1. Acid Rain - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The history of acid rain, why it occurs, and how it can be prevented. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain

Acid rain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Pollution v ... Air pollution Acid rain Air Quality Index Atmospheric dispersion modeling Chlorofluorocarbon Global dimming ... Uranium in the environment Other types of pollution Invasive species Light pollution Noise pollution Radio spectrum pollution ... Visual pollution Inter-government treaties Montreal Protocol Nitrogen Oxide Protocol Kyoto Protocol CLRTAP ... National Ambient Air Quality Standards Related topics Environmental Science Natural environment Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation which is unusually acidic . It has harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and buildings. Acid rain is mostly caused by human emissions of sulfur and nitrogen compounds which react in the atmosphere to produce acids. In recent years, many governments have introduced laws to reduce these emissions. Contents Definition History Emissions of chemicals leading to acidification Natural Phenomena ... External links Definition The term "acid rain" is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is "acid precipitation." Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are bases. "Clean" or unpolluted rain is slightly acidic, its pH being about 5.0, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid.

2. Acid Rain | US EPA The following links offer additional information on state and national data and statistics, acid rain legislation, and US and international initiatives. http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/

@import 'styles/acidrain_styles.css'; @import 'http://www.epa.gov/epafiles/s/epa.css'; Jump to main content. Acid Rain Contact Us Search: All EPA This Area You are here: EPA Home Acid Rain Quick Finder Acid Rain Program Office of Atmospheric Programs Clean Air Markets Science Experiments ... Data and Maps Acid rain is a serious environmental problem that affects large parts of the United States and Canada. Acid rain is particularly damaging to lakes, streams, and forests and the plants and animals that live in these ecosystems. This Web site provides information about the following: What causes acid rain The effects of acid rain How we measure acid rain What is being done to reduce acid rain You can also find information about acid rain where you live , numerous educational resources , and other sources of information on acid rain. Local Navigation Acid Rain Home What is Acid Rain? Where You Live Measuring Acid Rain ... Jump to main content.

3. The Green Lane: Acid Rain Explains what causes acid rain, and what it does to forests. http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain/

acid rain and... what's being done what's new kids' corner ... Canada Site The Green Lane TM , Environment Canada's World Wide Web site Important Notices

4. Acid Rain There are many forms of acid rain that are seen around the world. In parts of the world where there is wet weather, there is acid rain, acid snow, and acid http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/acid_rain.htm

There are many forms of acid rain that are seen around the world. In parts of the world where there is wet weather, there is acid rain, acid snow, and acid fog. In parts of the world where there is dry weather, there is acid gas and acid dust. All of the lakes and streams in the world are normally slightly acidic. Heavy rainstorms or melting snow can cause the acidity in lakes and in streams to increase. What effect does acid rain have on sea life? Acid rain is very harmful to the environment. Acid rain damages everything over a period of time because it makes the living things in the environment die. Acid rain affects the life in the water as well as the life on land. It is almost worse in water than on land because the fish that are in the water need the water to breathe. When the water gets polluted, then the fish get sick and end up dying. All rainwater contains some level of acidity. Acidity is measured by pH, which stands for potential of hydrogen. The pH scale measures the amount of acid in a substance. PH is measured on a scale from 0-14, with 7 being neutral. The lower the number is on the pH scale, the more acidic that substance is. Normal rainwater has a pH of 5.6. When the pH level of rainwater goes below 5.6, it is considered acid rain. All of the sea life will die when the water that they swim in gets to be too acidic. For example, all fish will die when the water goes below a pH of 4.5. Most of the frogs and insects that live around the water will also die when the water reaches a pH of 4.5. With a pH of 5.5, all of the bottom-dwelling bacterial decomposers, animals that eat the remains of the food that other animals don’t want, will begin to die. When these decomposers die, they leave the un-decomposed food on the bottom of the water. This pollutes the water by making the water dirty for all of the fish to swim in. All fresh water shrimp die when there gets to be a pH of 6.0. Aquatic plants will grow the best when the water is a pH between 7.0 and 9.2. If acid rain gets to be more of a problem, then all of the sea life will eventually be gone.

