41. THE GEOLOGY OF ORGAN CAVE Organ cave is one of the finest examples of geology underground. Historical Organ cave is a National Natural Landmark, and a National Historic Landmark. http://www.organcave.com/Geology.htm

HOME GIFT SHOP HISTORY CIVIL WAR HISTORY ... TIDBITS During your underground adventure witness the result of nature's awesome power. Water created this vast complex of massive passageways years ago and is still at work today. The cathedral-sized passageways are beautifully sculpted in limestone. Listen to the sound of an underground stream flowing in the otherwise silent world where beautiful calcite formations remain poised like sculptures on display. Resembling a huge Church Organ, the Rock Organ is the largest and most pronounced of the calcite formations in the cave. It is responsible for giving Organ Cave and the surrounding community its name more than a century ago. The Organ Cave System was formed during the Mississippian Age with rocks averaging 300-500 million years old. These rocks were formed from the shells and bones of limy animals inhabiting a shallow inland sea called the Mississippian Sea . Over the ages, the bodies of these creatures were turned into massive beds of limestone and underlying shale. The principal cave forming beds are the lower zones of the Denmar formation.

42. Geology News: Cave Discovered At Sequoia And Kings Canyon National Parks The cave features large passages and rooms – many of which are more than 50 feet wide – and beautiful cave formations. These include long and graceful cave http://geology.com/news/2006/10/cave-discovered-at-sequoia-and-kings.html

@import url("http://www2.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www2.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=14363317"); Geology.com Dictionary News US Maps ... Store Sponsors News By Month May 2005 June 2005 July 2005 August 2005 ... March 2007 News By Topic Most Recent News Arctic/Antarctic Astronomy-Planets Diamonds ... Volcanoes Most Popular What is Geology? Geology News Geology Dictionary US Map Collections ... Geology Articles Google Maps San Andreas Fault Map Meteor Crater Map State High Points Map Sahara Desert Map ... Plate Tectonics Map Satellite Images US Cities US States World Countries Africa ... United States Map Collections Alabama Map Alaska Map Arizona Map Arkansas Map ... State Mineral Data Geology Search Web geology.com From Our Store Sponsors Geology News - Earth Science Current Events Tuesday, October 03, 2006 Cave Discovered at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Members of the Cave Research Foundation discovered a new cave at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. The park reports... The cave features large passages and rooms – many of which are more than 50 feet wide – and beautiful cave formations. These include long and graceful cave curtains, fragile soda straws up to 6 feet in length, and large areas of multicolored flowstones. Crystals in the flowstone produce brilliant sparkles across the cave’s floors and walls. Ursa Minor has a cave lake that may be as much as 100 feet across, and vertical drops that must be traversed using ropes. Ancient animal skeletons were found in the cave including one that resembles a bear influencing the naming of the cave. Cave-adapted invertebrates that may be new or rare species have also been seen. Three of the 27 new species recently discovered in parks’ caves appear to inhabit Ursa Minor. It is clear that several of the larger passages continue and the actual length of the cave remains unknown at this time.

43. Crystal Cave Park - Are We There Yet? - Geology-special In Pennsylvania s Dutch Country, Crystal cave offers visitors a wonderful and educational experience in geology. Before the tour the audience can view a http://www.fieldtrip.com/pa/06836765.htm

Crystal Cave Park 963 Crystal Cave Road Kutztown, PA 19530 In Pennsylvania's Dutch Country, Crystal Cave offers visitors a wonderful and educational experience in geology. Before the tour the audience can view a thrilling slide show with sound and color, showing how caves are formed and decorated by Nature. The 45-minute guided tour passes a myriad display of stalactite, stalagmite and dripstone formations. These imposing columns are marvels in themselves, and they are only the beginning. Every turn reveals new and startling formations, most of which have been named for the images they evoke. The Cathedral Chamber, the Prairies Dogs, Giant's Tooth, Ear of Corn and Tobacco Leaves, the Natural Bridge, the Indian Head, Totem Pole, and the Crystal Ballroom all are things of exquisite beauty. This 125-acre facility also features other attractions including a Nature Trail, Indian Totem Poles, an authentic Amish Buggy, and more. There is also a Geological Museum , Miniature Golf (seasonal), and a Theatre, so it is easy to spend an entire day here. Special rates are available for groups of 15 or more.

