21. Minds, Brains, And Programs Minds, Brains, and Programs, by john R. searle, from The Behavioral and Brain I would especially like to thank Ned Block, Hubert Dreyfus, john http://members.aol.com/NeoNoetics/MindsBrainsPrograms.html

Minds, Brains, and Programs John R. Searle ["Minds, Brains, and Programs," by John R. Searle, from The Behavioral and Brain Sciences What psychological and philosophical significance should we attach to recent efforts at computer simulations of human cognitive capacities? In answering this question, I find it useful to distinguish what I will call "strong" AI from "weak" or "cautious" AI (artificial intelligence). According to weak AI, the principal value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion. But according to strong AI, the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. In strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. I have no objection to the claims of weak AI, at least as far as this article is concerned. My discussion here will be directed at the claims I have defined as those of strong AI, specifically the claim that the appropriately programmed computer literally has cognitive states and that the programs thereby explain human cognition. When I hereafter refer to AI, I have in mind the strong version, as expressed by these two claims.

22. JOHN SEARLE'S CHINESE ROOM ARGUMENT (10-Jun-2007) john searle S CHINESE ROOM ARGUMENT. john searle begins his (1990) ``Consciousness, Explanatory Inversion and Cognitive Science with http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/chinese.html

JOHN SEARLE'S CHINESE ROOM ARGUMENT John Searle begins his (1990) ``Consciousness, Explanatory Inversion and Cognitive Science'' with The Chinese Room Argument can be refuted in one sentence: Searle confuses the mental qualities of one computational process, himself for example, with those of another process that the first process might be interpreting, a process that understands Chinese, for example. Here's the argument in more detail. A man is in a room with a book of rules. Chinese sentences are passed under the door to him. The man looks up in his book of rules how to process the sentences. Eventually the rules tell him to copy some Chinese characters onto paper and pass the resulting Chinese sentences as a reply to the message he has received. The dialog continues. To follow these rules the man need not understand Chinese. Searle concludes from this that a computer program carrying out the rules doesn't understand Chinese either, and therefore no computer program can understand anything. He goes on to argue about biology being necessary for understanding. Here's the refutation in still more detail.

23. David Papineau On John Searle TLS john searle has been around for a long time. His first significant philosophy paper was published in Mind in 1958. Since then he has produced over a dozen http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/the_tls/articl

DM_addToLoc("Network",escape("Times")); DM_addToLoc("SiteName",escape("Times Online")); // Article page for Revenue sciences> DM_addToLoc("TemplateName",escape("Article")); DM_addToLoc("ArticleName",escape("Power and consciousness on the Clapham omnibus")); var viewSectionName = "The TLS"; DM_addToLoc("SectionName1",escape(viewSectionName)); var sectionPath = "/Home"; var pat = / /g; var sectionName = "the_tls"; sectionPath = sectionPath + "/" + "arts_and_entertainment/the_tls"; Simply The Best This weekend Clarkson reveals the best 25 cars Navigation - link to other main sections from here Skip Navigation Mr Livingstone, like his new friend Hugo Chavez, is not especially interested in democracy Camilla Cavendish News Comment Business Sport ... Related Features Sponsored by Where am I? Home The TLS SHOP My Profile ... Sitemap From The Times Literary Supplement January 16, 2008 Power and consciousness on the Clapham omnibus John Searle's loyalty to common sense is both a virtue and a drawback of his views on minds and power David Papineau John Searle FREEDOM AND NEUROBIOLOGY John Searle has been around for a long time. His first significant philosophy paper was published in Mind in 1958. Since then he has produced over a dozen books and about 200 articles. And here he is again, after nearly fifty years, with yet another book displaying his familiar no-nonsense approach to the central problems of philosophy.

24. Mind Hacks: Power And Consciousness With John Searle Philosopher john searle, most widely known for his Chinese Room thought experiment, is profiled in an article for The Times. http://www.mindhacks.com/blog/2008/01/power_and_consciousn.html

Blog Book Links Main January 20, 2008 Power and consciousness with John Searle: Philosopher John Searle, most widely known for his ' Chinese Room ' thought experiment, is profiled in an article for The Times The article is partly a review of his new book Freedom and Neurobiology , and partly a look back at the work and experiences which have shaped his current views on mind, brain and society. Searle, like Daniel Dennett , tries to avoid the technical jargon that haunts some philosophical literature and is known for penning accessible material even when writing for academic journals. The article is written by fellow philosopher David Papineau who doesn't seem awfully keen on Searle's new ideas. Link to Times review and article on Searle. Vaughan Posted at January 20, 2008 08:00 AM Comments jpn says: Hi! I bought the book in japanese. I have one question. hack #93 the picure 10-2, Does it have a name? I know picture 10-1 is called Thatcher Illusion I'd like to know the name of this illusion. I'm looking forward to your reply. Thnx Comment posted at January 20, 2008 03:05 PM