5. What Is Acid Rain? [USGS] The term acid rain is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is acid http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/acidrain/2.html

What is acid rain? The term "acid rain" is commonly used to mean the deposition of acidic components in rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry particles. The more accurate term is "acid precipitation." Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acid, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline (or basic). "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4. The extra acidity in rain comes from the reaction of air pollutants, primarily sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, with water in the air to form strong acids (like sulfuric and nitric acid). The main sources of these pollutants are vehicles and industrial and power-generating plants. In Washington, the main local sources are cars, trucks, and buses. Wet and dry bucket collector, used to collect samples for measuring rainfall acidity. Acidity in rain is measured by collecting samples of rain and measuring its pH. To find the distribution of rain acidity, weather conditions are monitored and rain samples are collected at sites all over the country. The areas of greatest acidity (lowest pH values) are located in the Northeastern United States. This pattern of high acidity is caused by the large number of cities, the dense population, and the concentration of power and industrial plants in the Northeast. In addition, the prevailing wind direction brings storms and pollution to the Northeast from the Midwest, and dust from the soil and rocks in the Northeastern United States is less likely to neutralize acidity in the rain.

6. The Swedish NGO Secretariat On Acid Rain The Secretariat is a joint venture between five Swedish environmental organisations with the chief purpose of promoting awareness of the problems associated http://www.acidrain.org/

News Policy initiatives Air quality Climate Change ... The Secretariat The Swedish NGO Secretariat on Acid Rain is a joint venture between five Swedish environmental organisations with the chief purpose of promoting awareness of the problems associated with air pollution, and thus, in part as a result of public pressure, to bring about the required reduction of the emissions of air pollutants. Policy initiatives Background and news on political developments in the international air pollution arena. Depositions of sulphur and nitrogen compounds are a major threat to ecosystems. Air quality The biggest threat to health comes from fine particles (PM) and ground-level ozone. Climate change There are several links between climate change and other air pollution issues. Do your bit At the personal level you can help reduce emissions. See our suggestions! Make your voice heard! Public consultations from the EU Commission Green Paper on Urban Mobility (closing 15 March) All EU consultations E-mail campaigns Transport Action Europe Tell Toyota to move forward on fuel economy Stop lignite mining - Save Heuersdorf You can help to change the German energy policy - send a letter to Chancellor Merkel!

7. The Environmental Literacy Council - Acid Rain China has taken steps to reduce emissions that contribute to acid rain, instituting an emissions trading program similar to that used in the United States. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php/2.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Acid Rain Rain water is naturally acidic, because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere combines with water molecules to form carbonic acid. Acidic precipitation or acid deposition occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere react with oxygen in the air to form sulfuric acid (H SO ) and nitric acid (HNO), which falls to the surface as rain, snow, or dust. To be considered acid precipitation, the precipitation has to have a pH of 5.0 or lower Sulfur dioxide (SO ) from human sources comes primarily from smelters and coal burning power plants. Hot sulfur dioxide also originates from natural sources, including volcanic emissions and sea spray. Nitrogen oxides come primarily from automobile exhaust and other combustion processes, and some is created by lightning and soil microbes. In past decades, to reduce air pollution in areas near power plants, utilities built tall smoke stacks to vent emissions high up into the air, away from local communities. As these smokestacks push emissions up into the atmosphere, the emissions react with the water particles in the air and are transported long distances by the wind. Because the prevailing winds in the U.S. are from West to East, eastern regions are more affected by acidic precipitation, even though the source of the emissions may be many miles away. However, nitrogen oxides from automobile exhaust contribute to acidic precipitation in all densely populated areas with heavy traffic. During the 1980s, the U.S. conducted a major ten-year scientific study of acidic precipitation. This study, the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program or NAPAP, found that the effects of acidic precipitation were not as great as once feared. The study found that acidic precipitation had affected about 10 percent of eastern lakes and streams and that it had contributed to the decline of red spruce at high altitudes by reducing their tolerance of cold conditions. The study also found that acidic precipitation contributed to corrosion of buildings in affected areas and that sulfuric particles had contributed to reduced visibility in the Northeast and parts of the West. The panel found that the lakes and streams that were most severely affected were those that lacked a natural buffering capacity. Lakes and streams surrounded by limestone were less subject to acidification because the limestone reacted with the acidic runoff to reduce its pH levels.

