81. Superconductivity 1 THE DISCOVERY OF superconductivity / HTS. * superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kammerlingh Onnes. http://www.vectorsite.net/ttspcon.html

Index Sitemap Home SiteSearch ... Email Comments Superconductivity v2.0.3 / 01 may 04 / greg goebel / public domain * "Superconductivity" is the state in which a material has literally no resistance to electrical current. The phenomenon was discovered early in the 20th century, but for most of the following decades it remained little more than a curiosity. The materials that exhibited superconductive behavior only did so if they were cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero, which limited their use to highly specialized applications. Interest in superconductivity skyrocketed in the late 1980s when materials were discovered that remained superconductive at relatively high temperatures, but after the initial excitement wore off, development of practical applications proved painfully slow. However, by the end of the century, work towards applications of superconductive materials in power electric systems, sensors, and digital electronics finally seemed to be on track. This document provides an overview of superconductive principles, materials, and applications. [1] THE DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY / HTS [3] SQUIDS [4] JOSEPHSON JUNCTION LOGIC SYSTEMS [1] THE DISCOVERY OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY / HTS * Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kammerlingh Onnes. He discovered that when mercury was cooled by liquid helium to 4 degrees Kelvin, it lost all resistance to electrical current. Onnes would later win the Nobel prize for this work. Later research showed that many metals, such as tin, lead, and niobium, were also superconductive when cooled to extremely low temperatures.

82. Balents Group Home Page Theoretical physics research on strong correlation and quantum effects in condensed matter systems, including magnetism, superconductivity, nanoelectronics in specific structures and general conceptual problems in the field. http://www.physics.ucsb.edu/~balents

supported by: What's new: We develop a general theory for Mott criticality of bosons at half filling on the triangular lattice. (6/18/05) In the previous posting, we described the discovery of a supersolid phase of the XXZ model on the triangular lattice, even in the limit of infinitely strong interactions. But the superfluidity is amazingly weak - so we think of this as an indication the system is close to a quantum phase transition to a Mott insulator, where the superfluidity would vanish. This closeness would neatly explain the strange observations remarked on below. We (Anton Burkov and LB) have developed a general theory of the quantum critical points in half-filled boson systems on the triangular lattice. There are a number of interesting Mott transitions that can occur, from the superfluid directly to a Mott state, or from different supersolids to Mott states. All the transitions we found in this way are "exotic", i.e defy the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson (LGW) paradigm, and can be thought of in one way or another as "deconfined" quantum critical points. Density modulations in the "Ferrimagnetic" solid state, as calculated by the dual vortex theory.

83. Superconductivity Home Page This page gives a short introduction to current research of properties of HighTc superconductors . http://www.weizmann.ac.il/~fnsup/

The Superconductivity Lab Home Research Movies People ... Links Home The group focuses on the study of superconductors. Our main interest is vortex dynamics and vortex matter phase diagram. The materials we investigate are mostly the High-T c superconductors as well as conventional superconductors like NbSe Electrical and magnetic properties of the superconductors are studied using several experimental techniques including local magnetization and susceptibility measurements using arrays of microscopic Hall sensors, transport studies, and magneto-optical measurements. The lab is equipped with various cryogenic and electronic systems for low temperature investigations. We have Hall sensor manufacturing capabilities using the facilities of the submicron center (GaAs MBE, optical and e-beam lithography). In this web site you can read about our research , browse through our publication list , or see who our present and former group members are.

