61. Magnetic Fields - History Of Magnets And Electromagnetism History of the discovery of electromagnetism by Oersted and Ampere. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blelectric3.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Business Inventors Business ... Help zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Inventors newsletter! See Online Courses Search Inventors Magnetic Fields : History of Electromagnetism Edmond Halley Related History Electromagnets Electricity Magnets Mary Bellis Until 1820, the only magnetism known was that of iron magnets and of "lodestones", natural magnets of iron-rich ore. It was believed that the inside of the Earth was magnetized in the same fashion, and scientists were greatly puzzled when they found that the direction of the compass needle at any place slowly shifted, decade by decade, suggesting a slow variation of the Earth's magnetic field. How can an iron magnet produce such changes? Edmond Halley (of comet fame) ingeniously proposed that the Earth contained a number of spherical shells, one inside the other, each magnetized differently, each slowly rotating in relation to the others. Hans Christian Oersted was a professor of science at Copenhagen University. In 1820 he arranged in his home a science demonstration to friends and students. He planned to demonstrate the heating of a wire by an electric current, and also to carry out demonstrations of magnetism, for which he provided a compass needle mounted on a wooden stand.

62. Electromagnetism Lecture notes on the fundamental aspects of electromagnetism at undergraduate level, a PDF file containing 93 pages. http://www.maths.qmul.ac.uk/~hve/MAS207/mas207.pdf

63. Oersted Essay by Frederick Gregory. http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/fgregory/oersted.htm

Episodes in Romantic Science Oersted and the Discovery of Electromagnetism by Frederick Gregory Department of History University of Florida Contemporary historians of science do not all agree that the discovery of electromagnetism by Hans Christian Oersted in 1820 was directly tied to Friedrich Schelling's system of romantic nature philosophy, nor is it clear how one could establish this assertion beyond doubt. What is clear is that Oersted was attracted to certain fundamental tenets of German idealistic thought and, as we shall see, a direct personal link between Schelling and Oersted can be demonstrated. In fact, it was reported later in the nineteenth century that a few years before his death Oersted himself credited Schelling with the stimulus necessary to the discovery of electromagnetism. The reader may not have anticipated that thoughts as abstruse and apparently "unscientific" as Schelling's could constitute an intellectual environment that might contribute to the uncovering of so fundamental a scientific discovery as electromagnetism. Hans Christian Oersted Hans Christian Oersted was born in the south central part of Denmark in 1777. He and his younger brother Anders entered the University of Copenhagen in 1793, Hans concentrating on medicine, physics, and astronomy while Anders took up law. The brothers did not confine their attention to these fields, for, as was common in a university education in those days, they dabbled in a wide variety of disciplinary studies. In 1797 Hans earned first prize for an essay on "Limits of Poetry and Prose." In the same year the elder Oersted brother completed a degree in pharmacy with high honors, and two years later he was awarded the degree Doctor of Philosophy with a dissertation entitled "On the Form of an Elementary Metaphysics of External Nature."

64. Introduction To Electromagnetism Introduction to electromagnetism. electromagnetism. As suggested in theprevious Chapter, Electricity and Magnetism (or ${\cal E}$ ${\cal M}$ http://musr.physics.ubc.ca/~jess/hr/skept/E_M/

B ELIEVE M E N OT! A S KEPTICs G UIDE Next: ``Direct'' Force Laws Electromagnetism As suggested in the previous Chapter, Electricity and Magnetism (or , as they are known in the trade) are ``weird'' phenomena because the palpable forces they generate on objects seem to come from nowhere - nothing is ``touching'' the objects and yet they are moved. The related fact that we are unable to wilfully exert significant electrical or magnetic forces directly on objects around us using any combination of muscles or mechanical devices removes still further from our personal sensory experience and thus makes them seem ``weirder.'' Even the most seasoned veteran still experiences a sense of primitive wonder when a magnet on top of the table moves ``by magic'' under the influence of another magnet underneath the table. On the one hand, this makes a fun subject to study. On the other hand, it makes hard to teach, because it will never make ``common sense'' like nuts-and-bolts Mechanics. C'est la vie.

