1. Miles 1994 "Ape Language" Studies And The Study Of Human Language Origins. If the linguistic and cognitive abilities of enculturated apes can be only matched by late hominids, it shows the importance of culture to human evolution. http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~jimmyd/summaries/miles1994.html

CogSci Summaries home UP email Hominid Culture in Primate Perspective Author of the summary: Jim Davies, 1998, jim@jimdavies.org Cite this paper for: Signing apes achieve vocabularies of three year olds. (258) General ape language like 2 year old humans, other cognition like 3-4 year olds. (269) In a typical day Chantek uses about 50 signs.(258) Attempts to get apes to speak met with failure. (260) All signing apes have the ability to create signs. (262) Some apes sign to themselves when nobody else is around. (266) All of the apes produce sign combinations that they have not heard before. This paper describes what apes can do with language and talks about what that might tell us about our evolutionary ancestors' abilities. p253: Studies of ape language use sheds light on early hominid language use. It suggests that they had: ÝA flexible, basic semantic communications system with moderate levels of reference low levels of perspective-taking, imitation and sequential organization and protosyntax Grammar may have come later in the evolutionary process.

2. ScienceDirect - Developmental Review : A Note On The Development Of Deferred Imi Alternatively, given that deferred imitation of actions on objects is typically observed only in enculturated apes, the agerelated changes we observed may http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273229703000212

Athens/Institution Login Not Registered? User Name: Password: Remember me on this computer Forgotten password? Home Browse My Settings ... Help Quick Search Title, abstract, keywords Author e.g. j s smith Journal/book title Volume Issue Page Developmental Review Volume 23, Issue 3 , September 2003, Pages 389-412 Abstract Full Text + Links PDF (177 K) Related Articles in ScienceDirect Mother knows best: Epigenetic inheritance, maternal eff... Developmental Review Mother knows best: Epigenetic inheritance, maternal effects, and the evolution of human intelligence Developmental Review Volume 26, Issue 2 June 2006 Pages 213-242 David F. Bjorklund Abstract Abstract Full Text + Links PDF (463 K) What Makes Us Human (Homo sapiens)? The Challenge of Co... ... Journal of Comparative Psychology What Makes Us Human ( Homo sapiens )? The Challenge of Cognitive Cross Species Comparison Journal of Comparative Psychology Volume 121, Issue 3 August 2007 Pages 227-240 Christophe Boesch Abstract Two major theoretical approaches have dominated the quest for uniquely human cognitive abilities: a developmentalist approach stressing the importance of environmental and social conditions, and a predominant approach in experimental and comparative psychology, the deterministic approach suggesting the effect of environmental and social conditions to be minimal. As a consequence, most claims of human cognitive uniqueness are based on comparisons of White middle class Westerner humans ( Homo sapiens ) with captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes

3. [monkeywire] Scientists Debate Whether Apes Play Make-believe enculturated apes like Koko and Viki seem to pretend more frequently than do apes in the wild. While Koko s handlers see behaviors they interpret as http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/monkeywire/2002-August/000240.html

[monkeywire] Scientists debate whether apes play make-believe DUCLAYAN, GINA GDUCLAYAN@popcouncil.org Thu, 29 Aug 2002 16:18:44 -0400 Previous message: [monkeywire] Monkey as God Hanuman (odd) Next message: [monkeywire] Court orders release of monkey "god" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Previous message: [monkeywire] Monkey as God Hanuman (odd) Next message: [monkeywire] Court orders release of monkey "god" Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ]

4. Enculturated Apes - MavicaNET This section aims to understand the higher cognitive functions in the great apes, especially in the chimpanzee. Recent research topics of this laboratory http://mavicanet.com/directory/eng/3564.html

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5. American Scientist Online - Ape Abilities Later research by Alan and Beatrix Gardner, Francine G. Penny Patterson and others on the use of American Sign Language in enculturated apes produced http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/31355

Home Current Issue Archives Bookshelf ... Subscribe In This Section Reviewed in This Issue Book Reviews by Issue New Books Received Publishers' Directory ... Virtual Bookshelf Archive Site Search Advanced Search Visitor Login Username Password Help with login Forgot your password? Change your username see list of all reviews from this issue: March-April 2004 BEHAVIOR Ape Abilities Nathan J. Emery Intelligence of Apes and Other Rational Beings . Duane M. Rumbaugh and David A. Washburn. xvii + 326 pp. Yale University Press, 2003. $35. Intelligence of Apes and Other Rational Beings, by Duane M. Rumbaugh and David A. Washburn. click for full image and caption Two married couples who were, roughly, contemporaries of Yerkes and Köhler—Keith and Kathy Hayes, and Winthrop and Luella Kellogg—attempted to understand whether chimpanzees could learn to produce and use human language. These studies were doomed to failure because of their focus on testing whether chimpanzees' understanding and use of language was vocally based. Later research by Alan and Beatrix Gardner, Francine G. "Penny" Patterson and others on the use of American Sign Language in enculturated apes produced interesting results but did not get at the important aspects of human language: grammar, syntax and creativity. To do that, a new way of thinking about and testing apes' appreciation of language was needed.