44. Crystal Cave - Geology Following is a discussion of Crystal cave’s geology. AGE OF CRYSTAL cave. cave ages are a tricky problem because it is difficult to pin a date on an empty http://www.acoolcave.com/geology.html

CRYSTAL CAVE Geology AGE OF CRYSTAL CAVE Cave ages are a tricky problem because it is difficult to pin a date on an empty space. However, by using observations relating the cave to the history of the surrounding region along with radiometric dates (dating based on measuring the decay of certain radioactive minerals) and paleomagnetism (ancient magnetism measured in cave sediment), reasonably good estimates can be obtained. Caves are rarely more than several million years old. THE ROCKS One of the most easily dissolved rocks is LIMESTONE . Limestone is composed of calcium carbonate which has precipitated on the ocean floor and mixed with fossil fragments that are also usually calcium carbonate. As the deposit of calcium carbonate thickens, water is squeezed out and the material hardens into rock. Sometimes, after the limestone has been deposited, an influx of groundwater from a new source area introduces the element magnesium to the rock. The magnesium atoms will replace some or all of the calcium atoms creating the rock called DOLOMITE . Dolomite looks just like the limestone but dissolves much more slowly. A unit of rock may contain pure limestone, pure dolomite or any combination from dolomitic limestone to limy dolomite. The rocks in which we find Crystal Cave are limy dolomites to dolomites.

45. GORP - Mammoth Cave National Park - Kentucky - Geology The geological process resulting in this world that we refer to as Mammoth cave began hundreds of millions of years ago and continues today. http://gorp.away.com/gorp/resource/us_national_park/ky/geo_mamm.htm

Sign Up Feedback Home Destination Guides ... World Parks var tcdacmd="dt"; Search: from Away.com Related Guides Kentucky Vacations Brownsville Vacations Brownsville Hotels Brownsville Flights ... Brownsville Airports Popular Cities in Kentucky Louisville Lexington Introduction Park Index ... Highlights Activities Caving Hiking Camping Fishing ... Map of North Trails Essentials Nearby Attractions Weather Disabled Access Resources Internet Resources Kentucky Resources Mammoth Forum December's Top Parks Active Puerto Rico ... Winter Buyer's Guide from Outside Online PARKS Mammoth Cave National Park Geology Stalactites and stalagmites in Mammoth's Drapery Room Beneath the surface of south central Kentucky lies a world that is virtually unparalleled. It is a labyrinth characterized by mile upon mile of dark, seemingly endless passageways. The geological process resulting in this world that we refer to as Mammoth Cave began hundreds of millions of years ago and continues today. The Ancient World 350 million years ago was a very different time than today. The North American continent was located much further south; at that time Kentucky was about 10 degrees south of the equator, and a shallow sea covered most of the southeastern United States. The warm waters supported a dense population of tiny organisms whose shells were made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). As these creatures died, their shells accumulated by the billions on the floor of the ancient sea. In addition, calcium carbonate precipitated from the water itself. The build-up of material continued during the next 70 million years until some seven hundred feet of limestone and shale was deposited. Late in the deposition of the limestone, about fifty to sixty feet of sandstone was deposited over much of the area by a large river system that emptied into the sea from the north.

46. Castleguard Cave - Understanding Geology And Landscape Of North America Castleguard cave. Learn the secrets of mountain geology at MountainNature.com. Learn how the landcsape is sculpted into a multitude of landforms. http://www.mountainnature.com/Geology/LandformResult.asp?ID=36&CommonName=Castle

47. Geology: Oil Cave-in There are some rock layers 15 kilometers deep that are porous like a sponge but are still very rigid. Oil and gas are within the tiny pores that are http://en.allexperts.com/q/Geology-1359/Oil-Cave.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') AllExperts Experts Search Geology Volunteer Answers to thousands of questions Home More Questions Question Library ... Free Encyclopedia zmhp('style="color:#fff"') More Geology Answers Question Library Ask a question about Geology Volunteer ... Link to Us About Nadeem Ahmad Expertise Geology of Pakistan, Petroleum exploration in Pakistan, Illinois Basin Mississippian stratigraphy, Sequence stratigraphy, sedimentology. Experience PhD and MSc from USA in Geological Sciences, 10 yrs technical and applied research experience related to exploration and development geology. Organizations OMV Exploration GmbH. Visiting professor teaching MPhil course in sequence stratigraphy at Quid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Education/Credentials MSc and PhD from Indiana University, USA with research some course work at Rice University, Houston. Awards and Honors Best papers awards, AAPG publications committee (1997-98), Co-chair and co-editor of ATC Publication (SPE-PAPG joint annual conference in Pakistan). You are here: Experts Science Geology Geology Topic: Geology Expert: Nadeem Ahmad Date: Subject: Oil Cave-in Question Dear Nadeem Ahmad

