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         Enculturated Apes:     more detail

41. Chimps Gain Smarts From Hanging With Humans - LiveScience - MSNBC.com
The enculturated chimps successfully chose the hybrid rake that would get them yogurt, as seen in the researchers video, while the sanctuary apes randomly
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19312192/
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Chimps gain smarts from hanging with humans
Study shows those raised by humans more likely to learn how to use tools
E. Herrmann / Live Science
Studies have shown that chimps have culture, cooperate intelligently, and may also be altruistic. Now scientists learn that those enculturated by humans have greater capacity for learning.
By By Charles Q. Choi A bit of human nature can apparently rub off on chimpanzees. Chimps nurtured by humans since birth have a far better chance of figuring out how to use new tools, a new study shows. The findings highlight untapped potential within chimpanzees that can get uncovered "by studying them when they have been raised under very comparable conditions as our own children," said Ohio State University cognitive primatologist Sally Boysen. The research suggests that early human ancestors may have been far more sophisticated in their mental capacities than previously thought, she added. "The emergence of higher order thinking, as well as motor skills that would permit complex tool use and construction and other cultural features of human social interaction, may have been part of our human ancestry much earlier than otherwise predicted by the fossil record of artifacts and human remains," Boysen told LiveScience.

42. Field Notes From An Evolutionary Psychologist: Are Tots Smarter Than Apes?
On the other hand, sometimes researchers test apes who have not grown up in an enriched, human enculturated world. Of course apes can t solve the problems
http://newfoundlandnews.blogspot.com/2007/09/are-tots-smarter-than-apes.html
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Field Notes from an Evolutionary Psychologist
Friday, September 07, 2007
Are Tots Smarter Than Apes?
Are Tots Smarter Than Apes?
NO say some researchers who have tested toddlers and nonhuman apes in the same cognitive tests - such as indicating which container has more raisins in it or retrieving food hidden inside a box. Other researchers say YES, human two year olds are more able to infer the action of another and to use imitation to solve problems.
I haven't read the studies, both published recently in Science , but they sound like the usual findings: One group finds evidence that apes can solve problems by watching someone solve a problem; another groups finds no evidence for it.
So what gives?
I'm always a little suspicious of these experiments for two main reasons.
On one hand is the issue of the nonhuman participants. How old are they? Apes show progressive cognitive development like humans (and for that matter other animals) do, and the apes mature a bit slower. Often the researchers compare the performance of adult great apes to human toddlers. When researchers don't find evidence that tots and apes can solve the same problems, sometimes it is because the two species are not at the same developmental stage.
On the other hand, sometimes researchers test apes who have not grown up in an enriched, human enculturated world. Of course apes can't solve the problems tots can solve if they haven't been exposed

43. Access : : Nature
Finally, it has been argued that evidence for imitation in apes comes largely from individuals that are enculturated by close interactions with humans,
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7059/full/nature04047.html
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Nature doi ; Received 9 June 2005; Accepted 21 July 2005; Published online 21 August 2005

44. Language In Child And Chimp?
Ask yourself how different is an enculturated ape s use of human language from that of an exceptional dog like Fellow or parrot like Alex?
http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/apelang.html
General information and commentary on the issues ( revised 4-04) BUT before you move on to apes, ask yourself: What is human language? What are its functions ? What are the descriptive facts of human language acquisition by humans. Equipped with even cursory answers to these basic questions, you can proceed to the question of non-human use of human-based language codes. Ask yourself how different is an enculturated ape's use of human language from that of an exceptional dog like Fellow or parrot like Alex? (And speaking of exceptional, what is the variability in apes performance? One of the remarkable facts of human language acquisition, is that it is very uniform across a wide range of children and experiences. This may reflect the much less genetic variability of humans in contrast to other large primates.) Finally what we can begin to speculate on what kind of genetic changes might have occurred to evolve language in concert with evolving culture. (See recent reports in News and the old Limber, 1982

