21. General Theory Of Relativity General Theory of relativity of Einstein's own special theory of relativity. Einstein called his new work the general theory of relativity. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

22. Relativity On The World Wide Web The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation, understanding, and applications of special and general relativity. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/relativity.html

Relativity on the World Wide Web Original by Chris Hillman; maintained by John Baez The evolving event horizon during the axisymmetric merger of two equal mass black holes (simulation by the Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance) Welcome! The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation and understanding of the special and general theories of relativity by providing links to on-line scientifically accurate educational resources aimed at a variety of audiences, including popular science sites (places to go if you don't want to see any scary math), visualization sites , (places to go if you just want to see some truly fabulous pictures with some genuine scientific content), web tutorials on relativity theory (just the thing if you're not yet sure you want to really buckle down and study this stuff), observational and experimental evidence bearing on relativity theory, including fantastically beautiful astronomical images, a discussion of some specific scientifically inaccurate claims about cosmology and general relativity, formal coursework, including full length lecture notes (

23. Non-Postulated Relativity By Lev Lomize In this online book, electromagnetism is described as a physical mechanism responsible for relativistic effects. http://www.nonpostulatedrelativity.com/

About the Author Book Information Papers and Future Books About the Author Book Information Papers and Future Books

24. General Relativity Tutorial (John Baez) This is bunch of interconnected web pages that serve as an informal introduction to general relativity. The goal is to demystify general relativity http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

25. General Relativity Tutorial (John Baez) This is bunch of interconnected web pages that serve as an informal introduction to general relativity. The goal is to demystify general relativity and get http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/gr/gr.html

The General Relativity Tutorial John Baez This is bunch of interconnected web pages that serve as an informal introduction to that beautiful and amazingly accurate theory of gravity called general relativity . The goal is to explain the basic equation in this theory - Einstein's equation - with a minimum of fuss and muss. You can begin by reading this: Short Course Outline Clicking on any of the underlined key concepts will then take you to the corresponding point in this more detailed: Long Course Outline In the long course outline, clicking on any underlined key concept will take you to a still more detailed exposition of that concept. A more formal presentation of this material can be found here: The Meaning of Einstein's Equation including some extra stuff, but leaving out many other things. Alternatively, you can dive right in and read the adventures of Oz and the Wizard This is the fun part! In these stories, the hapless peasant Oz learns general relativity from a grumpy but powerful wizard. But, unless you are already familiar with general relativity, to understand these adventures you will need to look at the other material from time to time. All this material originated on sci.physics. Much of it is written by Oz and me, but there are also substantial contributions by Ted Bunn, Ed Green, Keith Ramsay, Bruce Scott, Bronis Vidugiris, and Michael Weiss.

26. LIGO Laboratory Home Page Experimental observatory for the detection of gravitational waves. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

27. General Relativity A laymen s guide to the theory of General relativity. http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html

Forward Back Up Map ... Information General Relativity Einstein's 1916 paper on General Relativity In 1916 Einstein expanded his Special Theory to include the effect of gravitation on the shape of space and the flow of time. This theory, referred to as the General Theory of Relativity , proposed that matter causes space to curve. JPEG Image Embedding Diagrams Picture a bowling ball on a stretched rubber sheet. GIF Image The large ball will cause a deformation in the sheet's surface. A baseball dropped onto the sheet will roll toward the bowling ball. Einstein theorized that smaller masses travel toward larger masses not because they are "attracted" by a mysterious force, but because the smaller objects travel through space that is warped by the larger object. Physicists illustrate this idea using embedding diagrams Contrary to appearances, an embedding diagram does not depict the three-dimensional "space" of our everyday experience. Rather it shows how a 2D slice through familiar 3D space is curved downwards when embedded in flattened hyperspace. We cannot fully envision this hyperspace; it contains seven dimensions, including one for time! Flattening it to 3D allows us to represent the curvature. Embedding diagrams can help us visualize the implications of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. The Flow of Spacetime Another way of thinking of the curvature of spacetime was elegantly described by Hans von Baeyer. In a prize-winning

28. GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture Alessandro Volta , Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. http://www.sissa.it/~bruzzo/sagp2001/sagp2001.html

4th SIGRAV GRADUATE SCHOOL ON CONTEMPORARY RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS and 2001 SCHOOL ON ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS (SAGP2001) VILLA OLMO (COMO), 7-11 MAY 2001 GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES Supported by: SIGRAV (Italian Society for Gravitational Physics), National Research Project "Singularities, Integrability, Symmetries", SISSA (Trieste), University of Insubria (Como-Varese), Departmente of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of the University of Insubria at Como, Physics Department of the University of Milan, Physics Department of the University of Turin, Physics Department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Physics Department of the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Physics Department of the University of Pavia. Download the first circular (Latex file) See the programme (PDF) The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary Relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture "Alessandro Volta", Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. In 2001 the School will be a joint venture with the School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics organized by the Mathematical Physics Group of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. The School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics is part of a series of events that SISSA is organizing since 1996 aiming at fostering the interaction between mathematicians working in pure algebraic geometry and researchers who are interested in applications of algebraic geometry to physics, especially string theory and integrable systems. Information on the "Algebraic Geometry and Physics'' series is available from the web page

29. Lecture Notes On General Relativity Lecture notes for a onesemester course in General relativity. http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll/notes/

Lecture Notes on General Relativity Sean M. Carroll (gravitational waves disturbing a black hole, from NCSA This set of lecture notes on general relativity has been expanded into a textbook, Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity , available for purchase online or at finer bookstores everywhere. About 50% of the book is completely new; I've also polished and improved many of the explanations, and made the organization more flexible and user-friendly. The notes as they are will always be here for free. These lecture notes are a lightly edited version of the ones I handed out while teaching Physics 8.962, the graduate course in General Relativity at MIT , during Spring 1996. Each of the chapters is available here as uncompressed postscript, but see next paragraph. (Need a postscript previewer ?) Constructive comments and general flattery may be sent to me via the address below. Dates refer to the last nontrivial modification of the corresponding file (fixing typos doesn't count). The notes as a whole are available as gr-qc/9712019 Other formats: if you don't like postscript, the notes are

30. The Relativity Theorem Devoted to discovering what lies behind the mysteries of the paranormal, and classifying them. Ghosts, U.F.O.s, Telekenisis and other articles. http://relativitytheorem.250free.com

Welcome to the Relativity Theorem This site will explore our Reality, the theory of Relativity, and the possibilities of our own world. To discover what lies behind the mysteries of the paranormal So it begins..... a new chapter in the book of life. The unexplored phenomenon, the impossible, or so said to be, things of our current world. RelativityTheorem Any and all information on this site you must ask us for before posting it elsewhere or we will be very upset. That said, please explore the site before we pretend to Now go, before I insult you again.

31. Hyperspace GR Hypertext A set of hypertext based services for general relativity research provided by the QMW relativity group. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

32. Spacetime Wrinkles Glossary This is especially so in the case of general relativity. This is a result of two effects, one resulting from special relativity, the other from general http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/glossary.html

Back Map Information Expo Home Glossary Accretion Disk In a binary system containing a star and a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole) gas may flow from the star to the compact object. According to the theoretical model, the gas will spiral in and fall to the surface of the compact object creating a flow of matter in the shape of a disk. It is generally believed that this model explains many features of X-ray pulsars Apparent Horizon When matter falls inward to form a black hole it is not always easy to see where the event horizon might be. It might appear at one time that a light ray is capable of escaping but infalling matter might eventually prevent it from doing so. The apparent horizon is a surface on which outgoing light rays are just trapped, and cannot expand outward. It is a stronger condition than the event horizon, and the apparent horizon always lies inside the event horizon, or coincides with it. This situation is analgous to a man running through a corridor filled with doors. He is trying to run outward, but the doors are closing in sequence from the outside in. How many doors will he be able to pass through before he is blocked by a closed door? The door that is closest to him that is currently closed is analgous to the apparent horizon. The door that he will actually reach before he cannot travel further is analogous to the event horizon. Arc Second The size of a celestial object expressed in terms of the angle that it covers (or "subtends") when viewed from Earth. For example, the moon subtends an angle of 1/2 a degree. One degree of arc is defined as equivalent to 60 minutes of arc (or "arc minutes"). Arc minutes are further divided into arc seconds, such that there 60 x 60 or 3600 arc seconds per degree. So the moon's apparent size can also be expressed as 1/2 degree x 3600 = 1800 arc seconds. If the the distance to an object is also known, then its angular size can be used to calculate its diameter in miles or kilometers.