25. Searle, John Glossary of Religion and Philosophy Short Biography of john searle. http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_searle.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') You are here: About Agnosticism / Atheism Agnosticism / Atheism Atheism ... Help John Searle Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms mind / body problem emergent properties Name: John Searle Dates: Born: 1932 in Denver, Colorado Died: n/a Biography: John Searle is an American philosopher who is best known for his work on the human mind and human consciousness. According to Searle, the human mind and human consciousness cannot be reduced simply to physical events and brain states. Searle is particularly well known for developing a thought experiment called the "Chinese Room" argument. With this, he thought he could demonstrate that no computer could ever be made which could really "think" in the way we do - specifically, that it could never acquire an "understanding" of events and processes. Imagine sitting alone in the room with a huge book full of Chinese characters. Every so often, someone pushes a piece of paper under the door. You take this paper and find that it has Chinese characters on it. Your job is to match up the characters on the paper with the same characters in the book - in doing so, you fill out a new piece of paper with different Chinese characters on it. You don't understand any Chinese, but you know how to fill out the piece of paper by simply taking the appropriate characters from the book. This, according to Searle, models the behavior of a computer - taking input, putting it through a set of formal rules, and thereby producing new output. Because you don't understand Chinese, you have no idea that the incoming pieces of paper have questions on them and the book is providing you with answers to those questions. As a matter of fact, people on the outside find the answers to be especially insightful and, at times, witty. As far as they are concerned, the room contains a person who understands Chinese.

26. Minds, Brains, And Programs Offers an article by john searle about the possibility of artificial intelligence. http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.searle2.html

Below is the unedited penultimate draft of: Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (3): 417-457 [scanned in by OCR: contains errors] U.K. U.S. publication date provisional) and is currently being circulated for Open Peer Commentary. This preprint is for inspection only, to help prospective commentators decide whether or not they wish to prepare a formal commentary. Please do not prepare a commentary unless you have received the hard copy, invitation, instructions and deadline information. For information on becoming a commentator on this or other BBS target articles, write to: bbs@soton.ac.uk For information about subscribing or purchasing offprints of the published version, with commentaries and author's response, write to: journals_subscriptions@cup.org (North America) or journals_marketing@cup.cam.ac.uk (All other countries). MINDS, BRAINS, AND PROGRAMS John R. Searle Department of Philosophy University of California Berkeley, California. 94720 searle@cogsci.berkeley.edu Abstract "Could a machine think?" On the argument advanced here only a machine could think, and only very special kinds of machines, namely brains and machines with internal causal powers equivalent to those of brains And that is why strong AI has little to tell us about thinking, since it is not about machines but about programs, and no program by itself is sufficient for thinking.

27. John R. Searle - The New York Review Of Books Bibliography of books and articles by john R. searle, from The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/authors/369

Home Your account Current issue Archives ... NYR Books John R. Searle John Searle John R. Searle is Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. His most recent books are Mind: A Brief Introduction and Freedom and Neurobiology . (November 2006) From the Review November 2, 2006 Minding the Brain Seeing Red: A Study in Consciousness by Nicholas Humphrey June 23, 2005 What Is Consciousness? (letter) January 13, 2005 Consciousness: What We Still Don't Know The Quest for Consciousness by Christof Koch July 18, 2002 Chomsky's Revolution: An Exchange June 27, 2002 'Words and Rules': An Exchange April 25, 2002 Chomsky's Revolution (letter) March 14, 2002 'Sneaked' or 'Snuck'? Words and Rules: The Ingredients of Language by Steven Pinker February 28, 2002 End of the Revolution New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind by Noam Chomsky May 20, 1999 'I Married a Computer': An Exchange April 8, 1999 I Married a Computer The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence by Ray Kurzweil May 15, 1997

28. Cognitive Science Celebrities john searle, Herbert Simon, B. F. Skinner, Paul Thagard. Sherry Turkle, Alan Turing, Mark Turner, Francisco Varela. Valentin Voloshinov, Lev Vygotsky http://www.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/cogsci.html

