21. Chimps Gain Smarts From Hanging With Humans - LiveScience - MSNBC.com The enculturated chimps successfully chose the hybrid rake that would get them yogurt, as seen in the researchers video, while the sanctuary apes randomly http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/19312192/

Skip navigation Web MSNBC Space Science Gadgets Internet ... Innovation Categories U.S. news World news Politics Business ... Local news Browse Video Photos Community Today Show ... MSNBC TV Chimps gain smarts from hanging with humans Study shows those raised by humans more likely to learn how to use tools E. Herrmann / Live Science Studies have shown that chimps have culture, cooperate intelligently, and may also be altruistic. Now scientists learn that those enculturated by humans have greater capacity for learning. By By Charles Q. Choi A bit of human nature can apparently rub off on chimpanzees. Chimps nurtured by humans since birth have a far better chance of figuring out how to use new tools, a new study shows. The findings highlight untapped potential within chimpanzees that can get uncovered "by studying them when they have been raised under very comparable conditions as our own children," said Ohio State University cognitive primatologist Sally Boysen. The research suggests that early human ancestors may have been far more sophisticated in their mental capacities than previously thought, she added. "The emergence of higher order thinking, as well as motor skills that would permit complex tool use and construction and other cultural features of human social interaction, may have been part of our human ancestry much earlier than otherwise predicted by the fossil record of artifacts and human remains," Boysen told LiveScience.

22. PEP Web - The Cultural Origins Of Human Cognition: Michael Tomasello Cambridge: and construing one thing metaphorically in terms of another; all of these are specifically human (with some exceptions among enculturated apes). http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=apa.048.1641a

23. Intentional Communication By Chimpanzees: A Cross-Sectional Study Of The Use Of 391), by which they mean apes raised in richly cultural contexts (i.e., “enculturated” apes). Thus, the results of the present study, which derive from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2080769

24. MavicaNET - Enculturated Apes Multilingual search directory of Internet resources. Supports major European languages. Extensive human edited and easy to use catalog of annotated Web http://www.mavica.ru/lite/tur/3564.html

MavicaNET - Multilingual Search Catalog Stats: links: , categories: , languages supported: MavicaNet - Classic Home About us Help ... Editor's login Belarusian Bulgarian Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Icelandic Irish Italian Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian (cyr.) Serbian (lat.) Slovak Spanish Swedish Turkish Ukrainian Advanced search Enculturated Apes Katalog Doða Yaþam Hayvanlar (Animalia) ... Animal Behavior / Enculturated Apes Katalog Doða Yaþam Hayvanlar (Animalia) ... Primates (Primates) / Enculturated Apes See also Psycholinguistics Paleoanthropology and Human Origins sort by Title Quality Rating Language ... Language Research Center The world renown primate research facility in Atlanta, Georgia associated with Georgia State University specializing in language research with an emphasis on work with bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). eng Section of Language and Intelligence eng sort by Title Quality Rating Language ... NNT Telecom . Designed by Digital Art Design , 2000. Hosted by NNT

25. Language And The Orang-utan: The Old 'Person' Of The Forest, By H. Lyn White Mil Ethically speaking, enculturated apes are analogous to children. This analogy is particularly significant since the law protects children who show less http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/whitemiles01.htm

Language and the Orang-utan: The Old 'Person' of the Forest by H. Lyn White Miles The Great Ape Project New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1993, pp. 42-57 Acrobat version I still maintain, that his [the orang-utan] being possessed of the capacity of acquiring it [language], by having both the human intelligence and the organs of pronunciation, joined to the dispositions and affections of his mind, mild, gentle, and humane, is sufficient to denominate him a man. Lord J. B. Monboddo, Of the Origin and Progress of Language, If we base personhood on linguistic and mental ability, we should now ask, 'Are orang-utans or other creatures persons?' The issues this question raises are complex, but certainly arrogance and ignorance have played a role in our reluctance to recognise the intellectual capacity of our closest biological relatives - the nonhuman great apes. Ignorance is almost always the basis for defining difference as 'other'. Since the West had no representatives of our closest relatives, the apes, we were ignorant of our primate heritage and the species that link us more closely with nature.

