article/Groundwater

Author Login Encyclopedia of Earth Search Earthportal Earthnews Encyclopedia of Earth Forum EoE Pages Home About the EoE Community of Scholars FAQs ... Reviews Browse the EoE Titles (A-Z) Author Topics Topic Editor ... Collections Groundwater Table of Contents Introduction How Groundwater Occurs Quality of Groundwater Further Reading Content Source: U.S. Geological Survey (other articles) Article Topics: Water and Environmental monitoring This article has been reviewed and approved by the following Topic Editors: Jim Kundell (other articles) and Galal Hassan Galal Hussein (other articles) Last Updated: June 7, 2007 Introduction In the broadest sense, groundwater refers to all subsurface water. The term more commonly refers to water beneath the surface of the earth which saturates the pores and fractures of sand, gravel, and rock formations. Groundwater is a major source of water for agricultural and industrial purposes, and is an important source of drinking water for many people around the world. wetland , or it may lie many hundreds of feet below the surface, as in some arid regions. Water at very shallow depths might be just a few hours old; at moderate depth, it may be hundreds of years old; and at great depth or after having flowed long distances from places of entry, water may be several thousands of years old. Figure 1. Fresh water storage on earth. (Source:

42. Groundwater groundwater has always held a special and mystical place in human development. groundwater and wells have been the basis of life forever http://jersey.uoregon.edu/~mstrick/hydrosphere/Lectures_hydro/Groundwater.html

Groundwater Click here for a list of vocabulary associated with this topic Including... Introduction to Groundwater Linkage to surface water Origin of Groundwater Occurrence and movement of groundwater ... Geological Role of Groundwater Introduction to Groundwater Review Water Cycle Produces fractured and broken rock, and a soil horizon In a natural setting soil soaks up precipitation Results in a groundwater system Which in places leaks onto the surface General description of groundwater Floodplain water vs. bedrock aquifers Groundwater has always held a special and mystical place in human development Groundwater and wells have been the basis of life forever Wells have always been important to the development of an area Source of unpolluted water Walled cities needed a good INTERNAL source of water to withstand sieges Water availability represents the ultimate demographic control Rome - did lead poisoning from water pipes cause the Empire to fall? Wells - some were quite deep Orvieto, Italy - 200' deep and had 2 spiral ramps used by donkeys to bring water to the surface Technology has allowed humans to seriously impact the water balance Increased agriculture and urbanization in fundamentally arid lands The ability to economically retrieve deep groundwater As opposed to near-surface "floodplain" water

43. The UK Groundwater Forum Source of information and a platform for information exchange on groundwater topics in and for the UK. http://www.groundwateruk.org/

REGISTER ONLINE CONTACT US WHAT'S NEW ABOUT THE FORUM ... HOME Raising awareness of groundwater in the UK groundwater is a source of drinking water for millions of people in the UK groundwater supports our rivers and wetlands and the plants and wildlife that exist in and around them but groundwater is under threat from our increasing water needs pollution and climate change use this site to find out what you need to know about the issues that affect groundwater in the UK . Site by

44. Central Wisconsin Groundwater Center elping citizens and governments manage the groundwater in Wisconsin wisely, through education, public information, applied research, and technical http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/gndwater/

elping citizens and governments manage the groundwater in Wisconsin wisely, through education, public information, applied research, and technical assistance. Groundwater is an essential resource in Wisconsin. It provides drinking water for 70% of Wisconsin residents and 95% of Wisconsin communities. Groundwater also feeds our lakes, streams and wetlands and helps sustain the many creatures who live there. Throughout history, groundwater has been a hidden and often misunderstood resource - "out of sight and out of mind." However, as population grows and land uses intensify, threats to groundwater quality and quantity are increasing. Individuals and communities need help in using information and developing skills to decide the future of their drinking water and groundwater resources. That is the reason the Central Wisconsin Groundwater Center was established in 1985. The Center is an affiliate of the Center for Watershed Science and Education . It is part of the University of Wisconsin - Extension Cooperative Extension Service and housed in the College of Natural Resources at UW-Stevens Point. (

45. Interactive Groundwater Unified Deterministic Stochastic groundwater Modeling. A Completely WindowBased and Point-and-Click groundwater Environment http://www.egr.msu.edu/igw/

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46. Michigan Groundwater Association Welcome to the web site of The Michigan Ground Water Association, Inc. We have assembled information on our web site we feel to be of value to our members http://www.michigangroundwater.com/

