121. Evolutionary Psychology NPR radio discussion on the assumption that women have evolved physically and psychologically to be weaker, less assertive, and monogamous, while men are naturally stronger, aggressive, and promiscuous. http://search1.npr.org/search97cgi/s97_cgi?action=View&VdkVgwKey=/opt/collec

122. Graduate Program In Ethology And Evolutionary Psychology In evolutionary psychology, the individual is viewed as having both a cultural and The Ethology and evolutionary psychology (EEP) Program also offers a http://chimpanzoo.arizona.edu/

Graduate Program in Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology Department of Psychology, University of Arizona Program Description Current Research Projects Program Faculty Contact Information Program Description The Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology (EEP) Program also offers a graduate minor in Behavioral Evolution And Development (BEAD) , with an interdisciplinary emphasis. The required core course for this minor, The Design of the Mind: Genes, Adaptation, and Behavior T he major focus of the Ethology and Evolutionary Psychology Program is research, and graduate students are expected to spend the majority of their time in its pursuit. It is not essential that new students work directly on projects currently underway, though most find it helpful to at least start this way. Current Research Projects Invertebrate Psychology Laboratory Development of invertebrate models for both research and instructional applications in comparative psychobiology. Behavioral principles studied include orthokinesis, klinokinesis, chemotaxis, tropotaxis, phototaxis, optomotor anemotaxis, unconditioned reflexes, sequenced fixed action patterns, olfactory and acoustic communication, social dominance, habituation and sensitization, classical and instrumental conditioning, behavioral genetics and behavioral laterality. Invertebrate taxa utilized include ciliates, coelenterates, nematodes, planaria, mollusks, aquatic and terrestrial arthropods. Ongoing research into associative and nonassociative conditioning of semiochemical and bioacoustic responsiveness in insects, including the development of (a) the foraging, stinging and feeding responses to prey kairomones in parasitoid wasps, (b) the orienting, courting and mating responses to sex pheromones in moths, (c) the acoustic sexual communication and associated spatial abilities in crickets.

123. Gene Expression: Evolutionary Psychology™ - A Primer evolutionary psychology™ a primer Germ cells from stem cells PLOS update An Emerging Media Consensus? Sheep + Goat Metzenberg on Jews http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/004088.html

Gene Expression Front Page June 19, 2005 Of late I have expressed some reservations because it is to some extent the reference point for good faith rebuttals . So with that in mind, I link to Evolutionary Psychology: Conceptual foundations (a lengthy PDF). Also, if you have some time to kill I highly recommend Steven Pinker's So How Does The Mind Work , a rejoinder to Jerry Fodor's harsh critique (later expanded into a book) of Pinker's weighty How The Mind Works Posted by razib at 10:04 PM postCount('4088'); Recent Entries New URL! What's wrong among the elites? Why Iran Must Not Be Invaded Culture Contact/Conflict ... Killing democracy softly Search this site: Simple reading View all entries Who is linking to us? Policies Comment guidelines Blog tributaries: Science Fiction weblog Organic Republican Our other blogs Hot Needle of Inquiry David Boxenhorn Randy McDonald Dean Nation ... Andrew Reeves Of evolutionary interest Steve Sailer Mixing Memory More than Human John Hawks ... Travel Guy Air Fares Blogs of Interest var test = null; Books Razib "recommends"

124. Gene Expression: Adapting Minds, David Bulller & Evolutionary Psychology Adapting Minds, David Bulller evolutionary psychology The myth of the browneyed baltic blonde? Selfish DNA What s your s? Norquist and dissimulation? http://www.gnxp.com/MT2/archives/003949.html

