1. Karl Popper - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in AustriaHungary) in 1902 to middle-class parents of Jewish origins, both of whom had converted to Christianity. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper

Karl Popper From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search Western Philosophy 20th century philosophy Name Karl Raimund Popper Birth July 28 Vienna Austria Death September 17 London England School/tradition Analytic Critical rationalism Fallibilism Evolutionary epistemology Main interests Epistemology Philosophy of science Social and political philosophy Notable ideas Falsifiability Hypothetico-deductive method Open society Influenced by Socrates (via Plato Aristotle Kant Schopenhauer ... Burke Influenced Virtually all philosophy of science since 1930s Hayek Friedman Lakatos Feyerabend ... Sir Karl Raimund Popper CH FRS FBA July 28 ... September 17 ) was an Austrian and British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics . He is counted among the most influential philosophers of science of the 20th century inductivist account of scientific method by advancing empirical falsification instead; for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge which he replaced with critical rationalism , "the first non justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy" and for his vigorous defense of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism which he took to make the flourishing of the " open society " possible.

2. Karl Popper - Wikiquote As quoted in At 90, and Still Dynamic Revisiting Sir Karl Popper and Attending His Birthday Party by Eugene YueChing Ho, in Intellectus 23 (Jul-Sep http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karl_Popper

Karl Popper From Wikiquote Jump to: navigation search We must plan for freedom, and not only for security, if for no other reason than only freedom can make security more secure. Sir Karl Raimund Popper 28 July 17 September ) Austrian-born British philosopher of science. Contents Sourced The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945) Utopia and Violence (1947) On Freedom (1958) ... edit Sourced No matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white. No matter how many instances of white swans we may have observed, this does not justify the conclusion that all swans are white. The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934) translated into English in 1959. A principle of induction would be a statement with the help of which we could put inductive inferences into a logically acceptable form. In the eyes of the upholders of inductive logic, a principle of induction is of supreme importance for scientific method: "... this principle", says Reichenbach , "determines the truth of scientific theories. To eliminate it from science would mean nothing less than to deprive science of the power to decide the truth or falsity of its theories. Without it, clearly, science would no longer have the right to distinguish its theories from the fanciful and arbitrary creations of the poet's mind." Now this principle of induction cannot be a purely logical truth like a tautology or an analytic statement. Indeed, if there were such a thing as a purely logical principle of induction, there would be no problem of induction; for in this case, all inductive inferences would have to be regarded as purely logical or tautological transformations, just like inferences in inductive logic. Thus the principle of induction must be a

3. Karl Popper Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of this century. He was also a social and http://facstaff.uww.edu/mohanp/popper.html

Karl Popper Karl Popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of this century. He was also a social and scepticism, conventionalism, and relativism in science and in human affairs generally, a committed advocate and staunch scientists are rarely aware of the work of philosophers; it is virtually unprecedented to find them queuing up, as they have done work is such that it is commonplace by now to find that commentators tend to deal with the epistemological, scientific and social elements of his thought as if they were quite disparate and unconnected, and thus the fundamental unity of his philosophical vision and method has to a large degree been dissipated. Here we will try to trace the threads which interconnect the various elements of his philosophy, and which give it its fundamental unity. Life Karl Raimund Popper was born on 28 July 1902 in Vienna, which at that time could make some claim to be the cultural epicentre of the western world. His parents, who were of Jewish origin, brought him up in an atmosphere which he was later to philosophy, and communicated to his son an interest in social and political issues which he was to never lose. His mother

4. Karl Popper - Wikipedia Translate this page Karl Popper wurde am 28. Juli 1902 als Sohn des Rechtsanwalts Simon Siegmund Carl Popper und Jenny Popper, geborene Schiff, in Wien geboren. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper

Karl Popper aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklop¤die Wechseln zu: Navigation Suche Sir Karl Raimund Popper 28. Juli in Wien 17. September in London ) war ein ¶sterreichisch britischer Philosoph , der mit seinen Arbeiten zu Erkenntnistheorie Wissenschaftstheorie und politischer Philosophie den Kritischen Rationalismus begr¼ndet hat. Inhaltsverzeichnis Leben Kindheit und Ausbildung Studium Der Wiener Kreis ... Bearbeiten Leben Bearbeiten Kindheit und Ausbildung Karl Popper wurde am 28. Juli 1902 als Sohn des Rechtsanwalts Simon Siegmund Carl Popper und Jenny Popper , geborene Schiff , in Wien geboren. Seine Eltern waren zum Protestantismus konvertierte assimilierte Juden . Simon Siegmund stammte aus Prag . Die Vorfahren seiner Mutter kamen aus Schlesien und Ungarn . Der Familie Schiff entstammten viele bedeutende Pers¶nlichkeiten des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts: Wissenschafter, „rzte und Musiker (so z.B. der Dirigent Bruno Walter ). Popper wuchs in einem Elternhaus auf, in dem B¼cher und Musik eine wichtige Rolle spielten. Bereits als Kind interessierten ihn philosophische Fragestellungen. Als Popper zw¶lf Jahre alt war, brach der erste Weltkrieg aus. Die Situation der Juden zu dieser Zeit in Wien war schwierig. Zum einen nahmen sie wichtige Positionen ein; Poppers wohlhabender Vater beispielsweise arbeitete eng mit dem damaligen liberalen B¼rgermeister der Stadt

5. Karl Popper Karl Popper is a landmark figure in the philosophy of science. His notion of falsifiability endures to this day and even appears in arguments about http://www.philosophytalk.org/pastShows/Popper.html

back to Past Shows Notes on show: Original Airdate 10/08/2006 Topic: Karl Popper Audio: Download the Episode Listen Online (Download Real Player Guest: Denis Phillips, Professor of Education and (by courtesy) Philosophy, Stanford University What is it? Karl Popper is a landmark figure in the philosophy of science. His notion of "falsifiability" endures to this day and even appears in arguments about creation versus evolution. But what does it mean for a theory to be falsifiable? And where does the idea stand in contemporary philosophy of science? John and Ken test a few ideas on Popper and falsifiability with Denis Phillips from Stanford University. About the Guest Denis Phillips is Professor of Education and (by courtesy) Philosophy at Stanford University, who works primarily to stimulate educational researchers to be reflective about the methods and assumptions they use in their research. He is also the author of the enlightening The Social Scientist's Bestiary Listening Notes John and Ken begin the show by briefly introducing Popper's central idea of falsification and how it might apply to very recent theoretical scientific ideas like string theory. John notes that just because falsifiability was the essential and necessary criteria for what Popper considered science does not mean that Popper thought non-falsifiable things were useless, just that they were not scientific. Ken tries to flesh out more about falsification, and asks John to detail how Popper thought his central tenet solved Hume's problem of induction. John first discusses the problem of induction and then explains how Popper thought Hume's position got the nature of scientific inquiry backwards. Ken notes that in Popper's theory there is never undeniable and final evidence for something, but only a series of more convincing failures to disprove a theory.

6. Karl Popper - Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia Libre Translate this page Biografía del filósfo con enlace a términos relevantes. http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper

Karl Popper De Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre Saltar a navegaci³n bºsqueda Tumba de Karl Popper Karl Raimund Popper Viena 28 de julio de Londres 17 de septiembre de ) fue un fil³sofo soci³logo y te³rico de la ciencia nacido en Austria y posteriormente ciudadano brit¡nico Tabla de contenidos Vida Obra Epistemolog­a Sociolog­a ... editar Vida Karl Popper fue hijo del abogado jud­o Simon Siegmund Carl Popper, nacido en Praga , y de su esposa Jenny , con nombre de soltera Schiff. De la familia Schiff proven­an varias personalidades significativas de los siglos XIX y XX tales como el director de orquesta Bruno Walter En la Viena de principios del siglo XX que vio nacer a Karl Raimund Popper, la situaci³n de los jud­os era compleja: por un lado pertenec­an a las capas medias y altas de la sociedad, ocupando con frecuencia posiciones destacadas en la econom­a y la pol­tica: por ejemplo, el acomodado Simon Siegmund colabor³ estrechamente con el alcalde liberal Raimund Gr¼bl . Pero por otra parte eran habituales las demostraciones cotidianas de antisemitismo. Cuando Karl Popper comenz³ sus estudios universitarios en la d©cada de 1920 la escena pol­tica estaba dominada ef­meramente por la izquierda: florec­a entonces la llamada Viena Roja . Tambi©n Popper, interesado principalmente en la pedagog­a pol­tica, se implic³ en este movimiento, ingresando en las juventudes socialistas. Brevemente lleg³ a formar parte, incluso, del partido comunista. Sin embargo tras un violento enfrentamiento entre los comunistas y la polic­a vienesa en el que perecieron ocho personas, Popper se alej³ r¡pidamente del comunismo.