2008 Convention Join MGWA Fundamentals Course Contractors 2008 Convention Join MGWA Fundamentals Course Contractors ... Officers

47. Center For Groundwater Research Center for groundwater Research (CGR), Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems (EBS), OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health and http://cgr.ese.ogi.edu/

CGR About Introduction Facilities LEAP Tanks Directions Research Iron Walls (PRBs) Chemical Oxidation Fuel Oxygenates Hydrologic Modeling Education MERL CD-ROM Databases IronRefs Center for Groundwater Research Department of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems 20000 NW Walker Road Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921 USA Phone: (503) 748-1070, FAX: (503) 748-1273 Web: http://cgr.ebs.ogi.edu/ Email: info@ebs.ogi.edu The classic and influential 1988 text by Friedrich Schwille Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media was translated from Germany by Jim Pankow. The book is out of print but now available here as a PDF. For details, click on the cover to the left. Above: The acclaimed and authoritative reference book on the history, movement, and remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Click on the cover for details. cgr site

48. Colorado Ground Water Association, Groundwater In Colorado, Ground Water, Colora Join your friends and associates for an evening of postholiday celebration featuring a social hour, excellent dinner, and a hot topic ground water http://www.coloradogroundwater.org/

Enter your search terms Web CGWA Submit search form What's New New Lower Price! CGWA Ground Water Atlas has had a price reduction. Buy it now for $25, includes shipping! Members, request the CGWA Ground Water Model for ground water education events. Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa WELCOME TO THE CGWA WEBSITE Announcements Upcoming Events Colorado Ground-Water Association's Annual Holiday Party Wednesday, January 23, 2008 at 6:30 pm Please join us at Assignments Restaurant for CGWA's annual Holiday Party on Wednesday January 23, 2008 at 6:30 pm. Join your friends and associates for an evening of post-holiday celebration featuring a social hour, excellent dinner, and a "hot topic" ground water presentation. Bring your significant other, family member, or friend to share in our annual premiere event. Suggested attire is semi-formal. Assignments is located at 675 South Broadway, Denver, Colorado, on the west side of Broadway. Learn More. Download Newsletter Download our latest newsletter here. Please go to our Publications page to view back issues. October 2007 Acrobat Reader is required to view our newsletter. Download the FREE Acrobat Reader software by clicking on the image below.

49. GSI Environmental, Inc. GSI Environmental, Inc. (formerly groundwater Services, Inc.) is an environmental engineering firm which specializes in the assessment and management of http://www.gsi-net.com/

Welcome to GSI Environmental Inc. Please use this website to learn about us, to buy our software products, to register for a training course, or to download free stuff of interest to you. Terms of Use Privacy Policy

50. Environment Agency - Groundwater The rocks beneath our feet can be an important source of water. In some regions groundwater is an important source of drinking water for public supply. http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/waterres/groundwater/?lang=_e&vers

51. Illinois Groundwater Association The IGA seeks to advance the knowledge of groundwater resources in Illinois and functions exclusively for charitable and educational purposes. http://www.iga.uiuc.edu/

Welcome to the Illinois Groundwater Association Web Site! These pages can also be viewed without frames Please send your comments to the webmaster! Last Revision: 21 Mar 2001 RAL

52. Pesticides And Groundwater Contamination, Bulletin 820-92 Pesticides and groundwater Contamination, Bulletin 82092. http://ohioline.osu.edu/b820/index.html

Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination Bulletin 820 Dr. Acie C. Waldron Pesticide Coordinator Ohio Cooperative Extension Service The Ohio State University Introduction The Fate Processes Pesticide Transfer Pesticide Degradation ... Preventive Measures The author thanks Dr. William F. Lyon, professor, Dr. David J. Shetlar, assistant professor, Extension Entomology, and Thomas Camm, program assistant, Pesticide Applicator Training, Ohio Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University, for their helpful review and comments. Information sources for this publication include the slide-tape presentation Protecting Groundwater, Cornell University; Fact Sheet No. 8, The Fate of Pesticides in the Environment and Groundwater Protection , Penn State University; the EXTOXNET publication Movement of Pesticides in the Environment , Michigan State University; and various other materials organized by the author for presentation at Pesticide Applicator Training Schools and professional meetings of agribusiness, commodity, and grower associations. All educational programs conducted by Ohio State University Extension are available to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, gender, age, disability or Vietnam-era veteran status.