Gene Expression Front Page May 02, 2005 I wasn't going to comment on this until I later, but a confluence of events have prompted me to offer (quick) opinions on the book Adapting Minds , by David J. Buller. Steve has weighed in , and now Buller's former student, Will Wilkinson has put in his 2 cents . Like Will I'm only half way through the book, just scratching the "empirical chapters." Discussion about Buller's book has been prompted by a peculiar review in The Wall Street Journal by one Sharon Begley. I have pretty much digested the "theoretical" chapters, and so I was surprised by the content of Begley's review because it fixated on what Buller implies are the secondary empirical chapters. Let me clarify. Buller's book is a broadside into what I have termed , basically the model proposed by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, and promoted by the likes of David Buss and Steven Pinker. This model of biologistic thinking implies a few core theoretical commitments, in particular: Massive modularity A Pleistocene adaptive environment which is of overwhelming relevance to our current presdispositions and biases The first half of Buller's book is a point by point wide blitzkrieg upon these two positions. There is a lot to disagree with, and, that is why Buller distinguishes Evolutionary Psychology from the broader field of evolutionary psychology, the latter consisting of "behavorial ecology," "evolutionary anthropology" and "human ethology." Though these fields often have greater scope and are less cognitively focused than Evolutionary Psychology they are basically peddling the same product under a different brand name. Nevertheless those who adhere to the alternative brands often do not accept the theoretical commitments of EP practioners, which is the primary reason for their distancing from the appellation "Evolutionary Psychologist." Even those who call themselves

125. Articles@Human-Nature.Com On evolutionary psychology, Freud, and consciousness. http://www.human-nature.com/articles/index.html

Make sure you stay in touch with the latest news, research, reviews and debate by reading The Human Nature Daily Review every day. Articles Timothy Mason: 'Sex, Status and President Clinton' Jonathan Rosenhead: 'Complexity Theory and Management Practice' Michael Shermer: 'Sex, Lies, and Gossip' Michael Shermer: 'Proof of Evolutionary Psychology's Assumptions' Norman Levitt: 'Reflections on the Science Wars' Bernard J. Baars: 'Understanding Subjectivity: Global Workspace Theory and the Resurrection of the Observing Self' Galen Strawson: 'The Self' JCS Editors: 'The Future of Consciousness Studies' David J. Chalmers: 'Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness' Daniel C. Dennett: 'Facing Backwards on the Problem of Consciousness' Jonathan Lear: 'A Counterblast in the War on Freud: The Shrink is In' Frederick Crews: A Reply to 'A Counterblast in the War on Freud' Vesna Bonac: 'Perception or Fantasy? A New Clinical Theory of Transference' Articles From 'Freud Week' Malcolm Macmillan: 'Freud's Deterministic Assumptions' Allen Esterson: 'Jeffrey Masson and Freud's Seduction Theory: A New Fable Based on Old Myths' Allen Esterson: 'Masson's Account of the Prehistory of the Seduction Theory' Allen Esterson: 'Freud's "Reproduction" of Sexual Scences'

126. Center For Evolutionary Psychology The Center for evolutionary psychology is a multidisciplinary integrative research framework within which cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, http://repositories.cdlib.org/isber/cep/

The Center for Evolutionary Psychology is a multidisciplinary integrative research framework within which cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, cultural anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, paleoanthropologists, hunter-gatherer researchers, primatologists, developmental psychologists, social psychologists, behavioral ecologists, and others are communicating and collaborating about issues of mutual relevance. The Center brings together research teams with expertise in these fields to identify and progressively map (1) the recurrent adaptive problems and selection pressures our hunter-gatherer ancestors faced, (2) the cognitive modules and emotion programs that evolved to solve these problems, (3) the neural implementation of these mechanisms, 4) how these specialized mechanisms systematically pattern individual behavior and social interactions, and 5) how these mechanisms regulate transmission of cultural representations from mind to mind, generating and shaping culture. HOME SEARCH HELP MY ACCOUNT ... SEARCH MELVYL

127. Injustice, Inequality And Evolutionary Psychology evolutionary psychology is a recent activity which brings psychology into the It is striking that evolutionary psychology supports a view of modern http://www.hedweb.com/bgcharlton/evolpsych.html