33. Scale Relativity Fractal relativity. Spacetime is nondifferentiable. http://www.chez.com/etlefevre/rechell/ukrechel.htm

Scale Relativity Warning: these HTML pages have been developped from a first version achieved by . For more detail, refer either to the book (1993), or to a more recent (1996) review paper , more generally to the bibliography published on the subject, or to the author at the following e-mail address: Laurent.Nottale@obspm.fr The author: This theory is proposed by Laurent Nottale , researcher at observatoire de Paris-Meudon . He worked for a long time in parallel on gravitational lenses , but is now devoting most of his activity to the development of the theory of Scale Relativity DAEC department. The origin In this chapter, we first present the origin of the Scale Relativity (or ScR) theory: we will briefly evoke the reasons that led to its development. The fundamental principle of ScR: It is an extension of Einstein's principle of relativity. It can be stated as follows: The laws of nature must be valid in every coordinate systems, whatever their state of motion and of scale. The results obtained show once again the extraordinary efficiency of this principle at constraining the laws of physics. The method: The formalism developed by L. Nottale for ScR is already sufficiently settled to be used "as is" to deal with a particular problem in many situations. The procedure is outlined in this chapter. The most general version of the theory is still under construction.

34. Max Planck Institute For Gravitational Physics, Potsdam - Home relativity and beyond mathematics, quantum gravity, astrophysical relativity Astrophysical relativity Director Bernard F. Schutz http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

35. Living Reviews - Portal covering all areas of relativity research, resp. solar and heliospheric physics. Living Reviews in relativity Living Reviews in Solar Physics http://www.livingreviews.org/

Online-only refereed review journals. An open access service. Max Planck Society * Learn more about this project (FAQ) * Start your own Living Reviews journal * Use our processing software (ePubTk) Living Reviews in Relativity and Living Reviews in Solar Physics are published by institutes of the Max Planck Society of Germany FAQs

36. Lanczos Collection Site announces the availability of the Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with commentaries. Lanczos (18931974) was one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative physicists and mathematicians. His papers cover an array of disciplines including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. http://www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos

Announcing the CORNELIUS LANCZOS COLLECTED PUBLISHED PAPERS WITH COMMENTARIES Published by North Carolina State University College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Department of Physics Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 USA [1998] Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-67928 ISBN (for the Collection of Volumes I-VI): 0-929493-01-X [See Web: www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos (View the Order Form Ordering Instructions Collection 24 September 2002) (All orders are now being shipped from Raleigh, North Carolina) Cornelius Lanczos (1893-1974) was a physicist and mathematician who had a profound impact on the foundations of twentieth century science. His papers cover a vast array of disciplines, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. This Collection provides documentation (a) that Lanczos was indeed one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative scientific minds, and (b) that many of Lanczos's ideas are still of interest to present-day research in physics and applied mathematics. This Collection will be of special interest to theoretical physicists, numerical analysts and science historians. The Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with Commentaries (Lanczos Collection or CLCPPC herein-after referred to as the Collection) represents the second phase of a two-part celebration of the life and work of Cornelius Lanczos. The first phase of this celebration occurred in December 1993 when North Carolina State University's College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences hosted the Cornelius Lanczos International Centenary Conference. [See the

37. Usenet Articles By Mukesh Prasad (aka Bhanwara@my-deja.com) Alternate viewpoint on the Double Slit Experiment which is the experiment that started the moderen QM thought. http://www.mukesh.ws/

