61. JSTOR The Political Thought Of William Of Ockham Personal And ARTHUR STEPHEN MCGRADE, The Political Thought of william of ockham Per sonal and Institutional Principles. (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-7134(197704)52:2<400:TPTOWO>2.0.CO;2-B

62. Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William Of Ockham - Wikisource In his controversial writings william of ockham appears as the advocate of secular absolutism. He denies the right of the popes to exercise temporal power, http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_of_Ockham

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/William of Ockham From Wikisource Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) Jump to: navigation search Vicariate Apostolic of Central Oceania Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) (William of Ockham) by multiple editors Daniel O'Connell Fourteenth-century Scholastic philosopher and controversial writer, born at or near the village of Ockham in Surrey, England, about 1280; died probably at Munich, about 1349. He is said to have studied at Merton College, Oxford, and to have had John Duns Scotus for teacher. At an early age he entered the Order of St. Francis. Towards 1310 he went to Paris, where he may have had Scotus once more for a teacher. About 1320 he became a teacher (magister) at the University of Paris. During this portion of his career he composed his works on Aristotelean physics and on logic. In 1323 he resigned his chair at the university in order to devote himself to ecclesiastical politics. In the controversies which were waged at that time between the advocates of the papacy and those who supported the claims of the civil power, he threw his lot with the imperial party, and contributed to the polemical literature of the day a number of pamphlets and treatises, of which the most important are "Opus nonaginta dierum", "Compendium errorum Joannis Pap¦ XXII", "Qu¦stiones octo de auctoritate summi pontificis". He was cited before the pontifical Court at Avignon in 1328, but managed to escape and join John of Jandun and Marsilius of Padua, who had taken refuge at the Court of Louis of Bavaria. It was to Louis that he made the boastful offer, "Tu me defendas gladio; ego te defendam calamo".

63. Ockham's Razor - 16/04/00: Ockham's Razor In this small village, seven centuries ago, a boy named William was brought up. As william of ockham, he became a famous theologian, and today his name is http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/stories/s118778.htm

Radio National with Robyn Williams on Sunday 16/04/00 Ockham's Razor Summary: Physicist Anthony Garrett explains the meaning of Ockham's Razor. Transcript: Robyn Williams: Is this the last year of the millennium, or the first? Well, whatever you think about that, there is one issue even more fractious from your letters to the Science Unit, and that’s the spelling of Ockham’s Razor: ‘ck’ or ‘cc’. You’d think the fate of the world depends upon it. As does the beginning of the millennium. Well today we hear from someone who’s keen to settle this major problem. Anthony Garrett, who’s been to see William of Ockham and finds him in very good form. Anton. Anthony Garrett: The village of Ockham is about 25 miles south-west of central London, in England. It is set off the main road from London to Portsmouth, the naval town on the south coast, and nowadays the intersection of this road and the London orbital motorway lies in Ockham Wood. In this small village, seven centuries ago, a boy named William was brought up. As William of Ockham, he became a famous theologian, and today his name is known worldwide for the principle of logic called Ockham’s Razor, which states, broadly, that you should prefer the simplest explanation to fit the facts. He is commemorated in his own village by a window in the parish church. I will tell William’s story and the story of his razor principle, which has recently found expression in my own field, probability theory. The ironies continue. The idea is most famous from a Latin aphorism, ‘Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem’, broadly, ideas should not proliferate unnecessarily. When most scholars were taught Latin, until just 30 or 40 years ago, this was a commonplace phrase. Although it was generally assumed to have been written by William, it was in fact a summary from half way between his time and ours, by an Irish scholar, John Ponce. The idea was finally given the name ‘Ockham’s Razor’ as recently as the 19th century, by William Hamilton, changing the use of ‘razor’ from William’s mind to the principle itself, presumably because it cuts away unnecessary complication.