26. As Amity May Think Regarding my topic, extended social cognition, enculturated apes also show the effects of (enculturated apes are those which have been raised in human http://amitylane.blogspot.com/

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?targetBlogID=9737747"); As amity may think Monday, April 24, 2006 The Wedding Dancer A friend was married last night. It was my first wedding to attend as an adult, and I had occasion to doll up. And boy, did I. Red silk dress with white polka dots. Pearl necklace and pearl earrings. My prettiest garnet ring. And bright red lips to match - the best accessory. I felt like a million bucks... So I looked like a million bucks. All evening, the scotch was flowing freely, and freely flowing right into my belly. Scotch - when taken properly: neat with a splash of water - is a tricksy spirit because it allows your physical self to function, yet your weakened mind is controlled by any whim of that dickensy whisky. As such, scotch becomes a very manipulative spirit, fooling you into functional dementia. Oh yes, scotch often gets me into trouble, concocting harebrained plans that my body is functional enough to carry out. Turn it into a dance move!

27. Access : : Nature Finally, it has been argued that evidence for imitation in apes comes largely from individuals that are enculturated by close interactions with humans, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v437/n7059/full/nature04047.html

Jump to main content Jump to navigation nature.com homepage ... Login Search This journal All of Nature.com Advanced search Access To read this story in full you will need to login or make a payment (see right). Journal home Archive Letter Full Text Letter Nature doi ; Received 9 June 2005; Accepted 21 July 2005; Published online 21 August 2005 Article Links Figures and tables Supplementary info See Also Editor's Summary Article Tools Send to a friend Export citation Export references Rights and permissions ... Bookmark in Connotea Search Pubmed for Andrew Whiten Victoria Horner Frans B. M. de Waal Conformity to cultural norms of tool use in chimpanzees Andrew Whiten , Victoria Horner Centre for Social Learning and Cognitive Evolution, School of Psychology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9JP, UK Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA Correspondence to: Andrew Whiten Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to A.W. (Email: a.whiten@st-and.ac.uk

28. SEDSU At Lund University Is referential understanding of pictures in nonenculturated great apes possible? abstract Tolerance and cooperation in great ape mother-infant dyads http://project.sol.lu.se/sedsu/cisred06.html

SEDSU at Lund University News/Home What is SEDSU? Members Seminars ... Links Symposium Comparison and Interaction between Semiotic Resources in Evolution and Development at the Centre for languages and litterature, Lund University Symposium of the SEDSU project, Sara Lenninger and Mats Andrén. Friday 29 September 2006 9.00-17.00 Stora Hörsalen 17.15-19.30 Absalon 129B Saturday 30 September 2006 9.00-18.30 Stora Hörsalen Public talks will be held by members of the SEDSU project. In addition to this two plenary speakers are invited: Jean M. Mandler abstract ) and Terrence Deacon abstract Participation is free, and if you are planning to participate we would appreciate if you register by sending a mail to Mats Andrén ( mats.andren@ling.lu.se ). If you also want to join us for the dinner on the evening of the 29th of september (not for free, price not set yet) please mention this in the registration mail. The talks addresses issues relevant to the SEDSU project, with reference to the theme indicated in the title;

29. Vonk_Jennifer What Humanenculturated apes Know about Seeing Preliminary Results. Paper presented at the 11 th Annual International Conference on Comparative Cognition, http://www.usm.edu/psy/faculty_cvs/vonk_j.htm