48. Ontario Cave Reveals Some Really Unusual Geology « Rockwatching 2 Responses to “Ontario cave Reveals Some Really Unusual geology”. on August 17, 2006 at 252 am1 you know who. My pictures came out SPECTACULAR! http://rockwatching.wordpress.com/2006/08/17/ontario-cave-reveals-some-really-un

Home 50 Things About Me Rockwatching My blog is on travel and all things rock related Feed on Posts Comments Ontario Cave Reveals Some Really Unusual Geology August 17, 2006 by rockwatching , originally uploaded by A friend and I had visited a small local cave today to enjoy its beauty and hopefully examine the area and locate other likely caving spots. Following up a densely wooded valley there were signs of slumping rock and an old stone construction along the valley wall. We soon abandoned this course of action as it was not as fufilling as photography in the cave. It is such an incredible spot that the explorations away from the cave become harder to justify as your distance from the tunnels increases. Near the upper entrance to the cave (or natural land bridge as it is also known) the rock dipped at a steep angle down into the ground and a little stream had cut a notch into the near vertical strata. Bending down beneath an overhanging slab I observed a salmon-colored plate of syenite - a silica poor rock, its surface peppered with brassy prisms of corundum. Deeper down the passage the marble strata was worn into all sorts of incredible grooves and flakes of mica and small crystals of indeterminate system stood out in bas-relief from the surrounding rock. I had hoped that they might also be a finer grade of corundum as some crystals almost appeared spindle-like in form and of a milky color. Pink blocks of calcite were exposed higher on the walls. Posted in Adventures Canada Caves Education ... sports on August 17, 2006 at 2:52 am

49. Mammoth Cave National Park - Geology - US-Parks.com geology and Hydrology The SouthCentral Kentucky karst is a crossroad of carbonate bedrock stretching north to Indiana, east to the Cumberland Plateau, http://www.us-parks.com/mammoth_cave/geology.html

Park Locator Pre Planned Routes National Parks Lodging National Parks ... Outdoor Gear Mammoth Cave National Park - Geology Home Mammoth Cave Park Info > Geology Geology and Hydrology: The South-Central Kentucky karst is a crossroad of carbonate bedrock stretching north to Indiana, east to the Cumberland Plateau, south to Georgia and west to the Ozarks. The park is bisected east to west by the Green River which defines the hydrologic base-level and divides the region into two distinct physiographic areas. North of the river an alternating series of limestones and insoluble rocks are exposed with the main limestone strata accessible only near the river and in the bottom of a few deeply incised valleys. This has resulted in rugged topography with streams that alternately flow on insoluble rocks, over waterfalls, enter caves in limestone and resurface at springs perched on the next lower stratum of insoluble rock. South of the Green River the insoluble sandstone and shale caprock over the limestone has preserved significant portions of Mammoth Cave. Cave Entrances: Natural, modified natural, and artificial cave entrances pose some of the greatest challenges in the management of karst resources because provision must be made for movement of air, water and wildlife within acceptable tolerances while simultaneously providing an adequate deterrent to illegal human entry. United States Fish and Wildlife Service approved bat gates have been installed on the entrances of caves supporting major bat hibernation areas. Cave gates are designed to accommodate bat movement, provide greater security, natural rates of air exchange and restore endangered Indiana and gray bat habitat. Airlocks have been installed on man-made entrances to restore cave atmospheric conditions.

50. Karst Waters Institute - Teachers Resources geology of caves http//www.phillygrotto.org/geology.html. geology of caves USGS and NPS Site geology and Archeology of Russel cave National Monument http://www.karstwaters.org/educationlinks/geo.htm

Karst Resources for Teachers Links to: Cave Geology Cave entrance in Iowa, Photo: Pat Kambesis mmmm mmmm Geology of Jewel Cave, South Dakota http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/jeca Geology of Wind Cave, South Dakota http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/wica Geology of Lehman Caves http://www.nps.gov/grba/cavegeologydet.htm Caves in North Dakota http://www.state.nd.us/ndgs/caves/caves_h.htm Geology of Caves http://www.phillygrotto.org/geology.html Geology of Caves - USGS and NPS Site http://www2.nature/nps.gov/geology/usgsnps/cave/cave.html" Geology of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/maca Geology of Timpanagos Cave http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/index.htm Geology and Archeology of Russel Cave National Monument http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/index.htm Back to Teachers Resource Page

51. ScienceDirect - Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety : Radon Hazards, Geology, Your browser may not have a PDF reader available. Google recommends visiting our text version of this document. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0147651300919225