Martin Ryder University of Colorado at Denver School of Education Celebrities in Cognitive Science Writings by and about leading thinkers in cognitive science, and critics and observers of the philosophy of mind. Charles Babbage Fredric Bartlett Jerome Bruner John Carroll ... Wilhelm Wundt related pages.. What is Cognitive Science? Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Susan Kunk Wikipedia Fact Index ... AI Overview (American Association for Artificial Intelligence, AAAI) Cognitive Science (AAAI) Classics in the History of Psychology (Christopher Green) Constructions of the Mind: Artificial Intelligence and the Humanities (Stanford Electronic Humanities Review) Annotated Bibliography of Mind-related Topics (Piero Scaruffi) Pre-History of Cognitive Science Web (Carl Stahmer) the Pre-History of Cognitive Science (Carl Stahmer) The American Association for Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Science Summaries (Jim Davis) Professional Links for Psychologists (Gerald Solfanelli) Open Courses from M.I.T. Linguistics and Philosophy Brain and Cognitive Sciences Corollary sites (pages that link to this page) Theory of Technology Charles Babbage Babbage profile (Wikipedia) Babbage profile (The Science Museum) Babbage profile (Ralph Merkle) Babbage profile (Kerry Redshaw) Babbage profile (History of Computing project) Babbage profile (BBC) Babbage profile (Phil Ament) Babbage profile (John van Wyhe) Babbage profile (Mary Root) Babbage profile Babbage profile (J J O'Connor and E F Robertson) Babbage page (Jonathan Bowen) the Babbage Pages (Ray Burnley)

29. IBM Research | Almaden Research Center | Almaden Institute 2006 Dr. john searle has been teaching at the University of California, Berkeley, since 1959, and is noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, http://www.almaden.ibm.com/institute/2006/bio/2006/?searle

30. EpistemeLinks: Website Results For Philosopher John Searle General website search results for john searle including brief biographies, link resources, and more. Provided by EpistemeLinks. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Sear

31. Pufendorf-föreläsningarna john R. searle Mills Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Language, University of California, Berkeley. Lecture 1 Consciousness http://www.pufendorf.se/section.asp?id=1160

32. The Rediscovery Of The Mind, By John R. Searle A critique of this 1992 work of searle s, by Kelley L. Ross. http://www.friesian.com/searle.htm

The Rediscovery of the Mind by John R. Searle the MIT Press, Cambridge, 1992 The title of The Rediscovery of the Mind suggests the question "When was the mind lost?" Since most people may not be aware that it ever was lost, we must also then ask "Who lost it?" It was lost, of course, only by philosophers, by certain philosophers. This passed unnoticed by society at large. The "rediscovery" is also likely to pass unnoticed. But has the mind been rediscovered by the same philosophers who "lost" it? Probably not. John Searle is an analytic philosopher, with some of the same notions as the positivists and behaviorists who rejected consciousness and "lost" the mind in the first place, but he also does not sound like the kind of reductionist who would have joined that crowd. His views, indeed, are sensible enough, and some of his insights so important, that it is a shame to find his thought profoundly limited by some of the same mistakes and prejudices that ruined philosophy, and not just philosophy of mind, under the influence of those positivists and behaviorists. There is enough of genuine value in his treatment, that it can easily be taken up and, with relatively slight modification, added to what is of permanent value in the history of philosophy. Searle calls his theory of mind "biological naturalism." This expression is revealing, mainly for the nature of the limitations of the theory. Both terms, as used by Searle, bespeak

33. Butler And Derrida Drupal In the infamous debacle of john searle’s debate with Derrida about Speech Act Theory, Derrida offers his response to searle’s in a text that performs http://locus.cwrl.utexas.edu/freeman/?q=node/8

34. The Chinese Room Argument (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) The Chinese Room argument, devised by john searle, is an argument against the .. Cole argues that the mental traits that constitute john searle, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-room/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free The Chinese Room Argument First published Fri Mar 19, 2004; substantive revision Mon Mar 22, 2004 1. Overview 2. Historical Background 2.2 Turing's Paper Machine 2.3 The Chinese Nation ... Related Entries 1. Overview Artificial Intelligence (AI) has produced computer programs that can beat the world chess champion, and programs with which one can converse in natural language. Our experience shows that playing chess and carrying on a conversation are activities that require understanding and intelligence. Does computer prowess at chess and conversation then show that computers can understand and be intelligent? Will further development result in digital computers that fully match human intelligence? Alan Turing (1950), one of the pioneer theoreticians of computing, believed the answer to these questions was "yes". Other workers in AI have thought that computers already understand at least some natural language. Beginning in 1980, philosopher John Searle introduced a short and widely-discussed argument intended to show conclusively that it is impossible for digital computers to understand language or think. Searle argues that a good way to test a theory of mind, say a theory that holds that understanding can be created by doing such and such, is to imagine what it would be like to do what the theory says would create understanding. Searle (1999) summarized the Chinese Room argument concisely:

35. UCTV--University Of California Television Conversations with History and Host Harry Kreisler welcome UC Berkeley Professor of Philosophy john R. searle who talks about the work of a philosopher, http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=7796

36. John R. Searle S Chinese Room Argument A study of this argument by searle and the discussion which it generated. Aimed at beginning students of the philosophy of mind. http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/~reingold/courses/ai/cache/searle.html

37. Ovi Magazine : John Searle On The Human Mind And The Nature Of Intelligence By E 93 of his The Rediscovery of the Mind john searle points out that “Conscious mental states and processes have a special feature not possessed by other http://www.ovimagazine.com/art/2488

Newsletter Subscribe Contact Search Advertisement Advertisement BBC News : Ovi Web Advanced Search RSS Feeds Home Editorial ... Contact (Enter your email) Ovi Team Ovi Story Ovi Guide Newsletter ... Contact John Searle on the Human Mind and the Nature of Intelligence by Emanuel L. Paparella Print Comment Send to a Friend More from this Author But we need not go all the way back to Plato, or closer to us, Vico, to find major opponents of this dehumanizing view of the nature of man. There is a contemporary philosopher of language still alive who has dedicated his life to the study of the mind and has become a pioneer in the field of cognitive science. His name is John Searle. Searle argues that the Chinese room is an analogy for so-called artificial intelligence. The rule book is the equivalent of a computer program, which manipulates symbols according to a set of rules, and produces answers. By doing so it can give the appearance of being intelligent. But it is nothing of the sort. A computer model of the mind is not actually conscious, just as a computer model of the digestive system cannot actually eat pizza. A computer model of falling in love or reading a novel or getting drunk does not actually experience these things, but simply produces a simulation of these processes. The basic ingredient that distinguishes human minds from computers, according to Searle, is intentionality.

38. Shop PBS - Shop By Interests: Bill Moyers Shop: What Should An Educated Person K Shop PBS What Should an Educated Person Know? john searle DVD - where every purchase supports your local PBS station. http://www.shoppbs.org/sm-pbs-what-should-an-educated-person-know-john-searle-dv

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39. Fotion, N.: John Searle. of the book john searle by Fotion, N., published by Princeton University Press....... http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7040.html

Book Search: Keywords Author Title or ISBN More Options Power Search Search Hints Google contents of this website: Google full text of our books: John Searle Nick Fotion Shopping Cart Endorsements Table of Contents One of the world's most important philosophers of mind and language, John Searle (b. 1932) is direct, combative, and intellectually ambitious. His philosophy has made fundamental and lasting contributions to how we think about speech, consciousness, knowledge, truth, and the nature of social reality. Here, with remarkable clarity, a leading authority introduces students and generalists to those contributions. Nick Fotion explains Searle's ideas in full, while also testing and exploring their implications. He first takes up Searle's philosophy of language, examining how Searle treats speech acts and thinks about the metaphorical use of language. Next, the book sketches Searle's philosophy of mind, including his claims for intentionality and for the centrality of consciousness. This discussion highlights Searle's argument that the mind possesses a subjective character that materialist explanations (including behaviorism and strong artificial intelligence) cannot contain. The author goes on to look at Searle's later writings on the construction of social realitywork that mounts a sophisticated but plainly stated case against deconstructionist, skeptical, and relativistic accounts. Endorsement: "This book presents a generally accurate and well-organized overview of Searle's philosophical work at a level that is suitable for upper-division undergraduates or beginning graduate students. The greatest virtue of the book is its clarity and responsible presentation of the material. There is no competing book on the market, and there will be demand due to the general interest in Searle's work not only among philosophers but also among literary theorists, art historians, and a broader range of humanist scholars."Sean D. Kelly, Princeton University

40. John R. Searle - Research And Read Books, Journals, Articles At Research john searle at the Questia.com online library. http://www.questia.com/library/philosophy/john-searle.jsp

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