Jennifer Vonk, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Experimental Psychology Faculty Office: 730 East Beach Blvd. Long Beach, MS 39560 Phone: Email: Jennifer.Vonk@usm.edu Research Interests Human and Animal Cognition: Concept Formation, Metacognition, Memory, Consciousness, Reasoning, Cognitive Evolution, Theory of Mind, Prosociality Previous Academic Appointments 2002- 2005 Post-doctoral Research Fellow and Study Director Advisor: Dr. Daniel J. Povinelli Cognitive Evolution Group/ University of Louisiana Education Thesis: Abstract Concept Formation in a Group of Captive Orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and a Juvenile Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Advisor: Dr. Suzanne E. MacDonald MA Psychology Wilfrid Laurier University 1996 - 1998 Thesis: Attentional, Instructional and Depth Effects on Retrieval Estimates Advisor: Dr. Keith D. Horton Honours BA Psychology McMaster University 1990 - 1994 Thesis: Effects of Intrauterine Position on Morphological and Behavioral Development in Mongolian Gerbils Advisors: Dr. Mertice M. Clark and Dr. Bennett G. Galef

30. The Communication Continuum He reduces their natural communication to hoots and shrieks (p.342), and dismisses the accomplishments of the enculturated apes used in research programs http://www.univie.ac.at/Wissenschaftstheorie/srb/srb/comm.html

Go to Semiotic Review of Books Home Page Go to SRB Highlights Go to SRB Archives SRB Archives This review appeared in Volume 7 (3) of the Semiotic Review of Books. The Communication Continuum Barbara J. King The Evolution of Communication. By Marc D. Hauser. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996, xiii, 760 pp. ISBN 0-262-08250-0 The evolution of language is a hot topic. New books on the subject garner attention in the popular media, and their authors are sought for appearance on televised documentaries. Currently, the dominant view is that language evolved wholly within the hominid (human ancestral) lineage, whether beginning early in that lineage at millions of years ago (Pinker 1994) or only more recently with our own species (Bickerton 1995, Noble and Davidson 1996). Human language is thus sharply different from all types of animal communication. The contrasting, minority position (Savage-Rumbaugh et al. 1993, King 1994, Armstrong et al 1995) allows deeper roots for language and precursors to features of human language in animal communication systems. Variations on these two views have been repeated for centuries. Theorists in the first group seize any new scrap of information about the unique properties of human language to bolster their discontinuity view, whereas theorists in the second group search for data from the animal world to bolster their continuity view. The whole enterprise thus begins to resemble an endless ping-pong match with back-and-forth debate but little productive dialogue.

31. Annual Reviews - Error enculturated apes. It may be objected that there are a number of convincing observations of chimpanzee imitation in the literature, and indeed there are a http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.anthro.28.1.509

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32. Boesch & Tomasello: Chimpanzee And Human Cultures The major result was that the motherreared apes hardly ever engaged in while the enculturated apes and the children imitatively learned the novel http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Abstracts/Boesch_Tomasello_98.html

Christophe Boesch and Michael Tomasello Chimpanzee and Human Cultures Current Anthropology 39.5 (Dec, 1998): 591- Abstract: The differences in cultural evolution between humans and chimpanzees can be primarily attributed to two factors. Humans possess a more complex language, allowing cultural dissemination to take place over greater lengths of time and spatiality. Human culture also incorporates the ratchet effect, permitting cumulative modifications to occur that create increasingly elaborate cultural practices. Full text Peer commentary Authors' reply Other works by Boesch ... Return to CogWeb's Evolutionary Psychology page Christophe Boesch and Michael Tomasello Chimpanzee and Human Cultures Current Anthropology 39.5 (Dec, 1998): 591- Our central theoretical point in this paper is that culture is not monolithic. We begin with an evolutionary perspective on patterns of cultural behavior in different chimpanzee communities in the wild, detailing some of the population-specific behaviors known in this species. We proceed to show that in general within one population there are many possible social conditions and lines of dissemination through which individuals may be exposed to particular behavioral practices within communities. We then show that there are many different types of social learning processes by means of which individuals may acquire these behavioral practices, and these different learning processes lead to cultural traditions with different properties over time. In this context we introduce some recent research on the social learning of captive chimpanzees. We conclude with an explicit comparison of chimpanzee and human cultures.