The inequity of inequality: egalitarian instincts and evolutionary psychology. BG Charlton Journal of Health Psychology, 1997; 2: 413-425 Injustice, inequality and Evolutionary Psychology Bruce G Charlton MD bruce.charlton@ncl.ac.uk Reader in Evolutionary Psychiatry Department of Psychology University of Newcastle upon Tyne England Editor-in-Chief, Medical Hypotheses ABSTRACT Injustice, inequality and Evolutionary Psychology Introduction This paper is intended to provide an explanation for some apparently puzzling observations. Humans evolved in an egalitarian society - a society where resources (principally food) were shared equally: it seems that humans were "designed" to live in egalitarian societies. Yet all modern day economic systems demonstrate a markedly unequal distribution of resources. And, despite universal inequality for hundreds or even thousands of years, political creeds such as socialism still command substantial support for their egalitarian ideals. One might imagine that human experience would by now regard inequality as inevitable, yet apparently humans still do not accept inequality, nor have they fully adjusted to it. I will argue that these observations are a consequence of universal, evolved "human nature" interacting with different environmental circumstances. Human nature is approached from a biological standpoint - specifically from the viewpoint of Evolutionary Psychology (Barkow

128. University Of Texas At Austin Individual differences and evolutionary psychology graduate program. Reading lists and profiles of faculty and graduate students. http://HomePage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/DeptArea/IDEP/

129. Leiter Reports: Guest Bloggers Benjamin Hellie And Jessica Wilson, Sept. 12-16: evolutionary psychology Demolished. A new book, Adapting Minds (MIT Press), by philosopher David Buller (Northern Illinois) is discussed hereDownload http://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2005/05/evolutionary_ps.html

Leiter Reports: Guest Bloggers Benjamin Hellie and Jessica Wilson, Sept. 12-16 Categories Academic Freedom Advice for Academic Job Seekers Authoritarianism and Fascism Alerts Deja Vu All Over Again (Repostings of Earlier Items of Interest) ... What is Philosophy? Links Brian Leiter's Homepage The University of Texas School of Law University of Texas Department of Philosophy Law and Philosophy Program ... Red Constantino Search Web Stats Counter Main Evolutionary Psychology Demolished A new book, Adapting Minds (MIT Press), by philosopher David Buller (Northern Illinois) is discussed here: Download wall_street_journal_review.pdf . Law-and-economics folks, who are often especially partial to this shoddy science, would do well to read the review and the book. May 05, 2005 in Philosophy in the News Permalink September 2005 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Recent Posts Our first encounter with socialized medicine A rude case for social democracy "Back to being black" Ethnic cleansing off to a running start ... The highly centralized, politics-driven federal bureaucracy under Rove Recent Comments Brian Walters on Philosophy Faculty and Students Affected by the Hurricane Mark Pryor on Philosophy Faculty and Students Affected by the Hurricane Manuel Grau on Philosophy Faculty and Students Affected by the Hurricane Michael E. Zimmerman

130. Elsevier.com - Evolutionary Psychology And Economic Theory, 7 Economics and evolutionary psychology (D. Friedman). Austrian economics, evolutionary psychology and methodological dualism Subjectivism reconsidered http://www.elsevier.com/wps/product/cws_home/704066

Home Site map Regional Sites Advanced Product Search ... Evolutionary Psychology and Economic Theory, 7 Book information Product description Audience Author information and services Ordering information Bibliographic and ordering information Conditions of sale Book related information Submit your book proposal Other books in same subject area About Elsevier Select your view EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY AND ECONOMIC THEORY, 7 Edited By R. Koppl , Fairleigh Dickinson University, Madison, NJ, USA Included in series Advances in Austrian Economics, 7 Description Audience Economists. Contents Economics evolving: An introduction to the volume (R. Koppl). Economics and evolutionary psychology (D. Friedman). The emergence of moguls and dominance hierarchies in modern humans (D. Cassill, A. Watkins). Austrian economics, evolutionary psychology and individual actions (G. Hodgson). Hayek and modern evolutionary theory (P. Rubin, E. Gick). Hayek's theory of the mind (B. Loasby). Is homo economicus extinct? Vernon Smith, Daniel Dahneman and the evolutionary perspective (C.A. Aktipis, R. Kurzban). Austrian economics, evolutionary psychology and methodological dualism: Subjectivism reconsidered (V. Vanberg).

