21. EPIC Archive - Cryptography Policy A. Michael Froomkin, The Metaphor is the Key cryptography, the Clipper Chip and the Constitution, The University of Pennsylvania Law Review (January 1995). http://epic.org/crypto/

Cryptography Policy Media Coverage of Recent Proposals Previous News Reports Policy Areas ... Other Materials In the wake of the terrorist attacks in New York City and Washington D.C. on September 11, 2001, there have been renewed calls among some lawmakers for restrictions on the use and availability of strong encryption products. In Congressional floor statements on September and , Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) called for a global "new regime" in the area of encryption which would grant law enforcement access to private keys. Sen. Gregg has now stated, however, that he does not intend to introduce a bill to give effect to this proposal. Civil liberties and privacy advocates strongly oppose any attempts to require key escrow, key recovery or other means of accessing encryption keys, arguing that they are an unjustified restriction of individuals' fundamental privacy rights, detrimental to security, costly, subject to massive abuse, and ultimately ineffective crime prevention methods. Technology and security experts also oppose any restricitons on encryption, arguing that they would damage comsumer trust in e-commerce transactions. Media Coverage of Recent Proposals Senator Backs Off Backdoors , by Declan McCullagh, Wired News, Oct. 17, 2001

22. CDT | Cryptography Procrypto resources and news about cryptography related legislation in the United States from the CDT. http://www.cdt.org/crypto/

Page Content Main Menu Section Menu Search Support Us Contact Us Cryptography Concerns about the lack of security online and potential loss of privacy prevent many computer users from realizing the full potential of the Internet. Encryption systems, which scramble electronic communications and information, allow users to communicate on the Internet with confidence, knowing their security and privacy are protected. But the US government blocks export of strong encryption, limiting its widespread use. Headlines House Passes Money Laundering Bill; Senator Drops Call for Crypto Controls - The House of Representatives on Wednesday, Oct. 17 passed an amended version of H.R. 3004 - the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001. Stripped from the bill was a prohibition of Internet gambling and measures that raised civil liberties concerns such as asset forfeiture and warrantless searches of outgoing international mail. Also this week, Senator Judd Gregg (R-NH) backed off his call for anti-encryption mandates. October 18, 2001

23. Cryptography And Steganography JavaScrypt BrowserBased cryptography. A collection of Web pages and programs in the JavaScript language perform military-grade encryption (256 bit secret http://www.fourmilab.ch/nav/topics/crypto.html

Cryptography and Steganography Codegroup Utility which encodes and decodes binary files into five-letter code groups just like secret agents use. Handy for sending small binary messages by telephone, radio, or telegraph. HotBits Quantum mechanics teaches us that, at the deepest level, uncertainty rules the universe: there are things we cannot predict, even in principle. HotBits harnesses this fundamental uncertainty of nature to generate truly random bits, unlike the pseudorandom sequences created by an algorithm on a computer. Along the way, you'll find a discussion of the hardware and software used to generate the random bytes comprehensive enough to build your own, and peek under the hood of quantum mechanics to see why the data are genuinely random, and some of the implications of all this. JavaScrypt : Browser-Based Cryptography A collection of Web pages and programs in the JavaScript language perform military-grade encryption (256 bit secret key AES entirely within your Web browser you needn't download nor install any software, and nothing is sent to any Web site when you encrypt or decrypt a message. You can download the page source and JavaScript programs to your own computer and use them even when not connected to the Internet. Companion pages provide a text-based steganography facility and key generator suitable for preparing one-time key lists. Please visit the JavaScrypt Home Page for details, or the

24. Learning About Cryptography A basic introduction to cryptography ciphers, keys, keyspace, strength, cryptanalysis, etc. A Ciphers By Ritter page. http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/LEARNING.HTM

Learning About Cryptography A Basic Introduction to Crypto A Ciphers By Ritter Page Terry Ritter 2006 January 20 For some reason, good cryptography is just much harder than it looks. This field seems to have a continuous flow of experts from other fields who offer cryptographic variations of ideas which are common in their other field. Now, there is nothing wrong with new ideas. But there are in fact many extremely intelligent and extremely well-educated people with wide-ranging scientific interests who are active in this field. It is very common to find that so-called "new" ideas have been previously addressed under another name or as a general concept. Try to get some background before you get in too deep. You may wish to help support this work by patronizing Ritter's Crypto Bookshop Contents The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography A Concrete Example A Simple Cipher Enciphering ... For Designers The Fundamental Idea of Cryptography It is possible to transform or encipher a message or plaintext into "an intermediate form" or ciphertext in which the original information is present but hidden.