64. Open Book: William Of Ockham Here I go again this week s In Our Time, from BBC radio, focused on william of ockham, and was quite a good introduction. They pretty much stayed with http://amywelborn.typepad.com/openbook/2007/06/william_of_ockh.html

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65. William Of Occam william of Occam. (or ockham), 12851349?), known as Doctor Invincibilis (Latin, “unconquerable doctor”) and Venerabilis Inceptor (Latin, http://paedpsych.jk.uni-linz.ac.at/Internet/ArbeitsblaetterOrd/PHILOSOPHIEORD/Oc

William of Occam Ockham was born in Surrey, England. He entered the Franciscan order and studied and taught at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1319. Denounced by Pope John XXII for dangerous teachings, he was held in house detention for four years (1324-28) at the papal palace in Avignon, France, while the orthodoxy of his writings was examined. Siding with the Franciscan general against the pope in a dispute over Franciscan poverty, Ockham fled to Munich in 1328 to seek the protection of Louis IV, Holy Roman emperor, who had rejected papal authority over political matters. Excommunicated by the pope, Ockham wrote against the papacy and defended the emperor until the latter's death in 1347. The philosopher died in Munich, apparently of the plague, while seeking reconciliation with Pope Clement VI. Ockham won fame as a rigorous logician who used logic to show that many beliefs of Christian philosophers (for example, that God is one, omnipotent, creator of all things; and that the human soul is immortal) could not be proved by philosophical or natural reason but only by divine revelation. His name is applied to the principle of economy in formal logic, known as Ockham's razor , which states that entities are not to be multiplied without necessity.

66. What Is Occam S Razor? Occam s (or ockham s) razor is a principle attributed to the 14th century logician and Franciscan friar; william of Occam. ockham was the village in the http://www.weburbia.com/physics/occam.html

67. Occam S Razor Occam s razor is a logical principle attributed to the mediaeval philosopher william of Occam (or ockham). The principle states that one should not make http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/OCCAMRAZ.html

Occam's Razor one should not increase, beyond what is necessary, the number of entities required to explain anything Occam's razor is a logical principle attributed to the mediaeval philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham). The principle states that one should not make more assumptions than the minimum needed. This principle is often called the principle of parsimony . It underlies all scientific modelling and theory building. It admonishes us to choose from a set of otherwise equivalent models of a given phenomenon the simplest one. In any given model, Occam's razor helps us to "shave off" those concepts, variables or constructs that are not really needed to explain the phenomenon. By doing that, developing the model will become much easier, and there is less chance of introducing inconsistencies, ambiguities and redundancies. Though the principle may seem rather trivial, it is essential for model building because of what is known as the "underdetermination of theories by data". For a given set of observations or data, there is always an infinite number of possible models explaining those same data. This is because a model normally represents an infinite number of possible cases, of which the observed cases are only a finite subset. The non-observed cases are inferred by postulating general rules covering both actual and potential observations. For example, through two data points in a diagram you can always draw a straight line, and induce that all further observations will lie on that line. However, you could also draw an infinite variety of the most complicated curves passing through those same two points, and these curves would fit the empirical data just as well. Only Occam's razor would in this case guide you in choosing the "straight" (i.e. linear) relation as best candidate model. A similar reasoning can be made for

68. William Of Occam — Infoplease.com william of Occam or ockham (both ok um) key, c.1285–c.1349, English scholastic philosopher. A Franciscan, Occam studied and taught at Oxford from c.1310 http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0852318.html

Site Map FAQ in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Spelling Checker Daily Almanac for Jan 26, 2008 Search White Pages Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites 2007 Year in Review Black History Month Leap Year Martin Luther King Day ... 2008 Calendar Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia William of Occam or Ockham William of Occam or Ockham u m) [ key Dialogus is a thorough discussion of political theories. See his philosophical writings (tr. and ed. by P. Boehner, 1957); biography by M. M. Adams (2 vol., 1986); see also E. A. Moody, The Logic of William of Ockham (1935, repr. 1965); A. S. McCrade

69. Ockham, William Of (ca. 1285-1349) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific ockham, william of (ca. 12851349) the simpler one is more nearly valid and is now known as ockham s razor Eric Weisstein s World of Physics . http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Ockham.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality English Ockham, William of (ca. 1285-1349) English scholar who joined the Franciscan order and studied and lectured at Oxford. He maintained that theology was faith combined with the performance of individual rituals and was not amenable to reason. He believed abstractions to be inherently untrue. His statement "entities must not needlessly be multiplied" came to be interpreted to mean that, of two theories, the simpler one is more nearly valid and is now known as " Ockham's razor " Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews)