131. Evolutionary Psychology: Definition And Much More From Answers.com evolutionary psychology n. The study of the psychological adaptations of humans to the changing physical and social environment, especially of. http://www.answers.com/topic/evolutionary-psychology

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping evolutionary psychology Dictionary evolutionary psychology n. The study of the psychological adaptations of humans to the changing physical and social environment, especially of changes in brain structure, cognitive mechanisms, and behavioral differences among individuals. Wikipedia evolutionary psychology Psychology Areas Cognition Development Disorder Emotion ... Social Approaches Behavioral Biological Cognitive Evolutionary Humanistic Psychodynamic Evolutionary psychology (or EP) proposes that human and primate cognition and behavior could be better understood by examining them in light of human and primate evolutionary history . Specifically, EP proposes that the primate brain comprises a large number of functional mechanisms , called Evolved Psychological Mechanisms (EPM's) that evolved by natural selection to effect or facilitate the reproduction of the organism. These mechanisms are universal in the species , with the exception that some will be specific to one sex or to individuals of a certain age. Uncontroversial examples of psychological adaptations include

132. Evolution The basic position of the socalled evolutionary psychologists is put by one of Arguments Against evolutionary psychology (ed. Hilary and Steven Rose, http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/jan01/epbook.html

Evolutionary pseudo-psychology Is competition, leadership, aggression, possessiveness, and social and sexual inequality inevitable? Are they part of our biologically-determined human nature? Socialists have seen it all before. First it was the Social Darwinists, then it was the Nazis, then in the 1960s books appeared with such titles as The Territorial Imperative, On Aggression and The Naked Ape , then there was sociobiology, now there's "evolutionary psychology". All put over the same basic message: competition, leadership, aggression, possessiveness, social and sexual inequality are inevitable; you can never have a society without them as they're part of biologically-determined human nature. In reply, socialists have pointed out that the people concerned were not writing as competent scientists but as ideologists serving privileged interests and/or pandering to popular prejudice. In fact the real scientific evidence proved the opposite: humans were of course the product of biological evolution but their particular evolutionary inheritance in the form of a complex brain allowed them to learn and live out a great variety of different behaviour patterns; one key feature of human biological nature was precisely this capacity for flexible behaviour, the capacity to adapt human behaviour to cope with the challenges presented by the natural and the social environments which humans had to live in. Humans can be competitive, aggressive, possessive, etc but we can also be—and are—co-operative, friendly and sharing. Groups of humans have lived in conditions of social equality in the past and so could do so again.

133. Salon.com Technology | Flameproof Racism On the evolutionary psychology mailing list, dangerous ideas thrive The field of evolutionary psychology attempts to illuminate such inquiries into http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2000/08/30/evpsych/

Search About Salon Table Talk Newsletters ... Search All of Salon.com Only Technology The Web with Directory Hot Topics Ask the Pilot The Matrix Computer Games Globalization ... Joyce McGreevy Articles by date All of Salon.com The Movie Page Books Business ... Table Talk [Freewheeling Salon forums] What do you need to look for in a laptop? Have you tried VOIP? Posts of the week The Well [Pioneering members-only discussions] Wondering about the golden age of groupies? Sound Off E-mail Salon Send us a Letter to the Editor Today's letters Downloads Get Salon.com on your PDA Salon.com headlines from More ways to get Salon Flameproof racism On the Evolutionary Psychology mailing list, dangerous ideas thrive without the usual online rancor and hatred. By Andrew Brown Are blacks programmed by their genes to be promiscuous? Can we read any morality off our genes at all? Is religion pernicious nonsense? The field of evolutionary psychology attempts to illuminate such inquiries into human nature with the insights of modern Darwinism. It raises questions that have a prickly, intense and scary quality. To get inside them is like putting on a hair shirt with explosives strapped to it. Even in sober academic journals, the discussion can rapidly become a screaming match. On the Internet, home of the flame, any attempt at a reasonable discussion seems completely futile. Even respectable academic online mailing lists often melt down into reciprocal accusations of Nazism and censorship, as did the mailing list of the Human Biology and Evolution Society, the trade body for evolutionary psychologists, five years ago.