25. Cryptography Definition: TechEncyclopedia From TechWeb cryptography The conversion of data into a secret code for transmission over a public network. http://www.techweb.com/encyclopedia/defineterm.jhtml?term=cryptography

26. Xkcd - A Webcomic Of Romance, Sarcasm, Math, And Language - By Randall Munroe Permanent link to this comic http//xkcd.com/153/. Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding) http//imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cryptography.png http://xkcd.com/153/

Archive Forums News/Blag Store ... About A webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math, and language. XKCD updates every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Cryptography Random Random Permanent link to this comic: http://xkcd.com/153/ Image URL (for hotlinking/embedding): http://imgs.xkcd.com/comics/cryptography.png Search xkcd.com: Search powered by OhNoRobot.com RSS Feed Atom Feed Livejournal Comic Feed: Livejournal Blag Feed: Comics I enjoy: Dinosaur Comics A Softer World Perry Bible Fellowship Copper ... Buttercup Festival Warning: this comic occasionally contains strong language (which may be unsuitable for children), unusual humor (which may be unsuitable for adults), and advanced mathematics (which may be unsuitable for liberal-arts majors). We did not invent the algorithm. The algorithm consistently finds Jesus. The algorithm killed Jeeves. The algorithm is banned in China. The algorithm is from Jersey. The algorithm constantly finds Jesus. This is not the algorithm. This is close. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License

27. GILC -- Cryptography And Liberty Through the use of cryptography, communication and information stored and transmitted by computers can be protected against interception to a very high http://www.gilc.org/crypto/crypto-survey.html

The 1999 update of this report is now available CRYPTOGRAPHY AND LIBERTY 1998 AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY OF ENCRYPTION POLICY February 1998 Global Internet Liberty Campaign http://www.gilc.org/ The Importance of Cryptography Encryption and Human Rights GILC and Encryption ... Index by Country Acknowledgements This Report was made possible by a grant from the Open Society Institute ( http://www.soros.org/osiny.html ). EPIC Senior Fellow Wayne Madsen was the principal researcher and writer. Members of the Global Internet Liberty Campaign provided assistance. Lisa Kamm created the HTML version of the Report. The Importance of Cryptography Emerging computer and communications technologies are radically altering the ways in which we communicate and exchange information. Along with the speed, efficiency, and cost-saving benefits of the "digital revolution" come new challenges to the security and privacy of communications and information traversing the global communications infrastructure. Governmental regulation of cryptographic security techniques endangers personal privacy. Encryption ensures the confidentiality of personal records, such as medical information, personal financial data, and electronic mail. In a networked environment, such information is increasingly at risk of theft or misuse. In their "Resolution in Support of the Freedom to Use Cryptography," members of the Global Internet Liberty Campaign (GILC) noted that "the use of cryptography implicates human rights and matters of personal liberty that affect individuals around the world" and that "the privacy of communication is explicitly protected by Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and national law." See Resolution in Support of the Freedom to Use Cryptography, September 25, 1996 (Appendix B).

28. What Is Cryptography? - A Word Definition From The Webopedia Computer Dictionary This page describes the term cryptography and lists other pages on the Web where you can find additional information. http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/cryptography.html

You are in the: Small Business Computing Channel ECommerce-Guide Small Business Computing Webopedia ... Refer-It Enter a word for a definition... ...or choose a computer category. choose one... All Categories Communications Computer Industry Companies Computer Science Data Graphics Hardware Internet and Online Services Mobile Computing Multimedia Networks Open Source Operating Systems Programming Software Standards Types of Computers Wireless Computing World Wide Web Home Term of the Day New Terms Pronunciation ... Be a Commerce Partner cryptography Last modified: Tuesday, March 16, 2004 The art of protecting information by transforming it ( encrypting it) into an unreadable format, called cipher text . Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (or decrypt ) the message into plain text . Encrypted messages can sometimes be broken by cryptanalysis, also called codebreaking , although modern cryptography techniques are virtually unbreakable. As the Internet and other forms of electronic communication become more prevalent, electronic security is becoming increasingly important. Cryptography is used to protect