33. The Emergence Of A New Paradigm In Ape Language Research Discussions have thus primarily centered on the question of whether enculturated apes’ communicative behaviors can be compared with early norms in child http://cogprints.org/906/0/New_Paradigm.htm

The Emergence of a New Paradigm in Ape Language Research Stuart Shanker and Barbara King §1. The Spreading Appeal of the Dance Metaphor In recent years the same metaphor has cropped up time and again in very different areas of communication studies. In Ape Language Research (ALR), Sue Savage-Rumbaugh observes how the origins of language comprehension lie in “interindividual routines” which are T signal and response sending and receiving , or encoding and decoding . But the dance metaphor leads one to conceptualize communicative encounters in terms such as engagement and disengagement synchrony and discord , or breakdown and repair . Whereas the transmission metaphor places the emphasis on the goal of communication, which is to transmit pre-determined ‘messages’, the dance metaphor focuses on the co-regulated activity of communicating and the emergence of communicative intentions within that context. The chief appeal of the dance metaphor is that it draws attention to how communicating partners continuously establish and sustain a feeling of shared rhythm and movement. Such a process of mutual attunement is established through a number of different modalities. Communicating partners not only mirror each other’s specific behaviors but may also attune to one another cross-modally. For example, an infant suddenly jerks her arms and her mother “responds with a sharp ‘Oh!’ that has the same temporal and intensity contour as the infant’s arm movement” (Fogel: in press 7), or the tone of voice prompts the other to move closer or farther away.

34. Ape Consciousness-Human Consciousness: A Perspective Informed By Language And Cu to tap the consciousness of a uniquely enculturated group of bonobos who are . Previous animal work with apes, dolphins, and parrots followed the http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/40/6/910

@import "/resource/css/hw.css"; @import "/resource/css/icb.css"; Skip Navigation Oxford Journals Contact Us My Basket ... Volume 40, Number 6 Pp. 910-921 American Zoologist 2000 40(6):910-921; doi:10.1093/icb/40.6.910 The Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology This Article Abstract FREE Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited ... Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to My Personal Archive ... Request Permissions Google Scholar Articles by Savage-Rumbaugh, S. Articles by Taglialatela, J. Search for Related Content Sue Savage-Rumbaugh William Mintz Fields and Jared Taglialatela Department of Biology, Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303 SYNOPSIS TOP SYNOPSIS WHAT IS CONSCIOUSNESS? References Animal consciousness has long been assumed to be a nonviable arena of investigation. At best, it was thought that any indications of such consciousness, should it exist, would not be interpretable

35. Zoology Projects Bat Detectors; Birth Defects; Brachiopoda; Bryozoa; Cephalopoda; Chilopoda; Chordata; Diplopoda; Echinodermata; enculturated apes; Endocrinology http://www.madscitech.org/projects/zoology.html

Zoology Overview The scientific study of animals and their environment. Projects Elementary Amphibians Birds Fish Invertibrate Zoology Mammals Intermediate Aardwolves Acanthocephala Animal Behavior Annelida Arachnida Arthropda Bats Beekeeping Biogeography of Animals Bivalvia Crustacea Field Zoology Gastropoda Gnathostomulida Gross Anatomy Helminths Hemichordata Insecta Mollusca Myriapoda Neurology Protozoa Advanced Acarology Acoelomates Animal Development Aplacophora Aquatic Insects Bat Detectors Birth Defects Brachiopoda Bryozoa Cephalopoda Chilopoda Chordata Diplopoda Echinodermata Enculturated Apes Endocrinology Echiura Kinorhyncha Lophophorates Malacology Mate Choice Merostomata Minor Protostomes Monoplacophora Nematoda Nematomorpha Nemertea Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Onychophora Opiliones Parental Care Phoronida Platyhelminthes Polyplacophora Porifera Pseudocoelomates Frontier Animal Viruses Bodily System Development Cell Assembly in Embryos Central Nervous System Synapses Genetics of Behavior Interactions between Bodily Systems Learning Memory Molecular Neurogenetics Motion Perception Neural Computation Spatial Perception Stem Cell Development Synaptic Plasticity Synaptic Transmission Visual-Motor Integration Radiata Reptiles Rhombozoa Rotifera Scaphopoda Scorpions Sexual Conflict Sipuncula Solfugids Spiders Tardigrades Trilobita Urochordata Vertebrate Anatomy Vertibrate Embryology Vertebrate Physiology Zooarchaeology Click here to go back to the projects page Click here to go back to our home page

