1. Echinodermata The morphology, development and taxonomic status of Xyloplax Baker, Rowe and Clark 1986 (echinodermataConcentricycloidea), with the description of a new http://www.tolweb.org/Echinodermata

Under Construction Containing Groups Deuterostomia Bilateria Animals Eukaryotes ... Life on Earth Other Deuterostomia Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata Subgroups Crinoidea Asteroidea Somasteroidea Holothuroidea Echinodermata Spiny-skinned animals: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies Gregory A. Wray This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right. You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species. For more information on ToL tree formatting, please see

2. Introduction To The Echinodermata Overview of the systematics and ecology of starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and sand dollars. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/echinodermata/echinodermata.html

Introduction to the Echinodermata . . . from starfish to sea cucumbers. . . A nyone who has been to the beach has probably seen starfish or sand dollars. The more intrepid beachcomber may find brittle stars sea cucumbers , or sea urchins. These and many other organisms, living and extinct, make up the Echinodermata, the largest phylum to lack any freshwater or land representatives. Most living echinoderms, like this sand dollar from Baja California, are pentameral ; that is, they have fivefold symmetry, with rays or arms in fives or multiples of five. However, a number of fossil echinoderms were not pentameral at all, and some had downright bizarre shapes. Echinoderms have a system of internal water-filled canals, which in many echinoderms form suckered "tube feet", with which the animal may move or grip objects. Click on the buttons below to find out more about the Echinodermata Images and information about various living California echinoderms are available through the DELTA Project of the California State University system. Visit the Echinoderm Homepage at the California Academy of Sciences for additional information and links. Or peruse the

3. Echinoderm - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Echinoderms (Phylum echinodermata, from the Greek for spiny skin) are a phylum of marine animals found at all ocean depths. Aside from the problematic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm

Echinoderm From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Echinoderms Fossil range: Late Ediacaran ?-Recent A brittle star resting on a brain coral Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Eumetazoa Superphylum: Deuterostomia Phylum: Echinodermata Klein Homalozoa Homostelea Homoiostelea Stylophora Ctenocystoidea Crinozoa Crinoidea Eocrinoidea Jaekel Paracrinoidea Regn©ll, 1945 Cystoidea von Buch, 1846 Asterozoa Ophiuroidea Asteroidea Echinozoa Echinoidea Holothuroidea Ophiocistioidea Helicoplacoidea ... Blastozoa † = extinct Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata , from the Greek for spiny skin ) are a phylum of marine animals found at all ocean depths. Aside from the problematic Arkarua , the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian period, and contains about 7,000 living species , making it the second largest grouping of deuterostomes, after the chordates ; they are the largest phylum without freshwater or terrestrial representatives. The Echinoderms are important both biologically and geologically: biologically because few other groupings are so abundant in the biotic desert of the deep sea, as well as the shallower oceans, and geologically as their ossified skeletons are major contributors to many limestone formations, and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment. Further, it is held by some that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for the Mesozoic revolution of marine life.

4. ADW: Echinodermata: Information Some characteristics of the phylum that includes starfish, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, crinoids and brittle stars. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Echinodermata.ht

Overview News Technology Conditions of Use ... Home Kingdom Animalia Phylum Echinodermata Phylum Echinodermata echinoderms Information Pictures Specimens Classification editLink('skunkworks/.accounts/eb5b0032-0088-4f60-b1e0-53e33735b932') 2008/01/20 03:59:06.722 US/Eastern By Renee Sherman Mulcrone Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Echinodermata Members of this Phylum Diversity Echinodermata has approximately 7000 described living species and about 13,000 extinct species known from the fossil record. This phylum is the largest without any freshwater or terrestrial forms. Brusca and Brusca, 2003 Waggoner, 1999 Geographic Range Mainly a marine group, echinoderms are found in all the oceans. Brusca and Brusca, 2003 Biogeographic Regions: arctic ocean ; indian ocean; atlantic ocean pacific ocean ; mediterranean sea. Habitat Except for a few species which inhabit brackish waters, all echinoderms are benthic organisms found in marine environments. Echinoderms inhabit depths ranging from shallow waters at tide lines to the deep sea. Barnes, 1987 Brusca and Brusca, 2003 University of Alabama Center for Communication and Educational Technology, 2000 Waggoner, 1999 These animals are found in the following types of habitat: temperate tropical polar saltwater or marine Aquatic Biomes: brackish water Other: intertidal or littoral Systematic and Taxonomic History Echinoderm means "spiny skin.". Because of its abundant fossil record, up to 25 classes have been recognized. A traditional hypothesis of the