Athens/Institution Login Not Registered? User Name: Password: Remember me on this computer Forgotten password? Home Browse My Settings ... Help Quick Search Title, abstract, keywords Author e.g. j s smith Journal/book title Volume Issue Page Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Volume 46, Issue 3 , July 2000, Pages 279-288 Abstract Abstract + References PDF (301 K) Related Articles in ScienceDirect Estimating the dose from radon to recreational cave use... Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Estimating the dose from radon to recreational cave users in the Mendips, UK Journal of Environmental Radioactivity Volume 49, Issue 2 June 2000 Pages 235-240 Malcolm Sperrin, Tony Denman and Paul S. Phillips Abstract Abstract Full Text + Links PDF (119 K) Diffuse flow and conduit flow in limestone terrain in t... ... Journal of Hydrology Diffuse flow and conduit flow in limestone terrain in the Mendip Hills, Somerset (Great Britain) Journal of Hydrology Volume 35, Issues 1-2 October 1977 Pages 93-110 T. C. Atkinson Abstract The hydrogeology of the karstic Carboniferous Limestone is described. Water tracing has established recharge areas for fifteen major springs and water budgets confirm the size of the areas found. Groundwater flow occurs in two modes: turbulent conduit flow and diffuse Darcian flow in fine fractures. Recharge is 50% quickflow via caves and closed depressions and 50% slower percolation. Active storage in the diffuse component ( S = 0.92%) is 30 times greater than in phreatic conduits. Diffuse hydraulic conductivity is 0.89 m day

52. Baker, Arthur A., Geology Of The Timpanogos Cave Quadrangle Utah Map GQ - 132 (U ABAA promotes ethical standards and professionalism in the antiquarian book trade in America. ABAA also promotes these values internationally, http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/book313960407.html

HOME FIND A BOOK CATALOGUES SHOPPING CART ... CONTACT B O O K D E T A I L P A G E Baker, Arthur A. Geology of the Timpanogos Cave Quadrangle Utah Map GQ - 132 (UBAKGEO14bj) Washington DC: USGS, 1961. . Binding size: . Very good MapVery good Envelope. . Geology. Geology Price: USD 15.00 other currencies order no. 14 inquire (To order this book, press this button) Read the ABAA Code of Ethics offered by: Sam Weller's Zion Bookstore 254 So. Main St. Salt Lake City, UT 84101 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA P: Tony Weller M: Joan Nay Tel. (801) 328-2586m (800) 333-7269 (SAMW) Fax (801) 595-0051 E-mail: Internet: www.samwellers.com West, Fur Trade, U.S. Geological Survey Material, Literature. Huge Selection of all Topics * Mondays through Saturdays, 10:00 a.m. until 8:00 p.m., Sundays 10:00 am until 6:00 pm CONDITIONS OF SALE Books held for one week from notification. Returns accepted with receipts with notification within two weeks of receipt date. Full refund given for books damaged in transit or misdescribed. Refund of cost of books only for other reasons.

53. 3-D Geology Of Mammoth Cave National Park Mammoth cave National Park. A Photographic Tour Featuring Park geology. Click here to start a tour of the park Click on any of the images to continue to http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/mammoth2/index.html

Mammoth Cave National Park: A Photographic Tour Featuring Park Geology Click here to start a tour of the park Click on any of the images to continue to the next page in the linked page series. Click here to see tours of other national parks. Map of Mammoth Cave National Park. Click on the "Next Image" (below) to continue on the image tour, or click on any of the small red dots on the map above to go directly to selected images. Check out the National Park Service's Mammoth Cave National Park site - http://www.nps.gov/maca/ This website is an image tour of Mammoth Cave National Park. All pictures were taken in August 2003. To see the same images as 3-D anaglyphic images, click here . Stereo pairs of digital images were manipulated into anaglyphs (3-D images) with image processing software (Adobe PhotoShop). You will need red-and-cyan stereo viewing glasses to get the 3-D visual effects. Click here to see more 3-D geology tours of National Parks. This website was prepared by Phil Stoffer and Eleyne Phillips USGS Western Earth Surface Processes Team , Menlo Park, California.

54. Geology Of Alum Cave Bluffs Alum cave Bluffs is located near the center of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee approximately 8 miles south of Sugarlands Visitor Center http://www.uwm.edu/Course/geosci697-tectonic/GroupD/AlumCave/AlumCaveBluffs.html