65. Electromagnetism Investigation d is not a code reference......electromagnetism Investigation electromagnetism Investigation.From www.courseworkbank.co.uk. Error Variable http://www.courseworkbank.co.uk/coursework/electromagnetism_investigation_105/

CourseworkBank.Co.Uk - The UK's Largest Free Coursework and Essay Database CourseworkBank GCSE Chemistry Coursework : Electromagnetism Investigation Jump to Coursework Select a Category A Level A Level/Art A Level/Biology A Level/Chemistry A Level/Classics A Level/Economics A Level/French A Level/Geography A Level/German A Level/History A Level/Law A Level/Maths A Level/Media Studies A Level/Miscellaneous A Level/Philosophy A Level/Physics A Level/Politics A Level/Psychology A Level/Sociology A Level/Spanish GCSE GCSE/Art GCSE/Biology GCSE/Biology/Enzymes GCSE/Biology/Osmosis GCSE/Business Studies GCSE/Chemistry GCSE/Drama GCSE/Economics GCSE/English Language GCSE/Geography GCSE/History GCSE/History/African GCSE/History/Britain GCSE/History/European GCSE/History/France GCSE/History/Germany GCSE/History/Russian GCSE/History/Vietnam GCSE/Languages GCSE/Languages/French GCSE/Languages/German GCSE/Languages/Irish GCSE/Languages/Welsh GCSE/Latin GCSE/Maths GCSE/Maths/T Shapes GCSE/Miscellaneous GCSE/Music GCSE/Physics GCSE/Physics/Pendulum GCSE/Psychology GCSE/Technology I.B.

66. Electrodynamics PS lecture notes from Cambridge. Topics include Maxwell's equations, electrostatics, relativity, relativistic electromagnetism, energymomentum tensor, quamtum effects, and Born-Infeld theory. http://www.cam.ac.uk/CambUniv/Societies/archim/notes/iib/electro/electro.ps

67. The Electromagnetism Tour electromagnetism. In everyday life we are surrounded by electric and magneticfields. Magnetic Tour electromagnetism. A Lightning Strike http://www.sunblock99.org.uk/sb99/people/DMackay/title.html

In everyday life we are surrounded by electric and magnetic fields. They make many of the things we take for granted possible. Duncan Mackay has prepared this fact file, so click on the links below to find out more about electricity and magnetism and how they affect you. Lightning is a flow of electric charge (picture courtesy of Glenn Durden).

68. P10D Electricity Magnetism An introductory course on electromagnetism with all lecture notes in HTML. http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/cmp/online/P10D/p10D.htm

69. Seismology & Electromagnetism Homepage SEM Home Staff Publications Resources What s New Continental GeoscienceDivision Seismology and electromagnetism Section (SEM) Introduction http://www.cg.nrcan.gc.ca/

Contact us Help Search Canada Site ... Public FTP Workshops Crust-mantle Slave-Kaapvaal The primary focus of activities are: Acquiring and interpreting regional seismology and electromagnetic (EM) data to document crustal structure and history, historically performed through the Lithoprobe program To Undertake cost-shared research programs in high resolution seismic and EM studies designed to develop and test seismic and EM exploration technology for crystalline crust. Developing teleseismic and deep EM sounding techniques for regional studies of the lithosphere, eg. the Polaris program. Developing innovative hardware/software for mapping the subsurface using seismic and EM methods. Researching improvements in geophysical data acquisition, processing and interpretation, and transfering this technology and knowledge to Canadian industry, eg. the Downhole Seismic Imaging (DSI) consortium. Problems? - Contact the SEM webmaster Important notices

70. What Is The Electron Spin? The web based tutorial on electron properties, electromagnetism, and related topics. http://www.electronspin.org

What is the electron spin? The electron spin is the electron’s electromagnetic field angular momentum I n 1891, the Irish physicist, George Stoney, believed that electricity should have a fundamental unit. He called this unit the electron. The electron was discovered by J.J. Thomson in 1897. The electron was the first sub-atomic ... . Time-space and energy-momentum Appendix Appendix -A Appendix -B ... What is the electron spin? ISBN 0974397490 Gengyun Li http://www.electronspin.org