5. Echinodermata - Introduction The echinodermata, (from the Greek meaning spiny skin), is a phylum containing about 6000 species, and constitutes the only major group of deuterostome* http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/units/echi1.htm

Unit: Echinodermata 1 Introduction ECHINODERMATA The Echinodermata, (from the Greek meaning spiny skin), is a phylum containing about 6000 species, and constitutes the only major group of deuterostome* invertebrates. Since most echinoderms possess some form of calcareous* skeleton, we have a very good fossil record of the evolution of this group, although many aspects of their evolution are far from clear. Their relationship to other phyla is also poorly understood, for the echinoderms were already well differentiated at the onset of the Palaeozoic* era, and their distinctive characteristics seem to be unparalleled in any other group. The echinoderms are a large and successful, entirely marine group of coelomate* animals. They are mainly free-living, but fossil evidence indicates that they are derived from sessile* ancestors and they have shown two mutually opposing trends. The first trend has been towards a free-living habit, with the development of jaws and oral appendages for seeking out food. The second, more primitive trend, has been to adopt a sessile habit and become attached to the substratum by the aboral* surface or stalk. The crinoids (

6. Echinodermata echinodermata includes the starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers and feather stars. Just like the name says they have spines or spicules on http://library.thinkquest.org/26153/marine/enchino.htm

ECHINODERMATA PHYLUM: PORIFERA CNIDARIA CTENOPHORA PLATYHELMINTHES ... MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA CHORDATA BACK TO : KINGDOM ANIMALIA (Greek.echin = hedgehog + derma = skin) Echinodermata includes the starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, sea cucumbers and feather stars. Just like the name says they have spines or spicules on their skins to a varying degree in the different groups. The usually have a radial symmetry with no anterior or posterior, but radiating out from a central point. Radial symmetry is present only in the adult form (larvae bilateral). They reproduce sexually and most of the species release eggs and sperm into the water where the fertilization then occurs. The huge number of gametes produced compensates for the wastefulness of this type of fertilization. The larvae are attractive, planktonic creatures that are transparent and has long slender arms. Characteristics: 1. Symmetry is usually radial in adults, bilateral in larvae. Triploblastic. Most of the organs are ciliated. No segmentation. 2. Body surface of five symmetrical radiating areas, or ambularca, from which the tube feet project.

7. Macrobenthos Of The North Sea - Echinodermata > Introduction Starfishes, seacucumbers, brittle-stars, sea-urchins of the North Sea, with taxonomic descriptions and notes on habitat and distribution. http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/echinodermata.php

Introduction General morphology Morphology: Crinoidea Morphology: Asteroidea Morphology: Ophiuroidea Morphology: Echinoidea Morphology: Holothurioidea Reproduction Classification Introduction Members of the phylum Echinodermata are exclusively marine and most of them are bottom dwellers. The most striking characteristic of most species of this group is the pentamerous radial symmetry. This symmetry, however, has been secondarily derived from a bilateral ancestral form and is lost in some recent species. Another characteristic, unique to the echinoderms, is the water-vascular, or ambulacral, system. The phylum is divided into five easily recognized classes: 1. Crinoidea, the stalked sea-lilies and feather-stars (Greek: 'lily-like'). This class is most primitive and comprises most sessile species as well as a number of free-swimming forms without a stalk. 2. Asteroidea, the starfishes (or sea-stars) and cushion-stars (Greek: 'star-like'). 3. Ophiuroidea, the brittle-stars and basket-stars (Greek: 'snake-like'). 4. Echinoidea, the sea-urchins, sand-dollars and heart-urchins (Greek: 'spiny').