8. Acid Rain This website explores the causes and solutions to the acid rain problem. http://www.geocities.com/narilily/acidrain.html

Acid RainA Contemporary World Problem Acid rain is one of the most dangerous and widespread forms of pollution. Sometimes called "the unseen plague," acid rain can go undetected in an area for years. Technically, acid rain is rain that has a larger amount of acid in it than what is normal. The acidity of rain in parts of Europe and North America has dramatically increased over the past few decades. It is now common in many places for rain to be ten to seventy times more acid than unpolluted rain. Many living and non-living systems become harmed and damaged as a result of acid rain. This website gives an informational, in-depth look at acid rainit's causes and effects; and solutions to the acid rain problem. Causes of Acid Rain Acid rain is caused by smoke and gases that are given off by factories and cars that run on fossil fuels. When these fuels are burned to produce energy, the sulfur that is present in the fuel combines with oxygen and becomes sulfur dioxide; some of the nitrogen in the air becomes nitrogen oxide. These pollutants go into the atmosphere, and become acid. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide are produced especially when coal is burnt for fuel. Burning coal produces electricity, and the more electricity that people use, the more coal is burnt. Of course, nowadays people probably couldn't live without electricity, so coal will continue to be burnt; but electricity and energy are constantly being

9. Precipitation Chemistry Quality Assurance Project Information resources on acidic deposition in the United States. http://bqs.usgs.gov/acidrain/

USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Contacts Overview The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is the lead federal agency for the monitoring of wet atmospheric deposition (chemical constituents deposited from the atmosphere via rain, sleet, and snow) in the United States. The USGS atmospheric deposition program provides: 1) participation and leadership in the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, National Trends Network (NADP/NTN) 2) scientific research and assessment to evaluate the effects of atmospheric deposition on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. National Atmospheric Deposition Program The NADP monitors wet atmospheric deposition at over 250 NTN sites throughout the United States. The USGS supports 74 of the roughly 250 active NADP/NTN sites. A fundamental NADP program objective is to provide scientific investigators world-wide with a long-term, high-quality database of atmospheric deposition for research support in the areas of air quality, water quality, agricultural effects, forest productivity, materials effects, ecosystem studies, watershed studies, and human health. NADP/NTN site locations.

10. What Is Acid Rain? acid rain is a result of air pollution. When any type of fuel is burnt, lots of different chemicals are produced. The smoke that comes from a fire or the http://www.ypte.org.uk/docs/factsheets/env_facts/acid_rain.html

Acid Rain What is Acid Rain? Acid rain is a result of air pollution. When any type of fuel is burnt, lots of different chemicals are produced. The smoke that comes from a fire or the fumes that come out of a car exhaust don't just contain the sooty grey particles that you can see - they also contains lots of invisible gases that can be even more harmful to our environment. Power stations, factories and cars all burn fuels and therefore they all produce polluting gases. Some of these gases (especially nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide) react with the tiny droplets of water in clouds to form sulphuric and nitric acids. The rain from these clouds then falls as very weak acid - which is why it is known as "acid rain". How acidic is acid rain?

11. Acid Rain This may be carried to the ground in rain or snow, but often particles containing sulfuric acid settle out of dry air. So the problem of acid rain is really http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AcidRain.html

Acid Rain Is rain more acid than normal. Natural rain and snow is slightly acidic ( pH 5.6) because of the carbon dioxide (CO ) dissolved in it. But over recent decades, rain in North America and Europe downwind of industrial areas has had a pH close to 4.5 and sometimes as low as 2.1 (equivalent to lemon juice). Sulfur dioxide The evidence is very strong that most of this acidity is caused by sulfur dioxide (SO ) released from the smokestacks of coal-burning power plants and other industrial sources. The sulfur dioxide is converted into sulfuric acid (H SO ). This may be carried to the ground in rain or snow, but often particles containing sulfuric acid settle out of dry air. So the problem of acid rain is really one of acid deposition in dry weather as well as wet. Nitrogen oxides Nitrogen oxides ("NO x "), which are converted into nitric acid, also contribute to acid deposition. Automobile exhaust accounts for 50% or more of the nitrogen oxides in polluted air. View Types of damage Acid rain has been held responsible for damaging buildings and statues made of limestone (true - view an example ), damaging aquatic life in lakes (true), causing a decline in the vigor of U.S. and European forests (may be partially responsible), and harming human health (doubtful).