45. IngentaConnect A Critical Review Of The Enculturation Hypothesis: The Effects Of
Here I review some of the controversy surrounding enculturation in great apes, and present an alternative nonmentalistic version of the enculturation
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/10071/2004/00000007/00000004/art00001
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46. Lyn Miles: ZoomInfo Business People Information
Join the Chantek Foundation and help support research with Chantek as well as create a new Primate Cultural Center for enculturated ape persons,
http://www.zoominfo.com/people/Miles_Lyn_59278055.aspx
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View all 23 references Web References
  • 1. ApeNet www.apenet.org [Cached] Published on: 1/26/2007 Last Visited: 1/26/2007 Dr. Lyn Miles Chantek Foundation - President, ApeNet, Inc. 2. Koko.org / Maui Ape Preserve / Supporters www.koko.org/preserve/map_supp [Cached] Published on: 4/5/2006 Last Visited: 12/10/2007 Lyn Miles (Pres., Chantek Foundation) 3. THE CHANTEK FOUNDATION www.chantek.org [Cached] Published on: 11/14/2000 Last Visited: 11/14/2000 Chantek is a twenty-two year old male orangutan who was enculturated and taught to use sign language by anthropologist Dr. H. Lyn Miles . Join the Chantek Foundation and help support research with Chantek as well as create a new Primate Cultural Center for enculturated ape persons, like Chantek.
    Anthropologist Dr. H. Lyn Miles

    • 47. Pretend Play In Pan How Does Symbolic Knowledge Affect
    One possibility is that the enculturation by humans stimulates the biological capability for pretend play extant in apes.
    http://lel.ed.ac.uk/evolang/2004/ABSTRACTS/TALKS/greenfield-lyn.txt

    48. Enculturation: Collette Balmain
    Colette Balmain Enculturation, Vol. 3, No. 1, Fall 2000 . In the space between these two harmonies the apes destiny is formed.
    http://enculturation.gmu.edu/3_1/balmain.html
    Temporal Reconfigurations in Kubrick's
    Colette Balmain
    Enculturation, Vol. 3, No. 1, Fall 2000
    About the Author
    Table of Contents
    I would not think of quarreling with your interpretation nor offering any other, as I have found it always the best policy to allow the film to speak for itself. - Stanley Kubrick
    Beginnings One reason to read Deleuze is to reinvigorate questions and problems that have otherwise reached an impasse. Intentionally or unintentionally, Deleuze challenges contemporary theory to confront its blind spots and dead ends, as well as to question its resistance to other philosophical perspectives on image, meaning, and spectatorship. (Rodowick, 1997, XI)
    Deleuze's thought on cinema in Cinema 1: The Movement Image (1992) and Cinema 2: The Time Image (1989) brings together an assemblage of film and philosophy to produce 'a kind of provoked becoming of thought.' (Tomlinson and Galeta in Deleuze 1992: xv). In these two volumes, which chart a brief history of cinema from silent films to Hollywood blockbusters and beyond, Deleuze differentiates between two types of moving image: the movement image and the time image. The movement image is the space of classical cinema built around an organic continuity and linear structure and can be seen in the typical Hollywood action, generic, studio produced narratives which works through repetition, cause and effect and equilibrium and disequilibrium. The space of the movement image is also that of traditional philosophical thought in which time is subordinated to movement. The time image, which offers a direct image of time consequently, is not just a question of cinematic form but also marks a rupture in philosophical systems of ordering the world.

    49. Raking It In The Impact Of Enculturation On Chimpanzee Tool Use
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    http://www.springerlink.com/index/5n28v315w6666741.pdf

    50. Wiley InterScience :: Session Cookies
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    51. Adaptive Behavior
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    http://adb.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/79.pdf

    52. CJO - Abstract - Ethnography Should Replace Experimentation
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    http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=172359

    53. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. - Error
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    54. 12th Meeting Of TheItalian Primatological Society
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    55. MIT Press - Cookie Absent
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    http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/dram.2007.51.1.49
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    56. Imitation In Animals And Artifacts
    animal vocalizations mp3 ape, Google, Page 1 .. Lieberman, and Herman) whose enculturation allows them to accept humans (and possibly humanoid robots) as
    http://www.scribd.com/doc/323413/Imitation-in-Animals-and-Artifacts
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