6. Science News For Kids: Feature: An Inspiring Home For Apes Ape communication. Miles uses the term enculturation to describe Chantek s integration into human society. She says he s the only enculturated orangutan http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20040714/Feature1.asp

Home About Us Sponsors Article Archive ... Weather SNK RSS Feed MatheMUSEments En Español: Arte Digital For Teachers and Parents Search Chantek Foundation An Inspiring Home for Apes Emily Sohn E-mail this article Print this article July 14, 2004 It would be hard to live in a cage. You'd have to stare at the same old scenery every day. You couldn't walk to the store, go to the movies, or decide what to eat. After a while, you could end up losing your enthusiasm for life. Chimpanzees, orangutans, and other primates might feel the same way, says Lyn Miles. She's an anthropologist at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. "Apes are bored to death in most facilities," she says. "They pace. They develop nervous habits. They get depressed." Miles is a member of a vocal group of scientists and activists who say that captive apes deserve a richer life than they get in most zoos and primate centers. As president of a foundation called Animal Nation (formerly ApeNet), Miles is working with celebrities and others to create special preserves for primates. She described her project at a recent meeting of the American Primatological Society in Madison, Wis. A portrait of the orangutan known as Chantek, now a resident of Zoo Atlanta.

7. Blackwell Synergy - Developmental Sci, Volume 10 Issue 4 Page F31-F38, July 2007 However, there is evidence that humanraised or enculturated apes often copy the specific actions of others (Bering, Bjorklund Ragan, 2000; http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00630.x

Skip to main content Email: Password: Register Forgotten Password Athens/Institution Login Synergy Home ... Help Journal Menu Table of Contents List of Issues Tools Email this article Add to favorite articles Export this citation Alert me when this article is cited: Email RSS (What is this?) Search ISI for citing articles (1 or more) Publication history Published article online: 22 May 2007 Issue online: 05 Jun 2007 Received: 24 February 2007 Accepted: 18 April 2007 Home List of Issues Table of Contents Article Abstract Developmental Science Volume 10 Issue 4 Page F31-F38, July 2007 To cite this article: David Buttelmann, Malinda Carpenter, Josep Call, Michael Tomasello (2007) Enculturated chimpanzees imitate rationally doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00630.x Prev Article Next Article Abstract FAST-TRACK REPORT Enculturated chimpanzees imitate rationally David Buttelmann Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany Malinda Carpenter Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany

8. Semiotic Development In Ontogeny And Phylogeny enculturated apes such as Chantek and Koko are capable of it with respect to gesture (e.g. declarative pointing) and intersubjectivity (e.g. joint http://www.arthist.lu.se/kultsem/pro/symposion05.html

i ett semiotiskt utvecklingsperspektiv Huvudsida Summary in English , Lunds universitet Lunds universitet , Lunds universitet Semiotic Development in Ontogeny and Phylogeny An International Workshop organized by the projects Language, Gestures and Pictures in the Perspective of Semiotic Development – SGB (Faculty for Humanities and Theology, Lund University) and (Lund University, in partnership with the European Commission) May 12-13 2005 Lund University, Sweden May 12, 2005, Kungshuset, Room 104 Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi (The University of Shiga Prefecture) and Tetsuro Matsuzawa (Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University) Evolutionary foundation and development of imitation Tomas Persson (Lund University Cognitive Science) Teaching matching to na¯ve gorillas Coffee Break Jordan Zlatev (Department of Linguistics, Lund University) and Peter G¤rdenfors (Lund University Cognitive Science) Bodily mimesis, intersubjectivity and gesture in apes Brian MacWhinney (Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University) The gradual emergence of language: Is recursion special?