7. Karl Popper Biography / Biography Karl Popper / Popper Falsification / Falsifica Karl Popper Biography / Dominant Western Thinker who led introvert Christian Science even further away from common sense / Critical Rationalism Popper http://huizen.daxis.nl/~henkt/popper-karl-biography.html

Karl Popper Biography Vienna July 1902 - 1994 Often called by 'rationalists' the greatest philosopher of science of the 20th century. Popper trusts in the continuity of the religion rational science He was born in 1902 and raised with a great appreciation of music. He entered the University of Vienna early, for a time flirted with Marxism ( but this guru of 'rationalism' found dogma other as his own distasteful ), in 1928 received a Ph.D. in philosophy, and in 1929 became accredited to teach mathematics and physics. The One : Karl Popper might be seen as a kind of 'office wizard'. He enjoyed 'rational' theory, but probably never visited countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, Morocco, China, Thailand etc. This son Karl of a professional-scholarly Jewish family in Vienna. In 1900 this family converted to Protestantism. Karl Popper got 'drugged' by the new 'abstract thinking' in Vienna, introduced by the English . In 1814 after the defeat of Napoleon, this Austrian capital in leading circles started 'daydreaming'. The last great monarchies in Europe had joined forces against France, resulting in total stagnation. From then on in Vienna ruled the weird 'rational' belief (coming from Anglican England and Immanuel Kant 's homecountry Protestant Prussia) that abstract dreaming had more value than physical work. This 'revolutionary' illusion caused

8. Karl Popper Karl Popper AKA Karl Raimund Popper. Born 28Jul-1902 Birthplace Vienna, Austria Died 17-Sep-1994 Location of death London, England http://www.nndb.com/people/164/000087900/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Karl Popper AKA Karl Raimund Popper Born: 28-Jul Birthplace: Vienna, Austria Died: 17-Sep Location of death: London, England Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Religion: Jewish Race or Ethnicity: White Sexual orientation: Straight Occupation: Philosopher Nationality: England Executive summary: Critical Rationalist University: PhD Philosophy, University of Vienna (1928) Professor: Canterbury University College, New Zealand (1937-45) Teacher: Reader of Logic, London School of Economics (1945-49) Professor: Professor of Logic, Professor of Logic, London School of Economics (1949-69) Mont Pelerin Society Royal Society Naturalized UK Citizen ... Knighthood Author of books: Logik der Forschung , philosophy) The Open Society and Its Enemies The Poverty of Historicism Postscript to the Logic of Scientific Discovery , 3 vols.) Realism and the Aim of Science The Myth of the Framework: In Defence of Science and Rationality Knowledge and the Mind-Body Problem: In Defence of Interactionism Do you know something we don't?

9. Karl Popper Karl Popper was a philosopher in Vienna during the reign of Logical Positivism, but he was not himself a Positivist. Popper is best known for his http://facweb.bcc.ctc.edu/wpayne/karl_popper.htm

Karl Popper Karl Popper was a philosopher in Vienna during the reign of Logical Positivism, but he was not himself a Positivist. Popper is best known for his contributions to two issues, the problem of induction and the demarkation problem. In both cases his views were critical of the Logical Positivist's views. The problem of induction is first raised by Hume. Hume argues that inductive arguments fail to provide rational support for their conclusions. His reason for taking induction to be irrational is that every inductive argument assumes that unobserved events will follow the pattern of observed events and this assumption cannot be supported either deductively or inductively. No purely deductive support can be given for this principle of induction because it is not a mere truth of logic. And any inductive argument offered in support of the inductive principle that unobserved cases will be like observed cases will be circular because it will also employ the very principle of induction it tries to support as a premise. Popper accepted Hume's conclusion that inductive inference is not rationally justifiable. He takes the problem of induction to have no adequate solution. But he rejects the further conclusion that science therefore yields no knowledge of the nature of the world. With Hume, Popper holds that no number of cases offered as confirmation of a scientific hypothesis yields knowledge of the truth of that hypothesis. But just one observation that disagrees with a hypothesis can refute that hypothesis. So while empirical inquiry cannot provide knowledge of the truth of hypotheses through induction, it can provide knowledge of the falsity of hypotheses through deduction.