8. The Shape Of Life . Echinoderms | PBS Phylum echinodermata Includes Sea Stars, Sea Lillies, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Brittle Stars. While the majority of animal body plans are bilateral with http://www.pbs.org/kcet/shapeoflife/animals/echinoderms.html

var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); Includes: Sea Stars, Sea Lillies, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Brittle Stars While the majority of animal body plans are bilateral with a distinct head and tail, echinoderms do not follow this pattern. While many echinoderms begin life as a bilateral larva, later in life they take a radical change of course. They become radial with five-part symmetry and no central brain. Echinoderms move, feed and breathe with a unique water-vascular system ending in what are called tube feet. Sea stars use their tube feet to slowly pry open clams, mussels or other prey. Some sea stars can even evert their stomach between the two shells of a bivalve and digest the soft parts inside. The bodies of echinoderms are made of hard, calcium-based plates that are often spiny and covered by a thin skin. While most echinoderms are either stationary or slow-moving, methodical animals, they are nevertheless prominent members of the marine environment. Learn more about Echinoderms in "Ultimate Animal" Website links about Echinoderms Internal skeleton made of little calcium plates Five-part symmetry Special fluid-filled system (called a water vascular system) that operates the tube feet Classification Common Name Asteroidea sea star Echinoidea sea urchin Holothuroidea sea cucumber Orthasterias koehleri sea star

9. The CAS Echinoderm Web Page The echinodermata is a phylum of exclusively marine invertebrates with a fossil record Researches the phylogenetic systematics of the echinodermata, http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/

Introduction to the Echinodermata The Echinodermata is a phylum of exclusively marine invertebrates with a fossil record extending back to the Precambrian. The echinoderm clade is supported by a number of unique features, including a water vascular system a system of endoskeletal elements (arising from mesoderm) composed of a calcareous meshwork called stereom basic 5-part symmetry (often modified later in ontogeny) expressed in the development of 5 primary lobes in the hydrocoel of the rudiment construction of ambulacra by the addition of new plates adjacent to the terminal (or ocular) plate that marks the ends of the radial canals a diffuse sub-epithelial nervous system Other Echinoderm Resources Summary and Taxonomy of the Echinodermata Links to other Echinoderm web resources and Echinoderm research links Echinoderm Research at the California Academy of Sciences Dr. Rich Mooi Researches the phylogenetic systematics of the Echinodermata, but particularly in echinoids. Cataloged Echinoderm Holdings at the California Academy of Sciences Link to IZ Type Catalog (Gopher) The Echinoderm Collection The CAS Invertebrate Zoology and Geology Research Collection focuses on material collected primarily from the East and Indo-Pacific. Holdings are strongest in asteroids, ophiuroids and echinoids from the Northwest Pacific, especially the California coast. Shallow water and deep-sea recent material is represented and there is also a substantial number of fossil echinoderm specimens.

10. Echinodermata Phylum echinodermata echinoderms. Subphylum Crinozoa - radially symmetric as ADULTS, with an upward mouth. Class Crinoidea - Feather stars http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/echinoderms.html

Echinodermata Echinoderms are the closest relatives to Chordates. It may not seem so at first, but looking closely at embryological evidence, it is believed that chordates and echinoderms shared a common relative. This relative is believed to have been something along the lines of sea urchin - an orgasnism a bit larger than a golf ball with spines extending radially like the guy from Hellraiser. Interesting little creatures, they aren't especially intelligent. In fact, they don't do much of anything. Keep in mind that "close" is a relative term. New York and Sydney are close compared to the distance between the earth and Jupiter. It is all a matter of context. In evolution, the context is a matter of many millions of years. Classification of Echinoderms Kingdom Animalia - they're animals Subkingdom Eumetazoa - echinoderms have organs Branch Bilateria - in their early early stages, they all have bilateral symmetry. Grade Coelamata - they have body cavities Subgrade Enterocoela - the mesoderm pouches to form a true body cavity Phylum Echinodermata - echinoderms Subphylum Crinozoa - radially symmetric as ADULTS, with an upward mouth

11. Echinodermata †Arkarua adami †Homalozoa = Calcichordata `+o †Helicoplacoidea ` †Helicoplacus `o echinodermata sensu stricto (pentametric echinodermates; http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Echinodermata/Ech

Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Echinodermata - Spiny-skinned animals Main Groups of Deuterostomes o Echinodermata Arkarua adami Homalozoa Calcichordata Helicoplacoidea Helicoplacus `o Echinodermata sensu stricto Camptostroma Pelmatozoa Lepidocystoidea Astrocystites ottawaensis Whiteaves, 1897 [ Steganoblastus Whiteaves, 1898] Edrioblastoidea Fay, 1962: Pentacystida Jaekel, 191: Astrocystitidae Bassler, 1938 [ Steganoblastidae Bassler, 1900] Parablastoidea Plastocystidae Blastocystis rossica Blastoidocrinus carchariaedens Blastoidea [incl. Eocrinoidea Cystoidea [incl. Diploporida Rhombifera Echmatocrinus Echmatocrinea Echmatocrinida Crinozoa Coronata Paracrinoidea Eustelea Jaekel, 1900; Deviata Jaekel, 1918 Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars; merilijat) `o Eleutherozoa Stromatocystides Edrioasteroidea Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers; merimakkarat) `+?-o Concentricycloidea Xyloplax [possibly aberrant asteroid X. medusiformis X. turnerae Asterozoa Sollasina woodwardi (Sollas) Fedotov, 1926 Ophiocistioidea Sollas, 1899 (

12. M37.htm The general Characteristics of the echinodermata are. Larvae, when present, are bilaterally symmetrical, but adults have a pentamerous radial symmetry. http://www.meer.org/M37.htm

MEER home Marine biology home Table of Contents Index ... Links Phylum Echinodermata Crinoid (sea lily ), from Pratt, 1923. The Echinoderms are among the most obvious and colorful organisms of many temperate seashores. Echinoderms are a very old group, dating from the early Cambrian , and are well represented in the fossil record. There are about 7,000 extant species of echinoderms , which can be divided into six classes: Crinoidea Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea ... Concentricycloidea The Crinoidea , popularly known as Sea lilies and Feather stars, have the body oriented so that the mouth faces up. They may or may not have a stalk. There are about 625 living species of crinoids The Asteroidea (sea stars or starfish ) are among the more familiar forms to most people. The oral surface is typically ventral, they never have a stalk, and usually have multiple "arms" surrounding a central disk. there are about 1,500 living species of Asteroids Asteroid (sea star) Ophiuroid (brittle star), from Halstead (1965) The class Ophiuroidea includes about 2,000 living species of animals that are usually called

13. Definition: Echinodermata From Online Medical Dictionary echinodermata. marine biology Phylum of exclusively marine animals. The phylum is divided into 5 classes the Asteroidea (starfish), the Echinoidea (sea http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?Echinodermata

14. Echinodermata (starfish, Brittle Stars, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers, Crinoids) Phylum echinodermata (starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crinoids). (Life; Metazoa (Animals)). Asteroidea (starfish) (photo G. Williams © http://www.museums.org.za/bio/echinoderms/index.htm

biodiversity explorer Phylum: Echinodermata (starfish, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, crinoids) Life Metazoa (Animals) Asteroidea (starfish) (photo G. Williams ©) Classification Class: Stelleroidea (starfish and brittle stars) Subclass: Asteroidea (starfish) Subclass: Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) Class: Echinoidea (sea urchins, heart urchins and sand dollars) Class: Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Class: Crinoidea (crinoids) Biodiversity Explorer home Iziko home South African Museum home

15. Equinoderme - Wikipédia Translate this page Os equinodermos são os seres do filo echinodermata (gr. echinos, espinho; echinodermata é o maior filo animal que carece de seres que vivem em água doce http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinoderme

Equinoderme Origem: Wikip©dia, a enciclop©dia livre. Ir para: navega§£o pesquisa Equinodermata Classifica§£o cient­fica Reino Animalia Filo Echinodermata Classes Asteroidea Blastoidea (extinta) Concentricycloidea Crinoidea Echinoidea Holothurioidea ... Ophiuroidea Os equinodermos s£o os seres do filo Echinodermata gr. echinos , espinho; derma , pele), pertencente   clade Deuterostomia do reino Animalia . S£o animais marinhos , de vida livre, exceto pelos crinoides que vivem fixos ao substrato rochoso (s©sseis) e de simetria radial que tamb©m contem sua exce§£o: as plumas-do-mar, que se locomovem pelos c­nus. Como exemplo podem ser citados os equinodermos: estrela-do-mar holotºria e ouri§o-do-mar .Este filo surgiu no per­odo Cambriano recente e contªm cerca de 7.000 esp©cies viventes e 13.000 extintas. Estes animais se aproximam muito dos cordados por possu­rem celoma verdadeiro (de origem enteroc©lica ) e por serem deuterost´mios , ou seja, o orif­cio embrion¡rio conhecido como blast³poro origina o ¢nus dos indiv­duos. Na fase larval os equinodermos possuem simetria bilateral , vindo desenvolver a simetrial radial somente no adulto. As larvas s£o livres natantes e semelhantes a embriµes de