36. Planet Of The Retired Apes - New York Times Planet of the Retired apes with human beings, they are, as primatologists say, highly enculturated, or habituated to life on human terms. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/24/magazine/24CHIMPS.html?pagewanted=3

37. Language In Child And Chimp? Ask yourself how different is an enculturated ape s use of human language from that of an exceptional dog like Fellow or parrot like Alex? http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/apelang.html

General information and commentary on the issues ( revised 4-04) BUT before you move on to apes, ask yourself: What is human language? What are its functions ? What are the descriptive facts of human language acquisition by humans. Equipped with even cursory answers to these basic questions, you can proceed to the question of non-human use of human-based language codes. Ask yourself how different is an enculturated ape's use of human language from that of an exceptional dog like Fellow or parrot like Alex? (And speaking of exceptional, what is the variability in apes performance? One of the remarkable facts of human language acquisition, is that it is very uniform across a wide range of children and experiences. This may reflect the much less genetic variability of humans in contrast to other large primates.) Finally what we can begin to speculate on what kind of genetic changes might have occurred to evolve language in concert with evolving culture. (See recent reports in News and the old Limber, 1982

38. JSTOR Imitative Learning Of Actions On Objects By Children Subjects were thus 3 enculturated and 3 motherreared chimpanzees, . it has never been studied in any species of ape, enculturated or mother-reared. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0009-3920(199312)64:6<1688:ILOAOO>2.0.CO;2-1

39. ApeNet - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia ApeNet is a consortium of foundations and individuals who support interconnecting great apes with each other, as well as with humans, through enculturation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ApeNet

ApeNet From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding reliable references . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) This article may not meet the general notability guideline or one of the following specific guidelines for inclusion on Wikipedia: Biographies Books Companies Fiction ... Web content , or several proposals for new guidelines. If you are familiar with the subject matter, please expand or rewrite the article to establish its notability . The best way to address this concern is to reference published, third-party sources about the subject. If notability cannot be established, the article is more likely to be considered for redirection merge or ultimately deletion, per Wikipedia:Guide to deletion This article has been tagged since July 2007 ApeNet was a project co-founded by musician Peter Gabriel to link great apes through the internet , creating the first interspecies internet communication . As of June, 2007, the project does not appear to be active.

40. IngentaConnect A Critical Review Of The Enculturation Hypothesis: The Effects Of Here I review some of the controversy surrounding enculturation in great apes, and present an alternative nonmentalistic version of the enculturation http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/10071/2004/00000007/00000004/art00001

var tcdacmd="dt"; Home About Ingenta Ingenta Labs Ingenta Blog ... Check our FAQs Or contact us to report problems with: Subscription access Article delivery Registration Library administrator tasks ... Other problems For Publishers Why go online? Why choose IngentaConnect? Beyond Print: enhancing your service Access and authentication ... Contact us For Researchers For Authors About IngentaConnect Search and browse Publications available ... Register For Librarians Resource Zone Why choose IngentaConnect? Why choose IngentaConnect Complete? Activating Subscriptions ... Register CM8ShowAd("HorizontalBanner"); Author: Bering, Jesse Source: Animal Cognition , Volume 7, Number 4, October 2004 , pp. 201-212(12) Publisher: Springer view table of contents Key: - Free Content - New Content - Subscribed Content - Free Trial Content CM8ShowAd("Skyscraper"); Abstract: Numerous investigators have argued that early ontogenetic immersion in sociocultural environments facilitates cognitive developmental change in human-reared great apes more characteristic of Homo sapiens Keywords: Enculturation Social cognition Evolution Developmental systems ... Chimpanzees Document Type: Research article DOI: Affiliations: Department of Psychology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA, Email: jbering@uark.edu

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