GEOLOGY OF ALUM CAVE BLUFFS Location Introduction and Geologic Setting Observations and Significance References Location Alum Cave Bluffs is located near the center of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee approximately 8 miles south of Sugarlands Visitor Center along Newfound Gap Road (US 441) and is about 4 miles north of Newfound Gap. At the trailhead, a wooden bridge crosses the Little Pigeon River. The trail continues for about 2.5 miles along Alum Cave Creek, climbing 1360 ft. to Alum Cave Bluffs. Part of the 697 class anxiously awaiting the hike to Alum Cave Bluffs. Informational sign near Alum Cave Bluffs Trail trailhead. (Click on image for larger view) Alum Cave Creek back to top Introduction and Geologic Setting The rocks exposed at Alum Cave Bluffs consist of a dark-gray phyllite characteristic of the Anakeesta Formation. The Anakeesta is interpreted to have formed from mud and silt in a deep marine setting, and the presence of iron sulfide minerals such as pyrite indicates that there was little to no oxygen present as these sediments were deposited (Flohr et. al, 1995). As the Iapetus began to close in the early Paleozoic, the rocks of the Anakeesta Formation were thrust northwest along the Greenbriar Fault, and were subsequently metamorphosed to green-schist facies (Flohr et. al, 1995). Following the collision between Laurentia and the Piedmont in the later Paleozoic, the Anakeesta was thrust further northwest along the Great Smoky Fault (Flohr et. al, 1995).

55. Dating Large Infrequent Earthquakes By Damaged Cave Deposits Your browser may not have a PDF reader available. Google recommends visiting our text version of this document. http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/261.pdf

56. DLESE Description Of Geology Fieldnotes: Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dak cave tours provide opportunities for viewing this pristine cave system and its wide variety of rock formations. Features include park geology information, http://www.dlese.org/library/catalog_DLESE-000-000-005-133.htm

Find a Resource Home New to DLESE? Resources News Geology Fieldnotes: Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/parks/jeca/index.htm From DLESE Community Collection (DCC) Comment on this resource Jewel Cave National Monument feaures the third longest cave in the world; airflow within its passages indicates a vast area yet to be explored. Cave tours provide opportunities for viewing this pristine cave system and its wide variety of rock formations. Features include park geology information, maps, related links, and visitor information. The park geology section discusses the history of the park's discovery and exploration by cavers, and describes some of the remarkable rock formations found in the cave. The maps section includes a map of Jewel Cave National Monument and the surrounding area. Intended for grade levels: General public Type of resource: Visual: Map Photograph Text: Ref. material Subject: Geological Sciences: Geology Structural geology Technical requirements: No specific technical requirements, just a browser required

57. Geology Of Jewel Cave This National Park Service site provides an introduction to the Black Hill. http://serc.carleton.edu/resources/17968.html

@import "/styles/catalog_layout.css"; @import "/styles/base.css"; @import "/styles/serc_look.css"; @import "/styles/serc_catalog_look.css"; Geology of Jewel Cave http://www.nps.gov/jeca/geology.htm National Park Services (NPS) This National Park Service site provides an introduction to the Black Hill's Jewel Cave. The site describes the unique geologic history of the Black Hills, the formation of speleothems as well as unusual crystal growth in the cave. Photographs illustrate the descriptions. This resource is referenced here: Integrating Research and Education:Impacts on Native Lands:Pine Ridge: Geology and Physiography of the Black Hills Subject Geoscience: Geology, Geology: Mineralogy Resource Type Scientific Resources: Overview/Reference Work Topics : Earth surface Accessibility About this Site Printer Friendly Report a Problem/Feedback

58. Caves Complete An Online cave Course. Go to the Underground World of caves and study the geology and ecology of caves and safe methods of cave exploration. http://www.42explore.com/caves.htm

The Topic: Caves Easier - A cave is a large hole. It may be underground, in the side of a hill or mountain, or under a cliff. A cavern is a large cave. Caves are natural shelters. Animals often live in caves. A person who lives in a cave is called a cave dweller. During prehistoric times, cave dwellers painted pictures on the cave walls. Harder - A cave is an underground hollow or passage that is formed when water runs through an area with enough force to dissolve or wear away rock. Over many years as the water evaporates and simply drips, it leaves tiny deposits of calcium carbonate (calcite). These drops form rock sculptures that look like icicles called stalactites and stalagmites. Stalactites hang from the ceiling and stalagmites form from the ground up. To remember the difference, stalactites have a 'c' in the word for 'ceiling' and stalagmites have a 'g' for 'ground.' If they come together in the center, they become columns. Caves Theme Page from Gander Academy http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/CITE/cave.htm

59. Connecting With Geology: Where's The End Of The Cave? EJ670419 Connecting with geology Where s the End of the cave? Abstract, Offers a cave-mapping problem and discusses how to solve it. http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ670419

60. Engineering Geology Study Of Lingquansi Cave Temple, People’s Your browser may not have a PDF reader available. Google recommends visiting our text version of this document. http://www.springerlink.com/index/EF5CDPY95T5HT61X.pdf

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