84. Materials By Design: Superconductors The change from normal electrical conductivity to superconductivity occurs abruptly at a critical temperature Tc. critical temperature http://www.mse.cornell.edu/engri111/superco.htm

Superconductors A superconductor can conduct electricity without electrical resistance at temperatures above absolute zero. The change from normal electrical conductivity to superconductivity occurs abruptly at a critical temperature T c A superconductor is also able to exclude the surrounding magnetic field. This is known as the Meissner Effect. When a small, strong magnet approaches a superconductor, it induces a current in the superconductor. Because the current flows inside the superconductor without electrical resistance, the current induces its own magnetic field which can repel the magnet, producing a force to counteract gravity in order to levitate the magnet above the surface of the superconductor. Superconductors are used in medical instruments such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems. Video clip: Microsoft Video for Windows AVI (142 kB), Apple QuickTime (138 kB) Critical Values for Superconductors Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Ceramics and Glasses Composites ... Materials by Design is produced by Cornell University's Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University

85. The Centre For Nanoscale Physics Department of Physics, Centre for Nanoscale Physics ultrafast microscopy, ultrafast spectroscopy, nanocrystals and ion implantation, modelling of dynamics at solid surfaces, superconductivity, phase transitions and biophysics. http://nanoscale.phys.ualberta.ca/

HOME CONTACT About ... Links Browser Updates Click to Enlarge Illustration Demo Streaming Video Longshot Demo Streaming Video Closeup This is an experimental setup which illustrates the pump/probe principle. It utilizes a pulsed laser who's beam is split into two separate paths. As the pathlength of one beam (in this case the probe beam) is lengthened via an optical delay line the probe can sample the surface at different times relative to the pump beam. A profile over time can then be produced from the resultant acquired data. Highlights Journal Club Thursdays at 2:00 pm Convenor, Mark Freeman NINT, 6th Fl, ECERF CMP Seminar Series Thursdays at noon Convenor, Robert Wolkow Room P139 6th iSMACK Symposium Thursday, Sept 1 at the Banff Centre Program: TBA

86. Pohang Superconductivity Center Pohang superconductivity Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790784, Korea Tel. +82-0562-279-2073 (5824) Fax. +82-0562-279-5299 http://www-ph.postech.ac.kr/~psc/helloen.html

Korean Position Available High Tc Superconductivity Activities ... Photos Pohang Superconductivity Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Kyungbuk 790-784, Korea Tel.: +82-0562-279-2073 (5824) Fax.: +82-0562-279-5299 Please send an e-mail to director of PSC or web master PSC is supported by Creative Research Initiative Program of Ministry of Science and Technology.

87. Applied Superconductivity The most comprehensive and reliable source of scientific and engineering information online. Engineers and scientists will be able to find technical http://www.knovel.com/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=355

88. Leo Radzihovsky Professor at the University of Colorado. Research interests include softcondensed matter, superconductivity, quantum Hall effect, magnetism and general questions that arise in condensed matter systems, especially fluctuation phenomena, disorder, and phase transitions. http://lulu.colorado.edu/~radzihov/

Leo Radzihovsky Professor Department of Physics University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder , CO 80309-0390 Phone: Fax: Email: radzihov@colorado.edu Links: Google Yahoo E-print arXiv APS journals Announcements: Boulder School in Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Research Interests - Condensed Matter Physics Liquid Crystals and Other 'Soft' Condensed Matter Disordered Systems Nonequilibrium Phenomena Quantum Hall Effect Superconductivity Publications Recent Publications Thesis Courses PHYS 5250 - Graduate Quantum Mechanics - I (Fall 2005) PHYS 7440 - Graduate Condensed Matter Physics PHYS 4340 - Introduction to Condensed Matter Physics PHYS 1000 - Preparatory Physics (Classical Mechanics) PHYS 1120 Honors - Electricity and Magnetism PHYS 1110 Honors - Classical Mechanics PHYS 2140 - Methods of Mathematical Physics PHYS 7230 - Graduate Statistical Mechanics PHYS 7240 - Graduate Advanced Statistical Mechanics Education Ph.D. (June 1993) Department of Physics Harvard University Thesis title: Statistical Mechanics and Geometry of Random Manifolds Advisor: David R. Nelson

89. Chapter 10. In other words, at B Bc(0) there is no superconductivity at any temperature. The Messner effect allowed a classical explanation for superconductivity. http://physuna.phs.uc.edu/suranyi/Modern_physics/Lecture_Notes/modern_physics12.

