1. Herbert Spencer - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Encyclopedia article about the English philosopher and prominent classicliberal political theorist. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer

Herbert Spencer From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search For other persons named Herbert Spencer, see Herbert Spencer (disambiguation) Western Philosophy 19th-century philosophy Herbert Spencer Name Herbert Spencer Birth 27 April, 1820 Death 8 December, 1903 School/tradition Evolutionism Positivism Main interests Evolution Positivism Laissez-faire utilitarianism Notable ideas Survival of the fittest Influenced by Charles Darwin Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill George Henry Lewes ... Thomas Huxley Influenced Charles Darwin Henry Sidgwick William Graham Sumner Thorstein Veblen ... Nikolay Mikhaylovsky Herbert Spencer 27 April 8 December ) was an English philosopher ; prominent classical liberal political theorist ; and sociological theorist. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. The lifelong bachelor contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics religion politics philosophy ... sociology , and psychology He is best known for coining the term survival of the fittest , which he did in Principles of Biology (1864), after reading

2. Herbert Spencer --  Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on Herbert Spencer English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution, who achieved http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9069066/Herbert-Spencer

var britAdCategory = "science"; Already a member? LOGIN Encyclopædia Britannica - the Online Encyclopedia Home Blog Advocacy Board ... Free Trial Britannica Online Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Life and works. The synthetic philosophy in outline. Metaphysics. Evaluation. Major Works Philosophy and religion. Political and social. Other works. Additional Reading ... Print this Table of Contents Linked Articles George Eliot individualism Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. New! Britannica 2008 Ultimate DVD/CD-ROM The world's premier software reference source. Herbert Spencer Page 1 of 8 born April 27, 1820, Derby, Derbyshire, Eng. died Dec. 8, 1903, Brighton, Sussex English sociologist and philosopher, an early advocate of the theory of evolution , who achieved an influential synthesis of knowledge, advocating the preeminence of the individual over society and of science over religion. His magnum opus was The Synthetic Philosophy

3. Flickr: Photos From Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer s buddy icon. Herbert Spencer s photos Pro User Collections Sets Tags Map Archives Favorites Profile http://www.flickr.com/photos/herbert-spencer/

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4. Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer. Development of Sociological Theory. Sociology 1400 SPENCER CONCERNS HIMSELF WITH FOUR PROCESSES OR MAJOR CONCEPTS 1. GROWTH 2. http://www.d.umn.edu/~jhamlin1/spencer.html

Herbert Spencer Development of Sociological Theory Sociology 1400 UMD "EVOLUTION IS AN INTEGRATION OF MATTER AND CONCOMITANT DISSIPATION OF MOTION; DURING WHICH MATTER PASSES FROM AN INDEFINITE, INCOHERENT HOMOGENEITY TO A DEFINITE, COHERENT HETEROGENEITY; AND DURING WHICH THE RETAINED MOTION UNDERGOES A PARALLEL TRANSFORMATION." Return to the Development of Sociological Theory Page. Return to John Hamlin's Home page. This page is maintained by John Hamlin ( jhamlin@mail.d.umn.edu HTML Notepad Last modified on Fri Mar 01

5. Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer was born in 1820 during the period of British industrialism. One of the main reasons that Herbert Spencer was important to sociology was http://www.6sociologists.20m.com/spencer.html