9. Primate Info Net: Current Topics In Primatology (Abstract) Bering JM; Bjorklund DF; Ragan P Deferred imitation of objectrelated actions in young, enculturated great apes. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/news/currtopics/cognition1.html

FEEDBACK Home About Contact Us ... Current Topics in Primatology Current Topics in Primatology Primate Information Center Washington Regional Primate Research Center COGNITION STUDIES (including tool use and language) 1998-1999: Part I (Authors A-J) Quick Links: Home About Contact Us Site Index Primate Info Net is maintained by the Wisconsin Primate Research Center (WPRC) Library at the University of Wisconsin-Madison WPRC programs are supported by grant numbers RR000167 and RR015311, National Primate Centers Program, National Center for Research Resources, the National Institutes of Health. We are not responsible for the content of linked sites, nor does inclusion of a link imply endorsement of the views expressed in that content. Page last modified: June 24, 2004 Feedback, questions or accessibility issues: WPRC Library

10. UTC Sociology Anthropology And Geography | Lyn Miles Dr. Miles is a primatologist with research interests in great ape to support enculturated apes and foster great ape communication and conservation. http://www.utc.edu/Academic/SociologyAnthropologyAndGeography/staff/lyn-miles.ph

@import url(/css/UTC5.css); Menu Requires JavaScript Skip to Content Sociology Anthropology and Geography Search UTC.edu: Resources: UTC Online Schedule of Classes Apply to UTC Sociology, Anthropology and Geography Links A Welcome from The Department Head Degrees and Programs Course Offerings in Sociology Course Offerings in Anthropology ... UTC Home Sociology, Anthropology and Geography 308 Brock Hall Dept 2102 615 McCallie Avenue Chattanooga, TN 37403 (423)425-2251 fax Home Sociology Anthropology and Geography / Lyn Miles... H. Lyn Miles, Ph.D. U.C. Foundation Professor of Anthropology 302A Brock Hall Email New York Times, Washington Post, Time Magazine, and London Sunday Times Magazine She is Research Director and President of the Chantek Foundation, and President of Ape-Net, a consortium of foundations and celebrities founded by British musician Peter Gabriel to support enculturated apes and foster great ape communication and conservation. She teaches courses in primate behavior, ape language, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology, and has won a Student Government Association Outstanding Professor Award and a College of Arts and Sciences Research Prize. She is a world percussionist with several Atlanta-based African drumming groups, and has her own band, Animal Nation, which features music co-composed and performed by Chantek. Ph.D., 1978, Anthropology, University of Connecticut

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12. AllCommunity.com - Science: Social Sciences: Anthropology: Enculturated Apes Top Science Social Sciences Anthropology enculturated apes Chimpanzee and Great Ape Language ResourcesAnthropology Department, Brown University http://srb.npaci.edu/cgi-bin/nsdl.cgi?uid=/2004-04-15T00:15:18Z/41C2097BC6D982D5

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14. THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES This thesis is not a focus of the present discussion because, while Tomasello et al. claim that the behavior of enculturated apes is intentional , http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.heyes.html

Below is the unedited preprint (not a quotable final draft) of: Heyes, C. M. (1998). Theory of mind in nonhuman primates. Behavioral and Brain Sciences The final published draft of the target article, commentaries and Author's Response are currently available only in paper. For information on becoming a commentator on this or other BBS target articles, write to: bbs@soton.ac.uk For information about subscribing or purchasing offprints of the published version, with commentaries and author's response, write to: journals_subscriptions@cup.org (North America) or journals_marketing@cup.cam.ac.uk (All other countries). THEORY OF MIND IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES C. M. Heyes Department of Psychology University College London Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT United Kingdom c.heyes@ucl.ac.uk Keywords apes; associative learning; concepts; convergence; deception; evolution of intelligence; folk psychology; imitation; mental state attribution; monkeys; parsimony; perspective-taking; primates; role-taking; self-recognition; social cognition; social intelligence; theory of mind. Abstract Premack & Woodruff (1978) asked "Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind?". Since it was posed, nearly 20 years ago, Premack & Woodruff's question has dominated the study of both social behavior in nonhuman primates (henceforward simply "primates") and cognitive development in children, but progress in the two fields has been markedly different. Developmentalists have established empirical methods to investigate children's understanding of mentality, and, forging links with philosophy of mind and philosophy of science, they have mustered the conceptual resources for disciplined dispute about the origins (innate module, convention or testing), on-line control (simulation or inference), and epistemic status (stance, theory or direct knowledge) of human folk psychology (e.g. Goldman 1993; Gopnik 1993; Gopnik & Wellman 1994). In contrast, those working with primates have continued to struggle with the basic question of whether