10. Karl Popper Karl Raimund Popper (19021994). Major works. Keywords. Key figures. Aphorism. Political aspect. Associations. The Open Society and its Enemies, http://www.generation-online.org/p/ppopper.htm

reference (txt) recent additions twiki ... home Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994) Major works: Keywords: Key figures: Aphorism: Political aspect: Associations: The Open Society and its Enemies, Objective Knowledge, The Poverty of Historicism Historicism, negativism, piecemeal social engineering, holism, critical rationalism, falsificationism, tolerance Feyerabend , Kuhn, Vienna Circle, Hume We must not tolerate intolerance Cold-war hyperliberalism LSE Piecemeal Social engineering and the politics of the critical rationalist attack on holism If one wants a brief political introduction to the confused mind of this conservative thinker, then look no further than his essay on piecemeal and holistic social engineering.  This essay, written in 1944 is tragically bad, it shows the depths of his technocratic understanding of politics (as engineers buiding and modifying institutions), the perculiar conservative motivations behind his confidence in the fundamental similarity of the natural and social sciences and the principles of experimentation, test and falsification therein and the lengths he will go to to misrepresent the ultimate target of his scientific scepticism, namely Marxism, or any utopian or holistics (much of the same thing in Popper’s book)and their pretensions towards total critique and total transformation of the prevailing order.

11. Karl Popper Born in 1902 in Vienna, Austria, Karl Popper was a British philosopher of science, widely considered to be one of the most important of the twentieth http://www.iscid.org/encyclopedia/Karl_Popper

ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy BETA Make Entry Become an Editor Most Popular: ( Help Karl Popper Born in 1902 in Vienna, Austria, Karl Popper was a British philosopher of science, widely considered to be one of the most important of the twentieth century. A large part of his professional life was spent as a professor at the prestigious London School of Economics , where he taught until his academic retirement in 1969. It was while there that he received the honor of being knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965 and, even afterwards, the additional recognition of being elected into the Royal Society as a Fellow in 1976. Popper never returned to his native Austria, the country he had left due to the burgeoning threat of being a Jew at the dawn of Anschluss, the German annexation of Austria in 1938 (he spent almost 10 years living in New Zealand). That event changed the course of his life, even intellectually, as witnessed by the new direction his work in social and political philosophy took. Among the list of notable features of Popper’s work could be included the fact that, unlike most other philosophers, he is a well-recognized and respected name among today’s high-tech scientists. He is also remembered for having founded the philosophical school of thought he referred to as critical

12. Taking Children Seriously: The Education Of Karl Popper Karl Popper is a philosopher whose work has had a huge influence beyond the narrow confines of academic philosophy. He has made important contributions in a http://www.takingchildrenseriously.com/the_education_of_karl_popper

@import "http://www.takingchildrenseriously.com/misc/drupal.css"; @import "http://www.takingchildrenseriously.com/themes/tcs/style.css"; home archive search The Education of Karl Popper Sarah Fitz-Claridge This article was originally published in the paper journal, Taking Children Seriously in 1993. Karl Popper is a philosopher whose work has had a huge influence beyond the narrow confines of academic philosophy. He has made important contributions in a wide variety of subjects including the methodology of science, education, politics and art. Sir Peter Medawar, a winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, has said Helmut Kohl magnum opus in defence of liberty. Even Popper's critics, such as Professor Anthony O'Hear , acknowledge the unity and comprehensiveness of his thought. Although Popper is not commonly regarded as a writer on education, in The Open Society he develops a devastating critique In the light of his achievements and his own disenchantment with conventional educational institutions, it is interesting to look back on his own educational experience. The first book which made a significant impression on Popper, just before he learned to read, was

13. Karl Popper@Everything2.com Karl Popper s ideas of science are interpreted as naive and decades out of date by those who study the philosophy of science. Many scientists still cite http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Karl Popper

14. PhilSci Archive - Karl Raimund Popper Karl Popper is the greatest philosopher of the 20th century. No other philosopher of the period has produced a body of work that is as significant. http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/archive/00001686/