Cheap Web Hosting Free Web Hosting Credit Card Offers Web Hosting ... Advertise Search the Web Herbert Spencer Home Auguste Comte Emile Durkheim Harriet Martineau ... Sociology Links Herbert Spencer was born in 1820 during the period of British industrialism. One of the main reasons that Herbert Spencer was important to sociology was because of his views and ideas about evolution. Charles Darwin is always given credit for the idea of survival of the fittest, but most likely it was Spencer who coined this phrase. This phrase was almost always used to explain part of science, but in Spencer's work it took on some political meaning as well. Spencer had many very extreme political views and grew to despise government programs that were aimed to help the poor. In the end it was his harsh views on politics that held his ideas back from being accepted right away. Writings such as Principles of Sociology and others were set-aside for years. Spencer was like Darwin in some ways, but when it came down to the theory of evolution, Spencer took it one step further than Darwin by saying that it involved much more that just biology. Herbert Spencer was born in 1820 during the period of British industrialism. One of the main reasons that Herbert Spencer was important to sociology was because of his views and ideas about evolution. Charles Darwin is always given credit for the idea of survival of the fittest, but most likely it was Spencer who coined this phrase. This phrase was almost always used to explain part of science, but in Spencer's work it took on some political meaning as well. Spencer had many very extreme political views and grew to despise government programs that were aimed to help the poor. In the end it was his harsh views on politics that held his ideas back from being accepted right away. Writings such as Principles of Sociology and others were set-aside for years. Spencer was like Darwin in some ways, but when it came down to the theory of evolution, Spencer took it one step further than Darwin by saying that it involved much more that just biology.

6. Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher, born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His father was a school teacher and Herbert was the only child of his parents to http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/spencer_herbert.html

Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer was a British philosopher, born in Derby on April 27, 1820. His father was a school teacher and Herbert was the only child of his parents to live beyond early childhood. His early interests were science, natural history, physics and chemistry. At the age of 16, he completed his formal education and was an Assistant Schoolmaster. Later he became a railroad engineer working for nine years for the London and Birmingham Railway. He gained a reputation as a philosopher, but later scientists proved many of his theories wrong. In 1852, Herbert Spencer wrote an article defending the theory of biological evolution, a full seven years before Charles Darwin published Origin of Species . His view of evolution encompassed all of nature, the biological model being the basis for understanding the social model. It was Spencer who first used such terms as "system," "function," and "structure." He is noted for his attempt to work out a philosophy based on scientific discoveries of his day, which could be applied to all subjects. In Programme of a System of Synthetic Philosophy (1862 – 1896), he applied his fundamental law, the idea of evolution (gradual development) to biology, psychology, sociology, and other fields.

7. Educational Theory Of Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer s theory of education analyzed into eight factors. http://www.newfoundations.com/GALLERY/Spencer.html

The Educational Theory of Herbert Spencer Analysts: Tom Seidenberger, Mary Weiss RETURN 1. Theory of Value: What knowledge and skills are worthwhile learning? What are the goals of education? ... importance of study of nature and fundamentals of science (Eiseman, p. 153); development of independent thought; importance of presenting the "natural history of society" (Eiseman, p. 153); sociology; goals of education-promote competition, individualism, "survival of the fittest"; learning as an individual effort; education should be directed to self-preservation, care of offspring, preparing adults to enjoy nature, literature, fine arts, prepare to be good citizens; knowledge of science worth more than any other knowledge (Spencer, p. ix); train the memory, cultivate judgment, impart an admirable moral and religious discipline; advocacy of instruction in public and private hygiene 2. Theory of Knowledge: What is knowledge? How is it different from belief.? What is a mistake? A lie? ... knowledge as the scientific study of education, psychology, sociology, and ethics from an evolutionary point of view (Eiseman, p. 153); two fundamental beliefs importance of science, sanctity of political and economic laissez-faire; philosophy is knowledge of highest generality; knowledge of lowest kind is reunified knowledge, science is partially unified knowledge; philosophy is completely unified knowledge; universal truths v. particular truths (used for proof); man can only know from experiences; all thought founded on relations humans think in terms of differences and likenesses; ideas are expressions of relationships between things (Frost, p. 260)

8. Herbert Spencer - Wikiquote Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher and prominent liberal political theorist, chiefly remembered as the father of http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer

Herbert Spencer From Wikiquote Jump to: navigation search The ultimate result of shielding men from the effects of folly, is to fill the world with fools. Herbert Spencer 27 April 8 December ) was an English philosopher and prominent liberal political theorist, chiefly remembered as the father of Social Darwinism , a school of thought that applied the evolutionist theory of survival of the fittest (a phrase coined by Spencer) to human societies. Contents Sourced Social Statics (1851) The Philosophy of Style (1852) Essays on Education (1861) ... edit Sourced Time: That which man is always trying to kill, but which ends in killing him. Definitions edit Social Statics Progress, therefore, is not an accident, but a necessity. Instead of civilization being artificial, it is part of nature; all of a piece with the development of the embryo or the unfolding of a flower. Pt. I, Ch. 2, The Evanescence of Evil , concluding paragraph [E]very man may claim the fullest liberty to exercise his faculties compatible with the possession of like liberties by every other man. Pt. II, Ch. 2

9. Herbert Spencer Zim On LibraryThing | Catalog Your Books Online There are 4 conversations about Herbert Spencer Zim s books. Member ratings Disambiguation notice. Users with books by Herbert Spencer Zim http://www.librarything.com/author/zimherbertspencer

Language: English [ others Albanian Basque Bulgarian ... Welsh Over twenty-two million books on members' bookshelves. Home Book Suggestions Zeitgeist Groups ... add a picture Author: Herbert Spencer Zim Also known as: Herbert S. Zim Herbert Zim Herbet S. Zim Zim Hs ... Ph.D., Sc.D Herbert S. Zim Members Reviews Rating Favorited Conversations Books by Herbert Spencer Zim combine/separate works 297 copies, 3 reviews Trees; a guide to familiar American trees 174 copies, review 139 copies, review 116 copies, 2 reviews 87 copies, review 79 copies, review 67 copies, review Codes and secret writing 57 copies, review 52 copies, review 18 copies, review 15 copies, review Rocky Mountains 15 copies, review 12 copies, review 11 copies, review 11 copies, review see all 86 books Member ratings Average: 0.5 stars 1 stars 1.5 stars 2 stars 2.5 stars 3 stars 3.5 stars 4 stars 4.5 stars 5 stars Common Knowledge Share what you know. view history You must log in to edit Common Knowledge data. For more help see the Common Knowledge help page Canonical name Gender male Date of birth Date of death Burial location Nationality Places of residence New York, New York, USA (birth)

10. Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer s significance in the history of English thought depends on his position as the philosopher of the great scientific movement of the second http://www.nndb.com/people/013/000094728/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Herbert Spencer Born: 27-Apr Birthplace: Derby, Derbyshire, England Died: 8-Dec Location of death: Brighton, Sussex, England Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Philosopher Sociologist Nationality: England Executive summary: Synthetic Philosophy Economis t. From about this time to 1860 he contributed a large number of articles to the Westminster Review , which contain the first sketches of his philosophic doctrines. He also published two larger works, Social Statics in 1850, and Principles of Psychology in 1855. In 1860 he sent out the syllabus of his Synthetic Philosophy in ten volumes, and in spite of frequent ill health had the satisfaction of completing it in 1896 with the third volume of the Principles of Sociology . He died on the 8th of December 1903. Herbert Spencer's significance in the history of English thought depends on his position as the philosopher of the great scientific movement of the second half of the 19th century, and on the friendship and admiration with which he was regarded by men like Charles Darwin George Henry Lewes and Thomas Henry Huxley Synthetic Philosophy will prove long-lived; but this hardly detracts from its fruitfulness as a source of suggestion, or from the historic influence of many of its conceptions on the culture of the age.

11. Herbert Spencer Biography And Summary Herbert Spencer biography with 83 pages of profile on Herbert Spencer sourced from encyclopedias, critical essays, summaries, and research journals. http://www.bookrags.com/Herbert_Spencer

Literature Guides Criticism/Essays Biographies Research Anything: All BookRags Literature Guides Essays Criticism Biographies Encyclopedias History Encyclopedias Films Periodic Table ... Amazon.com Herbert Spencer Summary Order the Herbert Spencer Summary Pack View 1 Herbert Spencer Essays Herbert Spencer About 83 pages (24,875 words) in 9 products "Herbert Spencer" Search Results Contents: Biographies Works by Author Summaries Reference Criticism Biography Name: Herbert Spencer Birth Date: April 27, 1820 Death Date: December 8, 1903 Place of Birth: Derby, England Place of Death: Brighton, England Nationality: English Gender: Male Occupations: economist, philosopher summary from source: Biography of Herbert Spencer 1,074 words, approx. 4 pages Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political... summary from source: Biography of Herbert Spencer 1,035 words, approx. 4 pages Herbert Spencer was an English philosopher, scientist, engineer, and political economist. In his day his works were important in popularizing the concept of evolution and played an important part in the development of economics, political science,...