12. What Is Acid Rain And What Causes It? A discussion of the causes and effects of acid rain, and possible policy solutions. http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/acid_rain.shtml

Almanac of Policy Issues Home Policy Archive Search Sponsored Listings Free Trial Issue - E/The Environmental Magazine : A 10-time Independent Press Awards winner and nominee, E is chock full of everything environmental from recycling to rainforests, and from the global village to our own backyards. Free Trial Issue Questia : Search over 400,000 books and journals at Questia online. FastWeb Free Scholarship Search : Find free money for college or an advanced degree. var site="sm3pwl1776" Adapted from "Acid Rain", Environmental Protection Agency August 6th, 2002 What is Acid Rain and What Causes It? "Acid rain" is a broad term used to describe several ways that acids fall out of the atmosphere. A more precise term is acid deposition, which has two parts: wet and dry. Wet deposition refers to acidic rain, fog, and snow. As this acidic water flows over and through the ground, it affects a variety of plants and animals. The strength of the effects depend on many factors, including how acidic the water is, the chemistry and buffering capacity of the soils involved, and the types of fish, trees, and other living things that rely on the water. Dry deposition refers to acidic gases and particles. About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. Dry deposited gases and particles can also be washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone.

13. Acid Rain WebQuest The answer to these questions is simple; acid rain is responsible for many of the serious environmental problems facing us today. http://global.swlauriersb.qc.ca/english/edservices/pedresources/webquest/rainwq.

ACID RAIN The Acid Rain WebQuest was featured in the March, 2001 episode of NetFiles View the episode by clicking HERE Introduction Why are the trees dying? How come there are no fish in the lake? Why does the paint on my Dad's car look so bad? Where does that terrible rotten egg smell come from in our school yard every Spring? The answer to these questions is simple; acid rain is responsible for many of the serious environmental problems facing us today. While the answer may be simple, solving the acid rain problem is not. The Task A local citizens' group has hired you, and a group of other researchers, to investigate acid rain. You will take on the role of either a Chemist, Ecologist, Health Scientist, or Economist and examine the issue from that perspective. Working within this team, you will create a web site detailing the problems caused by acid rain and recommending ways that these problems can be alleviated. Within your group, decide who is going to assume the following roles. Use the questions appearing under each role to assist you in your research. While you are responsible for completing your section of the report, you will also be responsible for drawing up a series of recommendations, along with the other members of your team, on how to combat this serious issue. CHEMIST What is acid rain?

14. Overview The smoke and fumes from burning these fuels are released into the air and combine with moisture to produce acid rain. Join schools from around the globe to http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/phacidrain/

ACID RAIN A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT SPRING 2001 READ THIS FIRST PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS PROJECT DATA STUDENT AREA ... REPORTS OVERVIEW Some of the inventions we depend on for convenience and entertainment cause pollution. Fossil fuels (gas, coal and oil), are necessary to produce electricity in most power plants. The smoke and fumes from burning these fuels are released into the air and combine with moisture to produce acid rain. Join schools from around the globe to determine if the proximity of a fossil fueled power plant to a school's location affects the pH level of rainwater in that area. The project will run from February 2002 through April 2002. If you are interested in participating in the project, CLICK HERE FIRST This project has been developed by teachers from Lincoln Middle School and Passaic Alternate School of Passaic Public School District, New Jersey, in conjunction with CIESE We are very proud to have been chosen to be part of the following web sites: Look for us!

15. Acid Rain Topics acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.). Atmospheric pollutants, particularly oxides http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Acid_Rain/acid_rain.html

Acid Rain Acid rain is a widespread term used to describe all forms of acid precipitation (rain, snow, hail, fog, etc.). Atmospheric pollutants, particularly oxides of sulphur and nitrogen, can cause precipitation to become more acidic when converted to sulphuric and nitric acids, hence the term acid rain. Acid deposition, acid rain and acid precipitation all relate to the chemistry of air pollution and moisture in the atmosphere. Scientists generally use the term acid deposition but all three terms relate to the same issue. Click Bart Simpson (left) for the easy-to-read young person's text and Mr. Burns (right) for the more technical information. Home Introduction to Acid Rain Acid Deposition Acidic Emissions Buildings Cars Critical Loads Doing Our Bit Europe Fossil Fuels Freshwater Lakes Impacts of Acid Rain Industrial Emission Controls International Agreements Liming Measuring Acid Rain Modelling Acid Rain Monitoring Acid Rain Natural Sources Nitrogen Oxides Rainfall Acidity Soils Sulphur Dioxide Transboundary Pollution Trees UK Acid Rain Vehicle Emission Controls Wildlife