About Browse Search Register ... Help Karl Raimund Popper Maxwell, Nicholas (2002) Karl Raimund Popper. Full text available as: Microsoft Word - Requires a viewer, such as Microsoft Word Viewer Abstract Keywords: Karl Popper, Falsificationism, Critical Rationalism, Open Society, Demarcation, Marxism, Plato, Induction, Social Engineering, Subjects: General Issues Philosophers of Science ID Code: Deposited By: Maxwell, Nicholas Deposited On: 12 April 2004 Additional Information: This paper is a preliminary version of a paper subsequently published in British Philosophers 1800-2000, Dictionary of Literary Biography, vo. 262, ed. P. Dematteis, P. Fosl and L. McHenry, Bruccoli Clark Layman, 2002, pp. 176-194. Send feedback to: philsci-archive@library.pitt.edu

15. Karl Popper (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) karl popper is generally regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century. He was also a social and political philosopher of http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Karl Popper First published Thu Nov 13, 1997; substantive revision Mon Oct 9, 2006 Section Headings: 1. Life 2. Backdrop to his Thought 3. The Problem of Demarcation 4. The Growth of Human Knowledge ... Related Entries 1. Life Realgymnasium Popper obtained a primary school teaching diploma in 1925, took a Ph.D. in philosophy in 1928, and qualified to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school in 1929. The dominant philosophical group in Vienna at the time was the Wiener Kreis Tractatus Logik der Forschung The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1959), are now universally recognised as classics in the field. He was knighted in 1965, and retired from the University of London in 1969, though he remained active as a writer, broadcaster and lecturer until his death in 1994. (For more detail on Popper's life, cf. his Unended Quest Return to Section Headings 2. Backdrop to his Thought A number of biographical features may be identified as having a particular influence upon Popper's thought. In the first place, his teenage flirtation with Marxism left him thoroughly familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Secondly, he was appalled by the failure of the democratic parties to stem the rising tide of fascism in his native Austria in the 1920s and 1930s, and the effective welcome extended to it by the Marxists. The latter acted on the ideological grounds that it constituted what they believed to be a necessary dialectical step towards the implosion of capitalism and the ultimate revolutionary victory of communism. This was one factor which led to the much feared

16. The Karl Popper Web For those interested in the philosophy of karl popper. Referenced by major institutions such as the BBC, The Encyclopaedia Britannica, and The British http://www.eeng.dcu.ie/~tkpw/

HOME ABOUT KARL POPPER CRITICAL CAFE (discuss) ... Further Resources "Awarded to an elite group of web sites for their quality of presentation, content and accuracy." The Karl Popper Web (Referenced by the B.B.C., the British Science Museum and The Encyclopaedia Britannica) (Last revised: 16th October, 2006.) Institute of Philosophy, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic is pleased to announce a conference: RE-THINKING POPPER September 10th - 14th 2007 Prague, Czech Republic The conference aims to review Karl Popper's philosophy and evaluate its relevance to current philosophical debates. For more information, click this link: Founder and Editor: Dr. Ray Scott Percival Co-Founder and Assistant Editor: Dr. Barry McMullin Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994) Photograph used by kind permission of Dr. Milan Jira from Popper's visit to Prague, May 1994. Support The Karl Popper Web by book marking your link to Amazon.co.uk through this page. Amazon.co.uk makes a small contribution toward the maintenance of this site with each book (or CD or Video etc.) you buy going through this link. Any item you buy is the same price as if you had gone directly to Amazon. Direct links to books provides more support. Try our bookshop If you live in America you can support the Karl Popper Web by using the search link below to buy your books or other items. Try our

17. Sir Karl Popper A brief article on this thinker, discussing the relation of popper to the Friesian school of Kantian philosophy. http://www.friesian.com/popper.htm

Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994) The most important philosopher of science since Francis Bacon (1561-1626), Sir Karl Popper finally solved the puzzle of scientific method, which in practice had never seemed to conform to the principles or logic described by Bacon see The Great Devonian Controversy , by Martin J. S. Rudwick, for a case study of Baconian rhetoric and expectations being contradicted by actual practice and results. Instead of scientific knowledge being discovered and verified by way of inductive generalizations, leaping from perceptual data into blank minds, in terms that go back to Aristotle , Popper realized that science advances instead by deductive falsification through a process of "conjectures and refutations." It is imagination and creativity , not induction, that generates real scientific theories, which is how Einstein could study the universe with no more than a piece of chalk. Experiment and observation test theories, not produce them. This was not, in retrospect, so hard to understand; and some philosophers, like Kant , had come close to recognizing it. It is still subject to some dispute, though mainly from those who misunderstand