53. Pacific Groundwater Group :: Water Resource & Environmental Consulting Based in Seattle, WA, Pacific groundwater Group is dedicated to solving the complex water resource and environmental challenges of the Pacific Northwest. http://www.pgwg.com/

Formed in 1987, Pacific Groundwater Group is dedicated to solving the complex water resource and environmental challenges of the Pacific Northwest. With an experienced staff that includes some of the most highly regarded professionals in the industry, we offer our clients a range of diverse and complementary skills.

54. GWCLIM.ORG - Groundwater & Climate In Africa groundwater Climate in Africa an international conference June 25-28th, 2008 Kampala, Uganda. http://www.gwclim.org/

Home Committees Programme/Sessions Timetable ... Contact English Français Supported by: UNESCO-IHP an international conference June 24-28th, 2008 Kampala, Uganda Current monitoring and assessments of the impacts of climate variability and change on water resources commonly exclude groundwater. This omission is of particular concern in Africa where current usage and future adaptations in response to climate change and rapid population growth, place considerable reliance upon groundwater to meet domestic, agricultural, and industrial water demands. The conference seeks to bring together water and climate scientists from research/academic institutions, government departments, and private sector as well as representatives from international agencies, donors and consortia in order to share knowledge and expertise, and thereby improve current understanding of the impact of climate and development on groundwater resources in Africa. Presentations of case studies from outside Africa are welcome. Presenters are encouraged, however, to articulate clearly the generic aspects of their study that might inform research and policy in Africa. A limited number of grants will be available to facilitate the participation of presenters from low-income countries.

55. IGWA.org - Iowa Groundwater Association Cooperate with the activities of various state and national associations organized in the interest of groundwater use, conservation, management, http://www.igwa.org/

Communication · Education · Research Home Contact Search About the IGWA History of the IGWA Board of Directors Past Board Members Membership Become an IGWA Member Membership Directory Events and Projects Calendar of Events Devonian Fossil Gorge Iowa Children's Water Festival Resources Excerpts from Iowa Groundwater Quarterly Stratigraphic Column of Iowa Web Sites of Interest ... Fall Meeting Registration IGWA Objectives Promote education and research on Iowa groundwater issues. Foster cooperation and information exchange throughout its membership Improve communication between state regulatory officials, professionals, and technicians working with groundwater, Cooperate with the activities of various state and national associations organized in the interest of groundwater use, conservation, management, and protection. The Iowa Groundwater Association IGWA 2007 WINTER MEETING December 4th, 2007

56. Groundwater-Vistas--Groundwater, Ground Water Modeling, Surface Water, And Envir groundwater Vistas (GV) is a sophisticated Windows graphical user interface for 3D groundwater flow transport modeling. GV couples a powerful model http://www.groundwater-vistas.com/

My Account Cart Contents Checkout Free Catalog! Register to receive Free Catalog Newsletter! Free SSG E-News Enter E-mail: Information Privacy Statement Price Guarantee Links Page Contact Us Home Groundwater Vistas (GV) GV couples a powerful model design system with comprehensive graphical analysis tools. Developed by the author of ModelCadTM, GV is a model-independent graphical design system for MODFLOW MODPATH (both steady-state and transient versions), MODFLOWT, MODFLOW-SURFACT, MODFLOW2000, GFLOW, RT3D, PATH3D, SEAWAT and PEST , the model-independent calibration software. The combination of PEST and GV's automatic sensitivity analysis make GV a powerful calibration tool. Scientific Software Group Groundwater Vistas links

57. ILLINOIS ASSOCIATION OF GROUNDWATER PROFESSIONALS groundwater Professionals is dedicated to the protection and efficient utilization and providing consumer information about water wells and groundwater. http://www.iagp.org/

The Illinois Association of Groundwater Professionals is dedicated to the protection and efficient utilization of groundwater, providing programs that support industry professionalism and providing consumer information about water wells and groundwater. Contact Us Links Photos Updated December 14, 2007 New 2006 Consumer Guide This 36-page booklet was created to give consumers important information about their water well. Sections include: Click here for online copy Congratulations to these Newly Licensed Water Well Contractors Water Well Contractor License (Driller) Mark E. Brown Yorkville, IL James R. Erwin Salisbury, IL Richard N. Mileager Waupun, WI Jason Charles Niewinski Taylorville, IL Nicholas R. Thompson Warren, IL Pump Installation Contractor License Nathan M. Brockhouse