15. Omniseek Art /Arts Humanities /Humanities /Anthropology directory only in Anthropology / enculturated _ apes Top Social Sciences Anthropology Try a search for enculturated apes on HotBot Web Search http://artsandhumanities.omniseek.com/srch/{11608}

/var/vhosts/omniseek/devel1/lib/global.inc:107 /var/vhosts/omniseek/devel1/lib/global.inc:108 /var/vhosts/omniseek/devel1/lib/global.inc:109 sitename= News Sections Business Community Computing Directory ... Travel Search Engine Omniseek Multisearch Article Archives Artcyclopedia Imagebase TIGER Website World Wide Art Resources Don't forget to come back to this page and click the check mark to vote for a site! Chimpanzee and Great Ape Language Resour . . . nthropology Department, Brown University Includes links, online texts, and ape images. At the Anthropology Department, Brown University (http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Anthropology/apelang.html) Language in child and chimp? General commentary on ape language and good links. (http://pubpages.unh.edu/~jel/apelang.html) Non-human primates and language This project is part of a theoretical course on Syntax and Grammatical Theories taught by Prof. Dirk Geeraerts at K.U.Leuven. (http://pages.hotbot.com/edu/nhp.language/) Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Not much here. Brief research descriptions, grad students, etc. (http://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/koudou-shinkei/shikou/langinte.htm)

16. Nurtured Chimps Rake It In The enculturated chimpanzees successfully selected the functional rake, 7, 2007) — apes bite and try to break a tube to retrieve the food inside while http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070613120858.htm

Science News Share Blog Cite Print Email Bookmark Nurtured Chimps Rake It In ScienceDaily (Jun. 18, 2007) See also: Intelligence Psychology Relationships Apes ... Animal cognition The researchers gave the animals access to small rakes with either a rigid wooden head or a flimsy fabric head. Both enculturated and semi-enculturated chimpanzees correctly chose the rigid rake which enabled them to obtain the reward, indicating that both of these groups understood the physical properties of the two different rakes. The enculturated chimpanzees successfully selected the functional rake, while the sanctuary chimpanzees chose randomly between the two hybrid tools. The captive laboratory chimpanzees failed both tests, as demonstrated in previously published work(2). 1. Furlong EE, Boose KJ, Boysen ST (2007). Raking it in: the impact of enculturation on chimpanzee tool use. Animal Cognition DOI 10.1007/s10071-007-0091-6 Adapted from materials provided by Springer Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the following formats: APA MLA Related Stories Young Chimps Top Adult Humans In Numerical Memory (Dec. 9, 2007)

17. University Of Chicago Press - Cookie Absent The Ape and the Sushi Master Cultural Reflections of a Primatologist. . criteria for what “counts” as language precisely as enculturated apes were shown http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CA013802PS

18. Field Notes From An Evolutionary Psychologist: Are Tots Smarter Than Apes? On the other hand, sometimes researchers test apes who have not grown up in an enriched, human enculturated world. Of course apes can t solve the problems http://newfoundlandnews.blogspot.com/2007/09/are-tots-smarter-than-apes.html

skip to main skip to sidebar Field Notes from an Evolutionary Psychologist Friday, September 07, 2007 Are Tots Smarter Than Apes? Are Tots Smarter Than Apes? NO say some researchers who have tested toddlers and nonhuman apes in the same cognitive tests - such as indicating which container has more raisins in it or retrieving food hidden inside a box. Other researchers say YES, human two year olds are more able to infer the action of another and to use imitation to solve problems. I haven't read the studies, both published recently in Science , but they sound like the usual findings: One group finds evidence that apes can solve problems by watching someone solve a problem; another groups finds no evidence for it. So what gives? I'm always a little suspicious of these experiments for two main reasons. On one hand is the issue of the nonhuman participants. How old are they? Apes show progressive cognitive development like humans (and for that matter other animals) do, and the apes mature a bit slower. Often the researchers compare the performance of adult great apes to human toddlers. When researchers don't find evidence that tots and apes can solve the same problems, sometimes it is because the two species are not at the same developmental stage. On the other hand, sometimes researchers test apes who have not grown up in an enriched, human enculturated world. Of course apes can't solve the problems tots can solve if they haven't been exposed

19. Scientific American: Why Are Some Animals So Smart? Many times during the past century people reared great ape infants as they would human children. These socalled enculturated apes acquired a surprising set http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=000C1E5D-B9BA-1422-B9BA83414B7F0103&print=tr

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