18. Sir Karl Popper (1902--93). A short discussion on the life and work of karl popper. http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Popper.htm

Sir Karl Popper Sir Karl was a Professor of Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics for 23 years. In his book about Popper, Bryan Magee said: "... philosophy [according to Popper] is a necessary activity because we, all of us, take a great number of things for granted, and many of these assumptions are of a philosophical character; we act on them in private life, in politics, in our work, and in every other sphere of our lives - but while some of these assumptions are no doubt true, it is likely, that more are false and some are harmful. So the critical examination of our presuppositions - which is a philosophical activity - is morally as well as intellectually important." Popper was born in Vienna. While early on he espoused left wing politics, he swung around in the thirties and found himself at variance with the prevailing philosophical thought, logical positivism (see Comte ). From 1937-1945, Popper taught philosophy at the University of New Zealand. In 1946, he went to England. Popper's theories, however, continued to be unacceptable to the establishment; neither Oxford, nor Cambridge, wanted him as a professor. Eventually, Popper did find a spot at the London School. Popper was knighted in 1965. Popper, in his philosophy, offers a solution to

19. Sir Karl Popper "Science As Falsification," 1963 by karl R. popper. W hen I received the list of participants in this course .. ( karl popper, Conjectures and Refutations, London Routledge and Keagan http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html

Science as Falsification The following excerpt was originally published in Conjectures and Refutations by Karl R. Popper hen I received the list of participants in this course and realized that I had been asked to speak to philosophical colleagues I thought, after some hesitation and consolation, that you would probably prefer me to speak about those problems which interests me most, and about those developments with which I am most intimately acquainted. I therefore decided to do what I have never done before: to give you a report on my own work in the philosophy of science, since the autumn 1919 when I first begin to grapple with the problem, " When should a theory be ranked as scientific? " or " Is there a criterion for the scientific character or status of a theory? The problem which troubled me at the time was neither, "When is a theory true?" nor "When is a theory acceptable?" my problem was different. I wished to distinguish between science and pseudo science ; knowing very well that science often errs, and that pseudoscience may happen to stumble on the truth. empirical method , which is essentially inductive But as it was not the example of astrology which lead me to my problem, I should perhaps briefly describe the atmosphere in which my problem arose and the examples by which it was stimulated. After the collapse of the Austrian empire there had been a revolution in Austria: the air was full of revolutionary slogans and ideas, and new and often wild theories. Among the theories which interested me Einstein's theory of relativity was no doubt by far the most important. The three others were Marx's theory of history, Freud's psycho-analysis, and Alfred Adler's so-called "individual psychology."

20. Karl Popper, 1902--1994 To read; David Deutsch, The Fabric of Reality; William A. Gorton, karl popper and the Social Sciences; Malachi Hachohen, karl popper The Formative Years, http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notabene/popper.html

Notebooks Karl Popper, 19021994 14 Apr 2003 14:00 Austrian-English philosopher, dead, alas, just as I began these notebooks. Popper was primarily a philosopher of science; his system, that of "conjectures and refutations," of falsification, was elegant, coherent, and basically right-headed. Similar to that of such earlier methodologists as William Whewell and Claude Bernard (as Popper was among the first to admit), it was one of only three which, in this century, actual scientists have bothered to pay attention to, and easily the best of them, both in its intellectual quality and its effects. (The other two were the system of Kuhn, who set out to turn Popper upside down; and Machian positivism and its descendants, including the Vienna Circle of logical positivists , who Popper hung out with, but on many important points disagreed with. Positivism was restrictive but, aside from encouraging the behaviorists, mostly harmless; the latter, through no fault of Kuhn's own, has led to no good at all. - Of course, many scientists have been forced to pay attention to dialectical materialism, but on purely prudential, not intellectual, grounds; that doesn't count.) Even now, querying scientists about what they're up to is very likely to provoke more or less Popperian responses. That said, there are enough problems with it that I, for one, can't really accept it, and there are very few proper Popperians left among professional philosophers of science. On the other hand, his critism of such pretenders to scientific status as Marxism, the "sociology of knowledge" and, especially

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