70. William Of Occam Page william of Occam (also spelled ockham) was a Franciscan monk born in the village of ockham in Surrey, England in 1285. It is believed that he died in a http://www.burtonreport.com/InfSpine/OccamPage.htm

It Is Needless To Do More When Less Will Suffice William of Occam William of Occam (also spelled Ockham) was a Franciscan monk born in the village of Ockham in Surrey, England in 1285. It is believed that he died in a convent in Munich, Germany in 1349 succumbing to the black plague. Known as the "Doctor Invincibilis", (unconquerable doctor) he won fame as a rigorous logician. His philosophy representing the principle of economy in science came to be referred to as William of Occam’s "razor." This rule which said that plurality should not be assumed without necessity can be applied to medicine in modern terms as "it is needless to do more when less will suffice." As Isadore Tarlov M.D. , neurosurgeon, pointed out in his text The Principle of Parsimony in Medicine (Charles C. Thomas: Springfield IL, 1969): "What we have not generally done in medical practice, even in the twentieth century, is to use Occam’s razor as wisely and effectively as Copernicus used it in the sixteenth century." This reference regards the brilliant application by this Prussian philosopher, mathematician, and astrologer who "reduced the number of circles required to explain the apparent movement of the heavens to thirty-four from the eighty or so used by Ptolemy." A primary goal of the Burton Report is to assist in reintroducing William of Occam's Razor as an important value for our present health care system.

71. William Of Occam (Ockham) - Research And Read Books, Journals Research william of Occam at the Questia.com online library. http://www.questia.com/library/philosophy/william-of-occam.jsp

72. William Ockham On LibraryThing | Catalog Your Books Online LibraryThing catalogs yours books online, easily, quickly and for free. http://www.librarything.com/author/ockhamwilliam

Language: English [ others Albanian Basque Bulgarian ... Welsh Over twenty-two million books on members' bookshelves. Home Book Suggestions Zeitgeist Groups ... add a picture Author: William Ockham Also known as: Ockham G de Ockham Guilelmus de Ockham Guillaume d' Ockham ... of Ockham William ca. ca. 1349 Members Reviews Rating Favorited Conversations Books by William Ockham combine/separate works Philosophical writings a selection 37 copies, review 18 copies, review 4 copies, review 4 copies, review 3 copies, review 2 copies, review 2 copies, review 1 copy, review Dialogus. Ausz¼ge zur politischen Theorie 1 copy, review On the power of emperors and popes 1 copy, review 1 copy, review Somme de logique 1 copy, review 1 copy, review Sele§£o de textos 1 copy, review 1 copy, review see all 17 books Member ratings Average: 0.5 stars 1 stars 1.5 stars 2 stars 2.5 stars 3 stars 3.5 stars 4 stars 4.5 stars 5 stars Common Knowledge Share what you know. view history You must log in to edit Common Knowledge data. For more help see the Common Knowledge help page Canonical name Gender Date of birth Date of death Burial location Nationality Places of residence Education Occupations Organizations Awards and honors Agents Short biography Disambiguation notice Users with books by William Ockham brunellus garver adancingstar HornOrSilk ... see all users Search for authors show numbers Related tags 14th century b chinese England ... theology Links edit delete Wikipedia author page Favorites 1 members: singinanarchist Also known as?

73. Howstuffworks "William Of Occam" william of Occam was a philosopher and Franciscan monk who was excommunicated for his writings. Read why Occam s Razor is named after william of Occam. http://people.howstuffworks.com/occams-razor1.htm