12. LinkedIn: Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer s professional profile on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is a networking tool that helps users like Herbert Spencer discover inside connections to http://www.linkedin.com/in/herbertspencer

Herbert Spencer Mdes Interaction Design Chile Contact Directly Get introduced through a connection My Blog My Company ... My RSS feed Current Design Strategist at AyerViernes Past Multimedia Director at AyerViernes S.A. Multimedia Designer at Giroscopio Education Carnegie Mellon University Connections connections Industry Design Websites My Blog My Company My RSS feed Information Architecture and Interaction Design. Interested in visualization, collaboration and negotiation through web-based systems. Design Strategist AyerViernes (Privately Held; 1-10 employees; Internet industry) October 2007 Present (4 months) Interaction Designer and researcher Profesor (Educational Institution; 11-50 employees; Higher Education industry) March 2000 Present (7 years 11 months) Multimedia Director AyerViernes S.A.

13. Herbert Spencer [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Biographical information and an explanation of his philosophy. By William Sweet. http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/spencer.htm

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) British philosopher and sociologist, Herbert Spencer was a major figure in the intellectual life of the Victorian era. He was one of the principal proponents of evolutionary theory in the mid nineteenth century, and his reputation at the time rivaled that of Charles Darwin. Spencer was initially best known for developing and applying evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology and the study of society what he called his "synthetic philosophy" (see his A System of Synthetic Philosophy , 1862-93). Today, however, he is usually remembered in philosophical circles for his political thought, primarily for his defense of natural rights and for criticisms of utilitarian positivism, and his views have been invoked by 'libertarian' thinkers such as Robert Nozick. Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to those parts of this article) 1. Life 2. Method 3. Human Nature 4. Religion ... 8. Bibliography 1. Life Spencer was born in Derby, England on 27 April 1820, the eldest of nine children, but the only one to survive infancy. He was the product of an undisciplined, largely informal education. His father, George, was a school teacher, but an unconventional man, and Spencer's family were Methodist 'Dissenters,' with Quaker sympathies. From an early age, Herbert was strongly influenced by the individualism and the anti-establishment and anti-clerical views of his father, and the Benthamite radical views of his uncle Thomas. Indeed, Spencer's early years showed a good deal of resistance to authority and independence.

14. Spencer, Herbert An extensive look at his works and some biographical information. http://www.bolender.com/Sociological Theory/Spencer, Herbert/spencer,_herbert.ht

Herbert Spencer Read each of the following items. The Origin and Context of Herbert Spencer's Thought The Sociology of Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer The Person George Eliot once remarked of Herbert Spencer, whom she knew well, that "the life of this philosopher, like that of the great Kant, offers little material for the narrator." She was right. There is nothing in his life that compares to the rich texture of experience, of tragedy, of trials and tribulations that one encounters in Comte's career or in Marx's. Spencer was born on April 27, 1820, in Derby, in the bleak and dismal English Midlands, the heart of British industry. He was the oldest of nine children and the only one to survive. His father, George Spencer, and his whole family were staunch nonconformist Dissenters, highly individualistic in their outlook. George Spencer, a rather eccentric man who combined Quaker sympathies with Benthamite radicalism and rabid anti-clericalism, taught school in Derby. Aggressively independent, he would not take his hat off to anyone and would never address his correspondents as "Esquire" or "Reverend" but always as "Mr." Keenly interested in science and politics, he was for a time honorary secretary of the local Philosophical Society and one of the mainstays of local Dissent. Spencer's mother Harriet is described as a patient and gentle woman whose marriage to his irascible and irritable father seems not to have been happy. Being sickly and weak as a child, Herbert Spencer did not attend a regular school. His father educated him at home. At the age of thirteen, he moved to the home of a clerical uncle near Bath, from whom he received his further education. This clergyman, who was also an advanced social reformer, a Chartist sympathizer, and an advocate of temperance, taught young Herbert the principles of Philosophical Radicalism as well as the rigid code of dissenting Protestantism. When the Reverend Spencer was asked one day at a gathering why the young Spencer wasn't dancing, he replied, "No Spencer ever dances."

15. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) A Victorian biologist and philosopher, herbert spencer was born April 27th, 1820, at the height of British industrialism. He was educated at home in http://www.victorianweb.org/philosophy/spencer/spencer.html

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) Alvin Wee, University Scholars Programme , National University of Singapore Spencer became the sub-editor of The Economist in 1848, an important financial weekly at the time for the upper-middle class. He interacted with famous people like Thomas Huxley and John Tyndall, among many other leading intellectuals of Victorian Britain. Spencer published numerous articles in the radical press of his time, like The Leader The Fortnightly and The Westminster Review , largely concerning the government, pushing for limiting its role as a mediator in society. He advocated the abolishment of Poor Laws , national education and a central church; he wanted the lifting of all restrictions on commerce and factory legislation. Across the street from where he worked was John Chapman's office, and that was where he first met his assistant Marian Evans, later known as George Eliot . They developed a very close friendship, and talked of marriage but never actually married. Even so, they remained intimate companions up till her death. His book Social Statics was published in 1851 to great acclaim, but his quietly influential

16. Herbert Spencer The phrase in fact appears to have been coined by a contemporary of Darwin s, the philosopher herbert spencer. spencer thought of evolution as involving http://www2.truman.edu/~rgraber/cultev/spencer.html

When people hear the phrase "survival of the fittest" they are likely to think of the great biologist Charles Darwin. The phrase in fact appears to have been coined by a contemporary of Darwin's, the philosopher Herbert Spencer. Spencer thought of evolution as involving much more than biology. For him, evolution pervaded the inorganic as well as the organic realm. His voluminous work also treated "superorganic evolution" (which we today would term social evolution), and evolution of "superorganic products" (what we call cultural evolution). Much as cells combine to make up organisms, organisms themselves combine, in some species, to make up "superorganisms," or societies. The comparison of societies to organisms has roots in ancient Greece, but Spencer elaborated this idea in greater detail than anybody else before or since. He emphasized three developmental tendencies shared by societies and organisms: (1) growth in size, (2) increasing complexity of structure, and (3) differentiation of function. Generally speaking, larger life forms, unlike smaller ones, have several types of tissues and organs, each suited to perform its special function; similarly, larger societies, unlike smaller ones, have specialized arrangements for performing different functions. Examples include factories, stores, schools, and churches; less concrete arrangements such as economic and political systems; the occupational division of labor; and the division of society into rich and poor, powerful and powerless.

17. Herbert W. Spencer Music Department Star Wars. Visit IMDb for Photos, Filmography, Discussions, Bio, News, Awards, Agent, Fan Sites. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0817965/

Now Playing Movie/TV News My Movies DVD New Releases ... search All Titles TV Episodes My Movies Names Companies Keywords Characters Quotes Bios Plots more tips SHOP HERBERT W... DVD VHS CD IMDb Herbert W. Spencer Quicklinks categorized by type by year by ratings by votes by TV series awards titles for sale by genre by keyword power search credited with tv schedule biography contact Top Links biography by votes awards news articles ... message board Filmographies categorized by type by year by ratings ... tv schedule Biographical biography other works publicity contact ... message board External Links official sites miscellaneous photographs sound clips ... video clips Herbert W. Spencer advertisement photos board add contact details Photos Add photo(s) and resume with IMDb Resume Services Overview Date of Birth: 7 April Chile more Date of Death: 18 September , Culver City, Los Angeles, California, USA more Trivia: Wife Diana: born Montevideo, Uruguay, 1917; died Westwood, California... more Awards: Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 1 nomination more Alternate Names: Herbert Spencer / Herb Spencer / Herbert Spenver Filmography Jump to filmography as: Composer Soundtrack Home Alone (1990) (orchestrator) Presumed Innocent (1990) (orchestrator) (as Herbert Spencer) Always (1989) (orchestrator) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) (orchestrator) (as Herbert Spencer) The Accidental Tourist (1988) (orchestrator) (as Herb Spencer) Empire of the Sun (1987) (orchestrator) (as Herbert Spencer) The Witches of Eastwick (1987) (orchestrator) (as Herbert Spencer) Cocoon (1985) (orchestrator)