16. Echinodermata Sea Stars Feather Stars Sea Urchins Phuket Coral Reef Ecology Guid echinodermata Sea Stars Feather Stars Sea Urchins Phuket coral reef ecology guide Thailand Similan Burma fishes, cnidarians, sponges marine worms, http://www.diveasia.com/reef-guide/echinoderms.htm

Home Liveaboard Cruises Day Trips Diving Courses ... Reptiles Reef Ecology Guide - Echinoderms ECHINODERMS SEA STARS Starfish are well known for their powers of regeneration. A complete new animal can grow from a small fragment. In some species one of the arms will virtually pull itself away from the body and regenerate. Sexual reproduction is also evident in this group. Sexes are generally separate. Their eggs get fertilized externally. From the huge amount of released eggs only relatively few of the free-swimming larvae survive. CROWN-OF-THORNS STARFISH (Acanthaster planci) A large species which are about 40 cm in diameter. Feeds on coral polyps and can destroy entire reefs when occurring periodically in big amounts. It has sharp, toxic spines and wounds can be very painful. Medical attention should be obtained. BLUE SEA STAR (Linckia laevigata) Encountered among algae-covered coral debris and in sea grass beds from shallow water down to 25 m. This species prefers asexual reproduction separating an arm from its body, which converts to a complete animal.

17. Canada's Marine Invertebrates - Echinodermata echinodermata. Echinoderms are one of the most distinctive and common groups of invertebrates in all marine environments from the intertidal zones to http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/inverts/diver/marine/echin.htm

18. Phylum Echinodermata Next Last Index Home Text. Slide 1 of 16. http://faculty.evansville.edu/de3/b10802/PPoint/Echinodermata/sld001.htm

19. General Zoology - Phylum Echinodermata www.cbs.umn.edu/class/spring2000/biol/2012/echino.htm Similar pages echinodermataechinodermata taxonomy, physiology, and body pattern. http://www.cbs.umn.edu/class/spring2000/biol/2012/echino.htm

General Zoology (BIOL 2012) Go To Course Syllabus Phylum Echinodermata "Despite the adaptive value of bilaterality for free-moving animals, and the merits of radial symmetry for sessile animals, echinoderms confounded the rules by becoming free-moving but radial. That they evolved from a bilateral ancestor there can be no doubt, for their larvae are bilateral. They undergo a bizarre metamorphosis to a radial adult in which there is a 90 o reorientation in body axis, with a new mouth arising on the left side and a new anus appearing on the right side. [...] This constellation of characteristics is unique in the animal kingdom. It has both defined and limited the evolutionary potential of the echinoderms." Hickman, C.P. and L.S. Roberts. 1994. Biology of Animals, Sixth Edition . Wm.C.Brown Publishers: Dubuque, Iowa. Pages 604-605. Major Characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata Body not metameric , adult with radial, pentaramous symmetry ( pentaradial ) characterized by five or more radiating areas; No head or brain; few specialized sensory organs;

20. Palaeos Metazoa: Echinodermata: Echinodermata An overview of the echinoderms, with notes on the evoution of the group, and Paleozoic lineages. http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Echinoderms/echinodermata.htm

Palæos Echinodermata METAZOA Echinodermata Page Back Unit Back Unit Home Unit References Unit Cladogram Glossary Taxon Index Page Next ... Time Echinodermata Cambrian to Recent The echinoderms (or "spiny skins") are a diverse group of completely marine animals. They are known from the Cambrian to the Recent and are found in shallow marine waters as well as the deep abyssal plains. They have a soft body encased in a hard rigid shell or exoskeleton (called a test ) made of individual plates (or ossicles ). made up of numerous thin plates. Many echinoderms have spines covering their test (e.g. the sea urchin). This group includes such familiar sea-shore creatures as starfish and sea urchins, as well as a number of less known types, and a whole range of paleozoic forms that are no longer around. there are some 6000 recent species, distributed among five classes. But these are only a small fraction of the number and diversity of types that lived in past ages, especially during the Paleozoic era when the group was at its height. The most distinctive thing about echinoderm appearance is their pentameral - that is, a five fold - radial symmetry. In other words, their body is structured on a five-fold plan, with rays or arms in fives or multiples of five, as shown for example with the familiar starfish with its five arms.

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