29. O'Reilly Media | Java Cryptography Java cryptography teaches you how to write secure programs using Java s cryptographic tools. It includes thorough discussions of the java.security package http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/javacrypt/

My Account View Cart Home Network ... Order Info Buy this Book Print Book PDF Chapter Read it Now! Print Book Reprint Licensing Tell a friend Java Cryptography By  Jonathan Knudsen First Edition May 1998 Pages: 362 Average of 9 Customer Reviews Book description Java Cryptography teaches you how to write secure programs using Java's cryptographic tools. It includes thorough discussions of the java.security package and the Java Cryptography Extensions (JCE), showing you how to use security providers and even implement your own provider. It discusses authentication, key management, public and private key encryption, and includes a secure talk application that encrypts all data sent over the network. If you work with sensitive data, you'll find this book indispensable. Full Description The Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA) The Java Cryptography Extension (JCE) Cryptographic providers The Sun key management tools Message digests, digital signatures, and certificates (X509v3) Block and stream ciphers Implementations of the ElGamal signature and cipher algorithms A network talk application that encrypts all data sent over the network An email application that encrypts its messages Covers JDK 1.2 and JCE 1.2.

30. Cryptography In OpenBSD It s more than designing strong cryptography into a system; it s designing the entire system such that all security measures, including cryptography, http://www.openbsd.org/crypto.html

"The mantra of any good security engineer is: "Security is not a product, but a process." It's more than designing strong cryptography into a system; it's designing the entire system such that all security measures, including cryptography, work together." Bruce Schneier, author of "Applied Cryptography". Cryptography Index Why do we ship cryptography? OpenSSH Pseudo Random Number Generators (PRNG): ARC4, ... Cryptographic Hash Functions Cryptographic Transforms : DES, Blowfish, ... Cryptographic Hardware support International Cryptographers wanted Further Reading Why do we ship cryptography? In three words: because we can The OpenBSD project is based in Canada. The Export Control List of Canada places no significant restriction on the export of cryptographic software, and is even more explicit about the free export of freely-available cryptographic software. Marc Plumb has done some research to test the cryptographic laws Hence the OpenBSD project has embedded cryptography into numerous places in the operating system. We require that the cryptographic software we use be freely available and with good licenses . We do not directly use cryptography with nasty patents. We also require that such software is from countries with useful export licenses because we do not wish to break the laws of any country. The cryptographic software components which we use currently were written in Argentina, Australia, Canada, Germany, Greece, Norway, and Sweden.

31. Quantum Cryptography Tutorial An overview and history of Quantum cryptography with an example protocol. http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~jford/crypto.html

Quantum Cryptography Tutorial 1. Introduction 2. Standard Cryptography 3. History of Quantum Cryptography 4. Quantum Coding ... 7. References 1. Introduction Quantum cryptography is an effort to allow two users of a common communication channel to create a body of shared and secret information. This information, which generally takes the form of a random string of bits, can then be used as a conventional secret key for secure communication. It is useful to assume that the communicating parties initially share a small amount of secret information, which is used up and then renewed in the exchange process, but even without this assumption exchanges are possible. The advantage of quantum cryptography over traditional key exchange methods is that the exchange of information can be shown to be secure in a very strong sense, without making assumptions about the intractability of certain mathematical problems. Even when assuming hypothetical eavesdroppers with unlimited computing power, the laws of physics guarantee (probabilistically) that the secret key exchange will be secure, given a few other assumptions. TOC Intro Std. Crypt.

32. Shortcut To Cryptography cryptography and Data Security(Denning) cryptographyTheory And Practice(Stinson). CRCHandbook of Applied cryptography(Menezes). http://www.subject.com/crypto/crypto.html