HowStuffWorks.com RSS Make HowStuffWorks your homepage Get Newsletter Search HowStuffWorks and the web: EXPLANATIONS Auto Communication Computer Electronics ... Travel EXPERT REVIEWS Consumer Guide Auto Consumer Guide Products Mobil Travel Guide PRICES Shop HowStuffWorks REFERENCE Encyclopedia Maps VIDEO STUFF Watch Videos Upload / My Account REFERENCE LINKS Main People Culture PRINT ... EMAIL by Josh Clark Inside This Article Introduction to How Occam's Razor Works William of Occam Occam's Razor and the Scientific Method Who Uses Occam's Razor? Opposition to Occam's Razor Lots More Information ... articles William of Occam So who is this Occam fellow? Actually Occam (or Ockham) is a town in England , not a man. More specifically, its the town where William of Occam was born. William lived from about 1285 to 1349, during the medieval age, a time when surnames were uncommon and people were known by their place of provenance [source: Beckett William of Occam William lived as a philosopher and a Franciscan monk , a pious man who took very seriously his vow of poverty , meaning he lived using only what was absolutely necessary. One might get the impression that it was this vow of poverty a form of simplicity that gave William his big idea. In fact, the basis of Occam's razor was an already well-established line of medieval thought by William's time. William captured the essence of the principle and packaged it in a way that was easily understood (by anyone who knew

74. WILLIAM OF OCCAM (d. C... - Online Information Article About WILLIAM OF OCCAM (d william OF OCCAM (dc.. Online Information article about william OF OCCAM (dc.. http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/NUM_ORC/OCCAM_WILLIAM_OF_d_c_1349_.html

Online Encyclopedia Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition. WILLIAM OF OCCAM (d. c. 1349) Online Encyclopedia Originally appearing in Volume V19, Page 966 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica. Make a correction to this article. Add information or comments to this article. Encyclopedia Home NUM-ORC Spread the word: del.icio.us it! See also: WILLIAM WILLIAM (1143-1214) WILLIAM (1227-1256) WILLIAM (1J33-1584) ... WILLIAM, 13TH WILLIAM OF See also: WILLIAM OF OCCAM (d. c. 1349) OCCAM (d. c. 1349) See also: ENGLISH English schoolman, known as See also: DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ") Doctor invincibilis and Venerabilis inceptor, was See also: BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791) born in the See also: VILLAGE village of Ockham, See also: SURREY SURREY, EARLDOM OF SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547) Surrey , towards the end of the 13th See also: CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men) century . Unattested tradition says that the See also: FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey) Franciscans persuaded him while yet a boy to enter their See also: ORDER ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")

75. William Of Occam - Definition Of William Of Occam By The Free Online Dictionary, Definition of william of Occam in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of william of Occam. What does william of Occam mean? william of Occam synonyms, william of http://www.thefreedictionary.com/William of Occam

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='William of Occam' Printer Friendly 760,977,357 visitors served. TheFreeDictionary Google Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson ... encyclopedia William of Occam Also found in: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Hutchinson 0.46 sec. write_ads(AdsNum, 0) Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Noun William of Occam - English scholastic philosopher and assumed author of Occam's Razor (1285-1349) Occam Ockham William of Ockham write_ads(AdsNum, 0) Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback Add definition Charity('US') Mentioned in Occam Ockham William of Ockham Dictionary/thesaurus browser Full browser William Maxwell Aitken William McKinley William Menninger William Mitchell ... William of Malmesbury William of Occam William of Ockham William of Orange William of Wykeham William Patterson ... William of Norwich William of Occam William of Occam (philosopher) William of Ocham William of Ockam William of Ockham ... William of Puylaurens TheFreeDictionary Google Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text Free Tools: For surfers: Browser extension Word of the Day Help For webmasters: Free content NEW!

76. William Of Occam - Hutchinson Encyclopedia Article About William Of Occam Hutchinson encyclopedia article about william of Occam. william of Occam. Information about william of Occam in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/William of Occam

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Occam, William of' Printer Friendly 760,977,307 visitors served. TheFreeDictionary Google Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia Occam, William of (redirected from William of Occam Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Encyclopedia Wikipedia 0.04 sec. write_ads(AdsNum, 0) Occam (or Ockham ), William of ( c. English philosopher and scholastic logician who revived the fundamentals of nominalism. As a Franciscan monk he defended evangelical poverty against Pope John XXII, becoming known as the Invincible Doctor. He was imprisoned in Avignon, France, on charges of heresy in 1328 but escaped to Munich, Germany, where he died. The principle of reducing assumptions to the absolute minimum is known as Occam's razor hut(2) write_ads(AdsNum, 0) Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback Sign in Email: Password: Register Charity('US') Mentioned in No references found Hutchinson browser Full browser William III William IV William of Auvergne William of Calais, St

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