List of selected Usenet Articles by bhanwara Here is a list of some usenet articles on Physics (specifically QM SR GR and light ) by Mukesh Prasad (aka bhanwara@my-deja.com , and ) collected here so these discussions are not lost as they roll off the news-server archives. All articles here require open-minded, non-authoritarian thinking. Summary A mechanism is clarified whereby light can propagate in vacuum without requiring mystical properties. Quantum Mechanics interpretations are shown to be incorrect. The actual interpretation involves the fields generated by the electron sources. QM is still a valid line of research, but it is a lot less mystical and therefore potentially more useful than previously assumed. Special Relativity and constancy of light are demonstrated to be incorrect. Despite its mathematical complexity, General Relativity is shown to be trivial and useless in terms of its actual meaning, and slightly incorrect. Some of its incorrectness arises from the fact that it incorporates constancy and Special Relativity. It is also incorrect because of its attempt to use a symmetrical albeit elegant model for an underlying asymmetrical reality (which fact makes the elegance of the model or lack thereof, totally irrelevant. Appropriateness of the model is more important in mathematical models of physical reality, than elegance.) Light On the propagation of light in empty space A theoretical framework for wave-particle duality Explanation of the photo-electric effect Quantum Physics

38. General Relativity A brief history of the development of general relativity with hyperlinks to biographies of each contributor. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/General_relativity.html

General relativity Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index Version for printing General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed. Aristotle 's notion of the motion of bodies impeded understanding of gravitation for a long time. He believed that force could only be applied by contact; force at a distance being impossible, and a constant force was required to maintain a body in uniform motion. Copernicus 's view of the solar system was important as it allowed sensible consideration of gravitation. Kepler 's laws of planetary motion and Galileo 's understanding of the motion and falling bodies set the scene for Newton 's theory of gravity which was presented in the Principia in 1687. Newton 's law of gravitation is expressed by F G M M d where F is the force between the bodies of masses M M and d is the distance between them. G is the universal gravitational constant. After receiving their definitive analytic form from Euler Newton 's axioms of motion were reworked by Lagrange Hamilton , and Jacobi into very powerful and general methods, which employed new analytic quantities, such as potential, related to force but remote from everyday experience.

39. Alignment Theory: New Quantum Relativity Theory Of Everything Preliminary look at a new approach to relativity, Cosmology and the Quantum nature of the universe. http://www.becomereal.com/quantum_relativity.htm

Quantum Relativity "Theory of Everything" Alignment Theory Abstract: (Complete Paper below) This paper is a preliminary look at a new, very simple approach to Relativity, Cosmology and the Quantum nature of the universe. This approach is based on a mixture of existing mainstream ideas and some new ones, put together in a new way, involving emergence theory dynamics. The inherent mechanism seems to unify relativity and quantum mechanics and produces most of the major features of both, automatically. If this is so, Relativity, Quantum theory and Cosmology describe the effects , Alignment theory is the actual mechanism. There are three main elements that underlie this approach: 1. Gravity and Mass are the outcome of a two-polarity "Alignment" / "Anti-alignment" energy fluctuation Field. (Momentary alignments of quantum foam, explained below.) This Field is "curved" space-time.

40. Special Relativity The discovery of special relativity was inevitable, given the momentous discoveries that preceded it. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Special_relativity.html

Special relativity Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index Version for printing The classical laws of physics were formulated by Newton in the Principia in 1687. According to this theory the motion of a particle has to be described relative to an inertial frame in which the particle, not subjected to external forces, will move at a constant velocity in a straight line. Two inertial frames are related in that they move in a fixed direction at a constant speed with respect to each other. Time in the frames differs by a constant and all times can be described relative to an absolute time. This 17 th Century theory was not challenged until the 19 th Century when electric and magnetic phenomena were studied theoretically. It had long been known that sound required a medium to travel through and it was quite natural to postulate a medium for the transmission of light. Such a medium was called the ether and many 19 th Century scientists postulated an ether with various properties. Cauchy Stokes Thomson and Planck all postulated ethers with differing properties and by the end of the 19 th Century light, heat, electricity and magnetism all had their respective ethers.

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