Modern Physics Link to return to Modern Physics front page 12. Magnetism and Supercoductivity Links to specific sections in the text: 12.a. Magnetism in Solids 12.b. Type I Superconductors 12.c. Type II superconductors 12.d. Josephson junction ... superconductors 12.a. Magnetism in Matter The origin of magnetism in matter is the spin and orbital angular momentum of atomic electrons.When an atom has an even number of electrons then the electrons spins and orbital angular momenta can pair up to result in no net magnetic moment. Atoms with an odd number of electrons have by necessity nonzero magnetic moments. Return to top 12.b. Type I Superconductors The best conducting metals do not become superconductors at any temperature. Of the ones that do have a critical magnetic field that depends on temperature as B c (T) = B c c c (0) there is no superconductivity at any temperature. Now B c 0.01-0.1 tesla. Type I superconductors are not the best for constructing superconducting magnets, because we cannot really reach high magnetic fields without destroying supeconductivity. Superconductors must "arrest" magnetic fields accross them because Faraday's law states that the change of flux is equal to the line integral of the electric field in a closed loop, which is zero. Farady's law allows a constant magnetic field existing inside superconductors, but type I superconductors expel the magnetic field completely at the time of the transition. This is called the Meissner effect. What physically happens is that if at the time of going superconducting the sample is in magnetic field then a surface current is generated that develops its own magnetic field, cancelling exactly the external field inside the superconductor. This surface current changes with the external magnetic field.

90. Physics News 531, March 22, 2001 Physics News current densities hundreds of times greater than that of common metals; also heat conductivity almost as high as that of diamond; superconductivity in nanotube ropes; nanotube/buckyball peapods; nanotubes as atomic force microscope probes. http://newton.ex.ac.uk/aip/physnews.531.html

Physics News 531, March 22, 2001 PHYSICS NEWS UPDATE The American Institute of Physics Bulletin of Physics News Number 531 March 22, 2001 by Phillip F. Schewe, Ben Stein, and James Riordon Previous Next March 2001 Main page A CARBON NANOTUBE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT, http://www.aip.org/physnews/select computers crystals/solids fullerenes ... education MOLECULAR BEACONS FOR CANCER. medical molecular USING THE MOON AS A COSMIC RAY DETECTOR. Some of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray neutrinos striking the Moon's soil are expected to set up shock waves of Cerenkov radiation, the light given off by particles (in this case charged particles spawned by neutrinos) traveling faster than light itself in that medium (see schematic drawing at http://www.aip.org/mgr/png http://www.aip.org/physnews/select http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~moonemp/public/lunacee2/index.ht ml) By the way, in this week's issue of Nature, members of the AMANDA collaboration report the observation of cosmic-ray neutrinos, also via the emission of Cerenkov radiation, but in this case the detectors are buried in Antarctic ice (Andres et al., Nature, 22 March 2001.) astronomy cosmology particle physics sun ... telescopes A follow-up to one of the articles in this update appeared in: Update 532 Previous Next March 2001 ... American Institute of Physics index and html by the University of Exeter.

91. Vls.icm.edu.pl/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=elsev superconductivity LinksThere are literally scores of excellent web pages on superconductivity (SC) and I list Center for superconductivity Research University of Maryland. http://vls.icm.edu.pl/cgi-bin/sciserv.pl?collection=elsevier&journal=09641807