16. ScienceMaster - JumpStart - Acid Rain Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of acid rain. Acidic deposition, or acid rain as it is http://www.sciencemaster.com/jump/earth/acid_rain.php

Today is JumpStart - Earth Science Environmental Effects of Acid Rain Air Pollution Creates Acid Rain Scientists have discovered that air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels is the major cause of acid rain. Acidic deposition, or acid rain as it is commonly known, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form various acidic compounds. This mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sunlight increases the rate of most of these reactions. These compounds then fall to the earth in either wet form (such as rain, snow, and fog or dry form (such as gas and particles). About half of the acidity in the atmosphere falls back to earth through dry deposition as gases and dry particles. The wind blows these acidic particles and gases onto buildings, cars, homes, and trees. In some instances, these gases and particles can eat away the things on which they settle. Dry deposited gases and particles are sometimes washed from trees and other surfaces by rainstorms. When that happens, the runoff water adds those acids to the acid rain, making the combination more acidic than the falling rain alone. The combination of acid rain plus dry deposited acid is called acid deposition. Prevailing winds transport the compounds, sometimes hundreds of miles, across state and national borders. Electric utility plants account or about 70 percent of annual SO2 emissions and 30 percent of NOx emissions in the United States. Mobile sources (tranportation) also contribute significantly to NOx emissions. Overall, over 20 million tons of SO2 and NOx are emitted into the atmosphere each year.

17. "ACID RAIN" Has a picture that shows how acid rain forms, and why it s bad. http://www.rpi.edu/dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Environmental/acidrain/kids.htm

Here's a picture that illustrates what all the words on the first page mean. This diagram was created by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It shows that factories produce bad things called SO and NO x and release them into the air (These are the yellow dots on the picture). When SO and NO x combine with the air, acid rain is created. Acid rain is very bad and can hurt the environment. It can burn the leaves on your favorite plants and trees. It can even hurt the animals that live in the environment by stopping them from having babies. Currently, there are programs within the government that make factories limit the amount of bad stuff they produce. So far, it seems like these programs are working, but only time will tell. If you want to see some interesting activities and information that the EPA has created for teachers and children please SEARCH the EPA home page for acid rain. From there click on the last item (program homepage). Then find the section for teachers and students. It's very helpful. In addition to the link I already provided, there are lots of other sources on the web that can help young people learn more about the formation of acid rain and its effects on the environment.

18. Acid Rain acid rain or acid snow is a direct result of the method that the atmosphere cleans itself. The tiny droplets of water that make up clouds, http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/190acidrain.html

Acid Rain Acid Rain Effects Acid Rain Solutions Elmhurst College ... Virtual ChemBook ACID RAIN Natural "Acid" Rain Natural Rain: "Normal" rainfall is slightly acidic because of the presence of dissolved carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is the same as that found in soda pop. The pH of "normal" rain has traditionally been given a value of 5.6. However scientists now believe that the pH of rain may vary from 5.6 to a low of 4.5 with the average value of 5.0. Acid rain or acid snow is a direct result of the method that the atmosphere cleans itself. The tiny droplets of water that make up clouds, continuously capture suspended solid particles and gases in the atmosphere. The gases of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are chemically converted into sulfuric and nitric acids. The non-metal oxide gases react with water to produce acids (ammonia produces a base). Example: SO + HOH === H SO 2 NO + HOH === HNO + HNO SO Answer CO Natural rain contain carbonic acid.

19. Science Across The World :: Acid Rain The issues raised by the topic and the Exchange Form are all very much as in the printed version of the acid rain topic published in 1999. http://www.scienceacross.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=content.showcontent&node=101

20. Environment Canada: Acid Rain Environment Canada monitors acid, weather, pollution deposits, precipitation and marine fog chemistry. Explains the effects and trends of acid and links to http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/aeb/ssd/acid/

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