18. Herbert Spencer Quotation and Web Resource page for herbert spencer. http://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/6181/spencer.htm

Herbert Spencer "Every man is free to do that which he wills, provided he infringes not the equal freedom of any other man." "The Principles of Ethics," Part IV, ch. 6 IEP Biography of Herbert Spencer Victorian Web Biography of Herbert Spencer Herbert Spencer at Wikipedia The Man Versus The State ... Published Works This page hosted by Get your own Free Home Page golwis@yahoo.com

19. Herbert Spencer (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) herbert spencer (18201903) is typically, though quite wrongly, considered a coarse social Darwinist. After all, spencer, and not Darwin, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spencer/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Herbert Spencer First published Sun 15 Dec, 2002 Principia Ethica (1903) that Spencer committed the naturalistic fallacy. According to Moore, Spencer's practical reasoning was deeply flawed insofar as he purportedly conflated mere survivability (a natural property) with goodness itself (a non-natural property). Roughly fifty years later, Richard Hofstadter devoted an entire chapter of Social Darwinism in American Thought Spencer's reputation has never fully recovered from Moore and Hofstadter's interpretative caricatures, thus marginalizing him to the hinterlands of intellectual history, though recent scholarship has begun restoring and repairing his legacy. Happily, in rehabilitating him, some scholars have begun to appreciate just how fundamentally utilitarian his practical reasoning was. Like J. S. Mill, Spencer struggled to make utilitarianism authentically liberal by infusing it with a demanding principle of liberty and robust moral rights. He was convinced, like Mill, that utilitarianism could accommodate rights with independent moral force and yet remain genuinely consequentialist. Subtly construed, utilitarianism can effectively mimick the very best deontological liberalism. 1. Spencer's Liberal Utilitarianism

20. Herbert Spencer The Victorian biologist and early social philosopher herbert spencer was a great rival of Charles Darwin s. His theory of evolution preceded Darwin s own, http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/spencer.htm

Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903. The Victorian biologist and early social philosopher Herbert Spencer was a great rival of Charles Darwin's . His theory of evolution preceded Darwin's own, but was soon overshadowed because of the absence of an effective theory of natural selection - although it was Spencer, and not Darwin, who popularized the term "evolution" itself and coined the now-ubiquitous phrase, "survival of the fittest". Although no longer influential in biology, his extension of his theory of evolution to psychology and sociology remains important. His "Social Darwinism" was particularly influential on early evolutionary economists such as Thorstein Veblen , but, more contemporaneously, it was adopted with gusto by American apologists such as William Graham Sumner and Simon Nelson Patten Spencer's own thinking was derived in part from the socio-philosophical counterpart of English Romanticist thought - perhaps best exemplified in the work of William Godwin , Thomas Malthus , Thomas Lamarck and von Baer. From the Romanticists, Spencer borrowed the concept of the interrelationship between an "evolving" aggregate and its constituent parts. As an aggregate history progresses, greater specialization and hence diversity is "created" by the Lamarckian adaptation of individual physical and behavioral characteristics to environmental circumstances. Thus, although diversity increases, not all diversity survives in that characteristics and habits that were poorly adapted to the circumstances will disappear. In Spencer's view, evolution is actually a progressive movement towards an "equilibrium" where individual beings change their characteristics and habits until they are perfectly adapted to circumstances and no more change is called for. Thus, Spencer's evolutionary mechanism is not only ultimately cumulant (i.e. it ends), but he also draped it in

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