www sub j ect. ... movies sho r tcut Ray Kopsa's Shortcut to Cryptography Events.. CerticomPKS'98 EUROCRYPT'98(May31-Jun4) Crypto'98(Aug23-27) ASIACRYPT'98(Oct18-22) ... IntlAssocCryptoResearch(IACR) Collections.. Counterpane CRYPTO•LOG Cypherpunks Quadralay ... Yahoo Intro's.. ClassicCiphers CryptoBytes Meyer:Introduction Notes ... SymmetricKeyBasics(NavalPostGrad) Concepts.. BlindSignatures(Chaum) Cryptovirology DigitalSignatures/SmartCards(DigiCash) KeyEscrow(Denning)... ... ZeroKnowledge(Aronsson)... CryptoMath.. Number Theory: CerticomAlgebra HistoryOfPrimes ofInterestToNumberTheorists Primes ... PublicKey(RSALabs) Elliptic Curves: CerticomTutorial Fermigier ResourcePage ECCCrypto(Joye) Random Numbers: VirtualLib Random Numbers... pLab Server... Ellison:CryptRndNum RSAReport ... RandNumGen Books.. Amazon: Applied Cryptography(Schneier) Codebreakers(Kahn) Contemporary Cryptology(Simmons) Cryptography and Data Security(Denning) ... Official Pgp User Guide(Zimmermann) PGP.. VirtualLib MITdistribution International MITPubKeyServer ... PrettyGoodPrivacyInc Thoughts.. WhichOfTheFollowingDoesNotBelong? DeclarationOfIndependence U.S.Constitution

33. Cryptography - Definition From The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Definition of cryptography from the MerriamWebster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cryptography

Home Visit Our Sites Unabridged Dictionary Learner's Dictionary ... Contact Us Also Visit: Unabridged Encyclopedia Britannica Visual ESL: Learner's for Kids: Spell It! Word Central Dictionary Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Search "cryptography" in: Thesaurus Spanish/English Medical Dictionary Open Dictionary Browse words next to: cryptography Browse the Dictionary: A B C D ... Z cryptography One entry found. cryptography Main Entry: Pronunciation: Function: noun Etymology: New Latin cryptographia, from crypt- -graphia -graphy Date:  secret writing  the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher also  the computerized encoding and decoding of information cryptanalysis Learn more about "cryptography" and related topics at Britannica.com See a map of "cryptography" in the Visual Thesaurus Pronunciation Symbols Products Premium Services ... Advertising Info

34. Personal Page: Vlastimil Klima, Dr. (In Czech: Vlastimil Klíma) Lectures on Applied cryptography at the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague. Professional History http://cryptography.hyperlink.cz/

Personal page: Vlastimil Klima , Dr. (In Czech: Vlastimil Klíma) Education: Charles University in Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics 1984: Doctor of Natural Sciences (DSc), Charles University in Prague Research area: Security, Cryptology. Certificate of Security Clearance: TOP SECRET (Bezpeènostní provìrka PØÍSNÌ TAJNÉ Archives of my publications on cryptology and computer security: MD5 collisions homepage: English Czech DN,HDN,SNMAC homepage: English Czech PGP attack homepage: English Czech SSL attack homepage: English Czech Main publications: Vlastimil Klima: Tunnels in Hash Functions: MD5 Collisions Within a Minute , IACR ePrint archive Report 2006/105 , 18 March, 2006, paper : English Czech . The source code is available on a homepage: English Czech IMHO it is the quickest method and program in the world. Vlastimil Klima: Special block cipher family DN and new generation SNMAC-type hash function family HDN , IACR ePrint archive Report 2007/050 , February, 2007, paper: English Czech . Tests, source codes on a homepage: English Czech Vlastimil Klima: About a new generation of block ciphers and hash functions - DN and HDN , SPI 2007, Security and Protection of Information, May 2 – 4, 2007, Brno, Czech Republic, www.unob.cz/spi

35. Cryptography And Information Security Group (CIS Group) MIT cryptographic research group founded by Ron Rivest. Projects, publications and theses. http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cis/

Cryptography and Information Security Group (CIS Group) The CIS Group is part of the Theory of Computation Group of MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science Professors Shafi Goldwasser , Silvio Micali, and Ron Rivest founded this group in Fall 1995. Here is the CIS group's mission statement CIS Group links: CIS people CIS research projects CIS publications (partial list) Theses CIS seminars (both upcoming and past) A set of web pages maintained for DARPA, who sponsors much of the research in this group. For a great collection of related information, check out Ron Rivest's collection of links on Cryptography and Security If you are a member of the CIS group, and have some software that falls under the US export laws that you would like to publish on the Web, read this page . It describes the Domestic Web Server , which can limit the distribution of export-controlled software to those users who represent themselves as eligible to receive it. The author of the dws believes this due diligence is sufficient to satisfy current US export laws. CIS Home CIS Research Projects CIS Publications Theses ... boyko@theory.lcs.mit.edu