71. Electromagnetism@Everything2.com However, electromagnetism is the word for the combined theory of electrostatics,magnetostatics and electrodynamics and magnetodynamics that effectively http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=electromagnetism

72. Non-Postulated Relativity By Lev Lomize In this online book, electromagnetism is described as a physical mechanism responsible for relativistic effects. http://www.nonpostulatedrelativity.com/

About the Author Book Information Papers and Future Books About the Author Book Information Papers and Future Books

73. Physics 30: Electromagnetism Transfer an understanding of electromagnetism to practical applications.Solve problems relating to electromagnetism. http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/physics/u7b3phy.html

Optional Unit VII: Electromagnetism B. Electromagnetism Key Concepts Oersted discovered that a magnetic field is created in the region of a current-carrying conductor. The direction of the magnetic field lines is dependent on the direction of current flow through a conductor. The magnetic field forms a series of concentric circles around a straight conductor. The strength of the magnetic field diminishes inversely as the radial distance from the conductor increases. At any given distance from the conductor, the strength of the magnetic field increases directly with the amount of current in the conductor. Ampere's Rule (right-hand rule) can be used to describe the direction of the magnetic field about a straight conductor. If the conductor is grasped with the right hand in such a way that the right thumb points in the direction of the current, the fingers wrap around the conductor in the direction of the magnetic field. (Some texts refer to the "right-hand rule". Avoid this convention to prevent unnecessary confusion.) The strength of a magnetic field around a conductor can be intensified by coiling the conductor into a loop. A large number of loops form a coil, or

74. 8.02 Video Lectures Prof. Walter Lewin's video lectures on electromagnetism. http://web.mit.edu/smcs/8.02/

Electricity and Magnetism Spring 2002 Lecturer: Prof. Walter Lewin Return to 8.02 Homepage 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 1 What holds our world together? Electric charges (historical) Polarization Electric Force Coulomb's Law Recorded on 02/06/02 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 2 Electric Field Field Lines Superposition Inductive Charging Dipoles Induced Dipoles Recorded on 02/08/02 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 3 Electric Flux Gauss's Law Examples Recorded on 02/11/02 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 4 Electrostatic Potential Electric Energy eV Conservative Field Equipotential Surfaces Recorded on 02/13/02 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 5 E = -grad V More on Equipotential Surfaces Conductors Electrostatic Shielding (Faraday cage) Recorded on 02/15/02 8.02 Spring 2002 Lecture 6 High-voltage breakdown Lightning Sparks - St. Elmo's Fire

75. History 181B - Class 6 Connecting optics to electromagnetism Empirical unification The electromagneticluminiferousaether Maxwell s new analogy http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Carson/spring03/181B/class06.html

History 181B: Modern Physics Class 6 (2/3/03) Electromagnetism Navigation Home Schedule Next Class > Outline Field physics What is a field? Maxwell on Faraday, and methodology Physical optics: the nature of light Huygens and Newton Corpuscular theories Interference and waves Waves in a medium Connecting optics to electromagnetism Empirical unification The electromagnetic-luminiferous aether Maxwell's new analogy Names and terms Primary Secondary lines of force field James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) "On Faraday's Lines of Force" (1855) physical analogy (or model) luminiferous aether longitudinal, transverse interference vortex, vortex atom "On Physical Lines of Force" (1861-1862) George Green (1793-1841) Carl-Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) Christian Huygens (1629-1695) Thomas Young (1733-1829) Augustin Fresnel (1788-1827) polarization magnetooptic rotation (Faraday effect) Assignment James Clerk Maxwell, selection from "On Faraday's Lines of Force" (1855), in The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell , ed. W. D. Niven (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1890; New York: Dover, 1952), v. 1, 155-159; letter to Thomson, 10 December 1861, in

76. Search Directory Page New electromagnetism is an improved set of models describing electromagnetic interactions. http://www.newelectromagnetism.com

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77. Pico Technology: Electromagnetism - Experiments With A Bicycle Dynamo Pico Technology Application notes electromagnetism Experiments with a BicycleDynamo. http://www.picotech.com/experiments/dynamo/dynamo.html