134. The Evolutionary Psychology Of Religion Anyone who is interested in the evolutionary psychology of religion would enjoy Pascal BoyerÕs Religion Explained and Scott Atran called In Gods We Trust. http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/media/2004_10_29_religion.htm

The Evolutionary Psychology of Religion Steven Pinker Harvard University Presented at the annual meeting of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, Madison, Wisconsin, October 29, 2004, on receipt of ÒThe EmperorÕs New Clothes Award.Ó Thank you very much; this is a tremendous honor. I look forward to displaying the Emperor proudly in my office at Harvard. It's a special honor to be here on the occasion that is recognizing the accomplishments of Anne Gaylor and I'd like to express my appreciation for the wonderful work that she has done in this Foundation. Do we have a ÒGod gene,Ó or a ÒGod moduleÓ? I'm referring to claims that a number of you may have noticed. Just last week, a cover story of Time magazine was called "The God Gene: Does our deity compel us to seek a higher power?" Believe it or not, some scientists say yes. And a number of years earlier, there were claims that the human brain is equipped with a ÒGod module,Ó a subsystem of the brain shaped by evolution to cause us to have a religious belief. "Brain's God module may affect religious intensity," according to the headline of the Los Angeles Times . In this evening's talk, I want to evaluate those claims.

135. A Critique Of PBS's Evolution Evolution s coverage of evolutionary psychology is about as educational as an While the narrator glancingly admits that evolutionary psychology is http://www.reviewevolution.com/press/pressRelease_Infomercial.php

"Evolution" Series Provides Infomercial for Dubious Field of "Evolutionary Psychology" Thursday, September 20, 2001 Contact: Mark Edwards 206.292.0401 x107 / medwards@discovery.org SEATTLEMany scientistsincluding many supporters of Darwinian theoryregard "evolutionary psychology" as pseudo-science, but viewers of the WGBH / Clear BLue Sky series "Evolution" won't get the opportunity to hear their views. Instead, during episode five of the series ("What about sex?") viewers will be subjected to an uncriticaland unrebuttedpresentation of some of evolutionary psychology's wildest and most speculative claims. The series devotes special attention to the sweeping theories of evolutionary pscyhologist Geoffrey Miller, who explains everything from the origins of the human brain to Handel's "Messiah" as a result of our drive for sex. Miller's conjectures have been criticized as "a product of the storyteller's art, not of science," by American Museum of Natural History paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall (New York Times Book Review, June 11, 2000). But viewers won't get to hear any criticism of Miller's ideas. Growing out of the often-debunked "sociobiology" movement of the 1970s, evolutionary psychology is dominated by researchers who delight in issuing shocking pronouncements backed up by little or no scientific evidence.

136. OUP: Evolutionary Psychology And Animal Cognition Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience evolutionary psychology and Animal evolutionary psychology and Animal Cognition. RECENT HIGHLIGHTS http://www.oup.co.uk/academic/medicine/psychology/evolutionary/

NEVER MISS AN OXFORD SALE (SIGN UP HERE) VIEW BASKET Quick Links About OUP Career Opportunities Contacts Need help? News oup.com Search the Catalogue Site Index American National Biography Booksellers' Information Service Children's Fiction and Poetry Children's Reference Dictionaries Dictionary of National Biography Digital Reference English Language Teaching Higher Education Textbooks Humanities International Education Unit Journals Law Medicine Music Online Products Oxford English Dictionary Reference Rights and Permissions Science School Books Social Sciences Very Short Introductions World's Classics Advanced Search UK and Europe Medicine Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience ... Search the catalogue Join the OED-BBC Wordhunt Visit www.oed.com for more details Evolutionary Psychology and Animal Cognition RECENT HIGHLIGHTS Emotion, Evolution and Rationality Do our emotions stop us being rational? For thousands of years, emotions have been thought of as obstacles to intelligent thought. This view has been challenged in recent years by both philosophers and scientists. In this groundbreaking book, the first of its kind, leading thinkers from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience challenge this commonly held view of emotion in a series of fascinating and challenging essays. Click here for more information Folk Physics for Apes The Chimpanzee's Theory of How The World Works NOW AVAILABLE IN PAPERBACK , this book provides a rare glimpse into the workings of another mind, examining how apes perceive and understand the physical world. Describing groundbreaking research, and fiercely challenging many long held assumptions, the book will have broad appeal to evolutionary psychologists, developmental psychologists, and those interested in the sub-disciplines of cognitive science philosophy, anthropology).