36. What Is Cryptography? Brief and Straightforward Guide What is cryptography? http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cryptography.htm

What is Cryptography? ad_unit_target='mainAdUnit'; X Close this window Everyone has secrets; some have more than others. When it becomes necessary to transmit those secrets from one point to another, it's important to protect the information while it's in transit. Cryptography presents various methods for taking legible, readable data, and transforming it into unreadable data for the purpose of secure transmission, and then using a key to transform it back into readable data when it reaches its destination. Predating computers by thousands of years, cryptography has its roots in basic transposition ciphers, which assigns each letter of the alphabet a particular value. A simple example is to assign each letter a progressively higher number, where A=1, B=2, and so forth. Using this formula for example, the word "wiseGEEK", once encrypted , would read "23 9 19 5 7 5 5 11". During World War Two, machines were invented that made the ciphers more complicated and difficult to break, and today, computers have made cryptography even stronger still. The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a common encryption protocol used in e- commerce . When you make a purchase over the Internet, this is the technology the merchant uses to make sure you can safely transmit your

37. SpringerLink Home - Main www.springerlink.com/openurl. asp?genre=journal issn=09251022 - Similar pages Python cryptography ToolkitA collection of cryptographic algorithms and protocols, implemented for use from Python. http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?genre=journal&issn=0925-1022

38. Cryptography 2007 cryptography 2007. TDA351 (Chalmers). INN150 (GU). Latest news Syllabus Examination Teachers Submission system Schedule Lectures http://www.cs.chalmers.se/Cs/Grundutb/Kurser/krypto/

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39. [quant-ph/0101098] Quantum Cryptography A recent overview of quantum cryptography. http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0101098

arXiv.org quant-ph Search or Article-id Help Advanced search All papers Titles Authors Abstracts Full text Help pages Full-text links: Download: PostScript PDF Other formats Citations SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted) CiteBase 1 trackback p revious ... ext Quantum Physics Title: Quantum Cryptography Authors: Nicolas Gisin Wolfgang Tittel Hugo Zbinden (Submitted on 19 Jan 2001 ( ), last revised 18 Sep 2001 (this version, v2)) Abstract: Quantum cryptography could well be the first application of quantum mechanics at the individual quanta level. The very fast progress in both theory and experiments over the recent years are reviewed, with emphasis on open questions and technological issues. Comments: 55 pages, 32 figures; to appear in Reviews of Modern Physics Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph) Cite as: arXiv:quant-ph/0101098v2 Submission history From: Gregoire Ribordy [ view email Fri, 19 Jan 2001 16:35:48 GMT (769kb) Tue, 18 Sep 2001 19:31:51 GMT (895kb) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Link back to: arXiv form interface contact

40. Quantum Computation/Cryptography At Los Alamos This Homepage will give you an overview of the work done at Los Alamos on Quantum Computation and cryptography as well as related links. http://qso.lanl.gov/qc/

Quantum Computation/Cryptography at Los Alamos "Where a calculator on the Eniac is equipped with 18000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have only 1000 tubes and weigh only 1 1/2 tons" Popular Mechanics, March 1949 This Homepage will give you an overview of the work done at Los Alamos on Quantum Computation and Cryptography as well as related links. The idea of quantum computation and cryptography is to use the laws of quantum mechanics for either computing or exchange secrets messages. Using quantum mechanics instead of classical mechanics has huge advantages but also some drawbacks. Quantum mechanics makes the applications much more powerful but at the same time much more fragile against noise. To learn more about this browse around! Overview of achievements in T6-CIC3 groups People doing Quantum Computation/Cryptography at Los Alamos Theory at Los Alamos Experiments at Los Alamos ... Proceedings of the Quantum Coherence and Decoherence, Santa-Barbara, Dec 15-18, 1996. New - New - New Experimental Quantum Error Correction (or pdf) Quantum error correction is required to compensate for the fragility of the state of a quantum computer. We report the first experimental implementations of quantum error correction and confirm the expected state stabilization. A precise study of the decay behavior is studied in alanine and a full implemetation of error correction protocol is implemented in trichloroethylene. In NMR computing, however, a net improvement in the signal-to-noise would require very high polarization. The experiment implemented the 3-bit code for phase errors in liquid state state NMR.

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