58. GroundwaterSoftware.com - Sampling Equipment, Groundwater Software, Risk Assessm Purchase groundwater software now and download immediately at discounted prices. Many applications available flow and transport modeling, slope stability http://www.groundwatersoftware.com/

view cart check out Search Products GroundwaterSoftware.com 520 Chicopee Row Groton, MA, 01450 Tel: (978) 772-4622 Fax: (978) 477-0250 E-mail Us Here Welcome... Purchase groundwater software online and download immediately or obtain it via regular mail Our Services Include: Software sales. Sampling equipment sales. A free online Groundwater Calculator. A Modeling Help Desk. Why We Are The Best Choice: You can get software via regular mail or download. We represent a wide variety of vendors. We will match any low price. We are a group of hydrogeologists. Monthly Featured Products RBCA Took Kit v2.0 New Release Levelogger $574 Surfer $549 home sell here ... about us Brought to you by: Environmental Software Online, LLC

59. Index The Ogallala Aquifer contains vast amounts of groundwater but with little to Management of the Ogallala Aquifer and its groundwater resources was and is http://www.npwd.org/

North Plains Groundwater Conservation District NPGCD is a Groundwater Guardian Community This website is best viewed in Internet Explorer Link to 2008 Management Plan Link to Notice of Management Plan Public Hearing Link to Notice of NPGCD Rule Changes History and Purpose T he Texas State Legislature in 1949 authorized the creation of Groundwater Conservation Districts to perform certain prescribed duties, functions, and hold specific powers as set forth in Article 7880-3c, Texas Civil Statutes, changed to Chapter 52 of the Texas Water Code, currently Chapter 36 of the Texas Water Code. A confirmation election was held in 1955 and the vote to create a groundwater conservation district dedicated to protect and conserve groundwater resources was affirmed. Sherman County, Hansford County, Ochiltree County, and the area north of the Canadian River in Hartley County, Moore County, and Hutchinson County comprised the original area of the District. In 1973 the people of Lipscomb County voted to annex into the District and in 1993 and 2004 portions of Dallam County were annexed into the District. The main District office is located in the Texas Panhandle in the city of Dumas Texas, Moore County. The Texas Panhandle is arid to sub-arid in climate with few surface water resources and for a large majority of the area the only water supply is from the groundwater resources of the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala Aquifer contains vast amounts of groundwater but with little to no recharge and around 8800 (within this district alone) active wells it is a finite and dwindling resource. Management of the Ogallala Aquifer and its groundwater resources was and is recognized as a priority and groundwater conservation districts were created by the Texas State Legislature to address Groundwater Management.

60. Groundwater Basics This sequence of illustrations and explanations is reproduced from What Is groundwater? a bulletin prepared by Dr. Lyle S. Raymond, Jr., and published by http://www.mqtinfo.org/planningeduc0019.asp

Land Use Planning Information Groundwater Basics This sequence of illustrations and explanations is reproduced from "What Is Groundwater?" a bulletin prepared by Dr. Lyle S. Raymond, Jr., and published by New York State Water Resources Institute, Cornell University. This tutorial will help explain the nature of groundwater, including its source, movement, and behavior. Where Groundwater Comes From Groundwater begins with rain and snow melt that seeps or infiltrates into the ground. The amount of water that seeps into the ground varies widely from place to place according to the type of land surface that is present. In porous surface material that water readily seeps through, such as sand or gravel, 40 to 50 percent of the rain and snow melt may seep into the ground. Seepage into less porous surface material may range from 5 to 20 percent. The remainder of the rain and snow melt runs off the land surface into streams or returns to the atmosphere by evaporation. Seepage into the ground is also strongly influenced by the season of the year. Evaporation is greater during the warm months, including evaporation through plant leaves, known as transpiration. During the cold months, the ground may be frozen, hindering water seepage, and evaporation is less. The Saturated Zone Rain and snow melt that seeps into the ground continues downward under the force of gravity until it reaches a depth where water fills all of the openings (pores) in the soil or rock. This is called the saturated zone. The saturated zone typically includes numerous water-filled crevices in the upper layer of bedrock. Deeper bedrock layers may have few or no crevices where water can penetrate.

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