Pico Technology Home Oscilloscopes Automotive EnviroMon ... Support Electromagnetism - Experiments with a Bicycle Dynamo This educational application note shows how the output of a bicycle dynamo can be displayed using a PC based oscilloscope. It assumes a basic knowledge of electromagnetic induction. Contents Equipment required Experiment Setup Experiment Results Questions ... Further experiments Equipment required :- Bicycle dynamo A Pico PC based oscilloscope (We used a single channel ADC-40 Connecting cable Any bicycle dynamo should be suitable for these experiments. We used a bicycle dynamo with a pulley wheel, handle and bulb mounted on a demonstration stand. This was purchased from Griffin Education (part number XKE-650-J). Experiment setup The experiment was setup as shown in the photograph below. Experiment Results To test the setup, the handle on pulley was given a single turn. PicoScope oscilloscope software was set to single shot trigger to capture the results. Pre-trigger (20%) was used to show signals before and after the trigger event. The PicoScope screen shot shows the results: Questions 1. How long did the dynamo keep turning?

78. Ling's Index The website suggesting to carry out a few experiments on electromagnetism resembling that of a Faraday homopolar concept. http://www.geocities.com/ling_the_monkey_boy/index.html

Ling's index Links: "No reaction" braking of rotor based on Faraday's lesser known experiment You have found Ling_the monkey_boy's home page. Why that name? Because Ling up to Ling99999 was already taken. I was reasonably sure that this name wasn't already in use, and it reduces spam. So far, there are just a few ideas based on Faraday's disk experiments. They could be called Homopolar machines, I suppose. They hopefully demonstrate the creation of back torque. One day, I'll get around to trying a few of these ideas out. Until then, I can only wonder if they will work. Some thought experiments about moving conductors and magnetic fields can be found here: linear movement rotating movement Difference between linear and rotating systems If you have any questions or comments, please click the above link to access my guestbook. Why not leave some comments? View other comments Another idea for single-piece rotor Faraday disk illustration

79. Electromagnetism Part 2 electromagnetism is important for the operation of wind turbine generators.This page explains why. http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/emag/emagn.htm

Electromagnetism The current magnetises the iron core and creates a pair of magnetic poles, one North, and the other South. The two compass needles consequently point in opposite directions. (You may repeat the experiment by clicking on the switch again). This magnetic field would be created whether we had the iron core in the middle or not. But the iron core makes the magnetic field much more powerful. The iron core may be shaped e.g. like a horse shoe, or a C , which is a design used in generators. Generators usually have several North - South pole pairs. For now, let's see how electromagnetism can work "in reverse" on the next page on induction. Updated 12 May 2003 http://www.windpower.org/en/stat/emag/emagn.htm Please wait...

80. HOMOPOLAR - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION The web page contains a movie and pictures of the experiment that ultimately shows that M hypothesis in electromagnetism is valid – not the N one. We can conclude that consequently Maxwell and Faraday equations should have total time derivation, which affects the Special Theory of Relativity. http://www.andrijar.com/homavi/index.html

GUESTS BOOK LIST OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES Jorge Guala-Valverde Active Member of the Academy of Sciences of New York His experimental and theoretical work is very important in disclosure of present dogma in physics. He was born in 1950 and he is a member of Academy of Sciences of New York. The main goal of the work is to show that the main mistake is done early at the very beginning of science and techniques we have today. The main mistake was done by misunderstanding of Faraday’s homopolar generator that directly led to Lorentz transformations and consequently to Einstein Theory of relativity. Resent experiments have clearly showed that things are not as most us take them for grant: Bumerang Project, resent Microwave experiments performed by Hartwig W. Thim that was approved by IEEE, etc. Misunderstanding of such important things like electromagnetism prevents further progress in science and techniques and that must be surpassed by immediate, strong and fast rejecting to litter all bed premises and theories that are wrong. The theories must be rejected to enable further progress. Experimental Setup Figures show an annular (25 mm inner radius, 75 mm outer radius), ceramic-type, axially magnetized, permanent magnet

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