92. Cryogenic UK - Cryogenic Processing Equipment superconductivity and cryomagnetic low temperature engineering and instrumentation. London, with many international contacts listed. http://www.cryogenic.co.uk/

n = (document.layers) ? 1:0 ie = (document.all) ? 1:0 'Over thirty years experience in the design and manufacture of cryomagnetic instrumentation for both laboratory research and industrial applications.' Cryogenic Ltd. is renowned in low temperature research and material science laboratories world-wide for delivering high quality measurement systems and providing the highest magnetic fields and lower temperatures. We are actively committed to developing new products for our existing and future customers. These include our wide range of Liquid Helium Free Magnet systems and Variable Temperature Inserts which are easy to operate and offer significant operational cost benefits. Applications include standard laboratory systems, novel MRI imaging magnets and magnetic separation systems with both wet and dry separation processes. A wide range of automated systems are now available using sophisticated data acquisition software and hardware running under the LabVIEW operating environment. Our aim is to deliver the best cryogenic processing equipment at fair prices designed to do the job reliably, using the latest technology without unnecessary cosmetic features. We put great emphasis on robust construction and the best use of materials. Many of our measurement systems, magnet power supplies and cryostats are still in everyday use after more than 20 years. We believe in providing the back-up our customers expect with the personal and responsible approach to be expected of professionals with more than 30 years experience in magnetism and low temperature systems.

93. The UBC Superconductivity Group superconductivity homepage, superconductivity Group UBC Department of Physics and Astronomy, UBC Crest. Introduction People Research Papers Datasets http://www.physics.ubc.ca/~supercon/supercon.html

Superconductivity Group UBC Department of Physics and Astronomy Advanced Materials and Process Engineering Laboratory University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada Phone: 604-822-1997 Fax: 604-822-4750

94. SCG News Page A large link list of superconductivity data bases, free journals, papers and news, and university institute sites by a Korean PhD. candidate. Also available in Korean language. http://superconductor.com.ne.kr/index.html

home Board search Superconductivity - General Materials Applications A B ... What's new Home pages by : Topics -A lphabetic order Database On-line Journals Manufacturers ... photo gallery This site is intended for superconductivity-related scientists. Coming events (conference, symposium, workshop.....) from 'High-Tc Update' site. Links related on Superconductivity. The European Network for Superconductivity SCENET superconductors.org Biomagnet.com WWW server service for the Biomagnetism community Administrator : Ki Uk, Kim Last modified: 18/04/2003

95. Superconductivity Group External Home Page High Temperature superconductivity. ** THIS PAGE LOOKS BEST WHEN VIEWED FULL SCREEN **. Making superconducting electronics a reality, a group of dedicated http://www.research.ibm.com/sup/

High Temperature Superconductivity ** THIS PAGE LOOKS BEST WHEN VIEWED FULL SCREEN ** Making superconducting electronics a reality, a group of dedicated people within IBM Research, both at the T. J. Watson Research Center and Zurich Research Laboratory , are aggressively pursuing superconducting science and technology. Come and explore a fantastically cool world with us! HIGHLIGHTS OF OUR RECENT WORK: "IBM Scientists move closer to understanding source of high temperature superconductivty" Scanning SQUID Microscope and the Half-Integer Flux Quantum Effect The scanning SQUID microscope is an extremely sensitive instrument used for imaging magnetic fields at the surfaces. We have used it to image vortices in special geometries of high-Tc superconductors with exactly half of the flux normally seen. WHAT WE ARE DOING: Applications of SQUIDs - Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are the most sensitive detectors of magnetic fields in existence. At IBM we are learning how to use SQUIDs in real world applications. Symmetry of the High-Tc Superconducting Wave Function - Using a Scanning SQUID Microscope we are trying to measure how the electrons in a superconductor arrange themselves.