137. Philosophy Talk: The Blog: Evolutionary Psychology: A Defense -- Sort Of! It s amazing how divided opinions are about evolutionary psychology. Some criticisms of evolutionary psychology aren t really criticisms of the research http://theblog.philosophytalk.org/2005/05/evolutionary_ps.html

hostName = '.philosophytalk.org'; Philosophy Talk: The Blog cogito...ergo...blog Recent Posts Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Was Lance Armstrong Self-Deceived? Beyond the Cartesian Moment? Caring ... Subscribe to this blog's feed Powered by TypePad On-Air Personalities Amy Standen The Roving Philosophical Reporter Ian Shoales The Sixty Second Philosopher John Perry Co-host Ken Taylor Co-Host Recent Comments David Ngo on Improving the World vs Improving my Country Homer on Negotiating Identities: The Crash Solution Joe on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Nick on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Tom Clark on Beyond the Cartesian Moment? Cosmic Paroxysms on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Cosmic Paroxysms on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Shane on Skin, Deep ken on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. Nick on Saints, Heroes, and Schmucks Like Me. September 2005 Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Archives September 2005 August 2005 July 2005 ... About Philosophy in the Blogosphere Thoughts Arguments and Rants Leiter Reports semantics, etc. Obscure and Confused Ideas ... Main May 25, 2005 Evolutionary Psychology: A Defense Sort of!

138. NEL, Toward An Evolutionary Psychology Of Religiosity A Review Article by Caspar Soeling Eckart Voland in the Neuroendocrinology Letters, Special Issue Human Ethology and evolutionary psychology , http://www.nel.edu/23_s4/NEL231002R10_Soeling.htm

January 7, 2003 NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY LETTERS including Psychoneuroimmunology, Neuro psycho pharmacology, Reproductive Medicine, Chronobiology and Human Ethology CONTENTS SPECIAL ISSUE Vol. 23, Suppl.4, December 2002 Toward an evolutionary psychology of religiosity Contents of this issue Order this issue Toward an evolutionary psychology of religiosity REFERENCES Caspar Soeling Voland Submitted: August 30, 2002 Accepted: September 4, 2002 Key words: evolutionary psychology, religiosity, Darwinian algorithms, cognitive domains, mysticism, ethics, myths, rituals, adaptations REVIEW ARTICLE pii PMID Order pdf ABSTRACT How can the evolution of religiosity be explained? To answer this question, we attempt to develop an understanding of the psychological domains underlying religious behaviour. We see four evolved domains, the sum and interaction of which constitute religiosity, namely: mysticism, ethics, myths and rituals. Even if the individual content, accents and implementations differ in each specific religion, they nevertheless derive from evolved Darwinian algorithms that are species-specific adaptations of homo sapiens.

139. Professional Discussion Forum evolutionary psychology has been especially helpful in the area of human sexuality Since a major desire of humans, according to evolutionary psychology, http://www.socialpsychology.org/forums/professional/?read=552

140. Denis Dutton On Aesthetics And Evolutionary Psychology evolutionary psychology extends the findings of Darwinian theory to the working evolutionary psychology replaces the blank slate as a metaphor for mind http://www.denisdutton.com/aesthetics_&_evolutionary_psychology.htm

Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics , edited by Jerrold Levinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Denis Dutton www.denisdutton.com 1. Historical Precedents The Republic Aristotle explicitly argued that a stable, unchanging human psychological nature would dictate that the arts would possess specifiable, unchanging features. In a seldom noticed aside in The Politics Poetics can be understood as a catalogue of the features that he expects the arts, primarily drama and fiction, to possess precisely because they are created by and for human beings with a stable intellectual, imaginative, and emotional nature. For example, he argues that main themes of tragedy will involve the disruption of normal family relations, such as we see in Oedipus and Medea .His unspoken implication is that this fascination with stresses and ruptures of families represents a permanent feature of human interest , and not merely a local manifestation of Greek cultural concerns.

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