96. Nanotechnology Industry Portal A description of research that has demonstrated proximity induced superconductivity within individual DNA molecules. Feb. 23, 2001. http://nanotech.about.com/science/nanotech/library/news/blnews34a.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Logistics / Supply Chain Business ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Logistics / Supply Chain newsletter! See Online Courses Search Logistics / Supply Chain Nanotechnology Industry Definition of Nanotechnology : From the About Physics site. Review this definition on nanotechnology to begin developing an understanding of this field of science which will have significant impacts on the future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management. Molecular Logistics : Although it will be many years before commercial applications of these technologies emerge, developments are now coming fast and furious. It is important for logisticians to stay abreast of these breakthroughs and provide industry input into the development of nanotechnology and teleportation... A Walk on the Small Side - Nanotechnology : When the concept of nanotechnology first surfaced, some believed it was simply a daydream, others a budding nightmare. Alas, as in ancient times, technology spawned doubt, fear, probably a few urban legends... and jubilant creativity. General Nanotechnology Resources Our focussed Nanotechnology background subject pages provide rapid access to our resources on History, Methods, People, Education, Research, Terminology and more.

97. CRPP Superconductivity - Home Page CRPP superconductivity, Section of the Center for Research in Plasma Physics of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, participating in EURATOM http://crppsc.web.psi.ch/

98. 2004 GRC On Superconductivity Welcome to the 2004 Gordon Research Conference on superconductivity at Queen s The mechanisms causing superconductivity may be quite different from case http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/2004/supercon.htm

Superconductivity September 19-24, 2004 Queen's College Oxford, UK Chair: Dirk Van Der Marel Vice Chair: J.C. Seamus Davis Welcome to the 2004 Gordon Research Conference on Superconductivity at Queen's College, Oxford. The aim of this conference is to present a forum for discussion of superconductivity in cuprates, cobaltates, alkalides, C60, actinides, borides, heavy fermion materials, etc. The conference will focus on the physical properties and materials aspects of superconductivity, such phase as diagrams, electronic structure, spectroscopic properties, to mention just a few. The mechanisms causing superconductivity may be quite different from case to case, which is an important aspect which we seek to highlight during this conference. We strongly encourage the participation of scientists in the initial stages of their career, by their active participation in informal discussion groups and poster sessions. The organizers encourage those from groups underrepresented in science and engineering to attend and has funding earmarked for members of these groups." SUNDAY 2:00 pm - 9:00 pm Arrival and Check-in 6:00 pm Dinner 7:30 pm - 9:30 pm Opening Session Discussion leader: Peter Littlewood (Cambridge University) 7:30 pm - 8:05 pm Mohit Randeria (Tata Institute) Theory of the Superconducting State of High Tc Cuprates 8:05 pm - 8:40 pm Martin Greiter (Universitat Karlsruhe) The chirality liquid, chiral confinement, and the phenomology of CuO superconductors

99. Institute For Technical Physics Primary emphasis on superconductivity technology. At the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany. http://www-extern.fzk.de/stellent/groups/itp/documents/published_pages/itp_index

100. 2001 GRC On Superconductivity Bourges, P Antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in highTc cuprates Senthil, T Electron fractionalization and cuprate superconductivity http://www.grc.uri.edu/programs/2001/supercon.htm

Superconductivity Sep 9-14, 2001 Queen's College Oxford, UK Co-Chairs Peter Littlewood PETER.LITTLEWOOD@PHY.CAM.AC.UK Victor Emery emery@cmth.phy.bnl.gov Vice-Chair Thomas Timusk TIMUSK@MCMASTER.CA Sunday 9th September Opening Discussion leader: PB Littlewood G Lonzarich : Magnetically mediated superconductivity B.Batlogg : Superconductivity in polyacenes Shimizu, Katsuya : Search for Superconductivity in magnetic elements under high pressure Monday 10th September Cuprates I Discussion leader: G. Blumberg Bourges, P : Antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in high-Tc cuprates Aeppli, G : spin magnetism of the vortex state in the cuprates Van der Marel, D : Pairing-induced color changes in superconductors Johnson, PD : High Resolution Photoemission Studies of Self Energy Effects in High Tc Superconductors Shen, Z-X : Recent data from high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission experiments Orenstein, J .: Quasiparticle dynamics in YBCO crystals as seen by time-resolved optical spectroscopy Cuprates II Discussion leader: L. Taillefer

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