21. Immanuel Kant Born in Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), April 22, 1724, immanuel kant received his education at the Collegium Fredericianum and the University of http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/philosophers/immanuel-kant.php

@import url(http://www.philosophyprofessor.com/side/cssphp.css); HOME Philosophies Philosophers Library ... Zeno of Elea web here Some Rights Reserved . Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. By accessing this site or its contents you agree to the below terms. SITE MAP Immanuel Kant Ideas - Although all knoqledge begins with experience, it does not all arise out of experience. - Knowledge of an orderly world is made possible through the complementary activities of the senses and the mind. - The matter of our experience is due to our senses and its form is contributed by the mind. - The world we know is a phenomenal world; we have no knowledge of things-in-themselves. - The only thing good without qualification is a good will. - One ought to act only according to a principle of action that can be universalized. - One ought to treat all rational beings as ends in themselves and never merely as means. - The categorical imperative must be distinguished from hypothetical imperatives; the commands of the former are unexceptionable, but those of the latter are exceptionable. - The autonomy of the self-legislating will is the basis of human dignity.

22. Philosophers : Immanuel Kant According to kant, his reading of Hume woke him from his dogmatic slumber and led him to become the critical philosopher, synthesizing the rationalism of http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/kant.html

Immanuel Kant German Philosopher See Also: Hume Leibniz Hegel Critique of Pure Reason ... Feedback

23. Kant's Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) New York Cambridge U. P.; Sullivan, Roger J., 1989, immanuel kant s Moral Theory. New York Cambridge U. P.; Timmons, Mark, ed., 2002, kant s Metaphysics http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Kant's Moral Philosophy First published Mon Feb 23, 2004; substantive revision Thu Feb 26, 2004 sui generis Kant's most influential positions are found in The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Groundwork The Critique of Practical Reason The Metaphysics of Morals Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View and Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason . I will focus on the foundational doctrines of the Groundwork , even though in recent years some scholars have become dissatisfied with this standard approach to Kant's views and have turned their attention to the later works. I myself still find the standard approach most illuminating, though I will highlight important positions from the later works where needed. 1. Aims and Methods of Moral Philosophy 2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty 3. Duty and Respect for Moral Law 4. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives ... Related Entries 1. Aims and Methods of Moral Philosophy The first fundamental aim of moral philosophy, and so also of the

24. Immanuel Kant kant was strangely proud of his name, and later changed it to immanuel because it was a more faithful rendering of the original hebrew. but his mother http://www.stanford.edu/~richie/kant.htm

Immanuel Kant He was the fourth child born to the Kants, but only the second to survive at that point. At his baptism, his mother found the name "Emanuel" auspiciousit meaning, "God is with him". (Indeed it was, the following five births for the Kants resulting in two more deaths. Only 5 of 9 survivied). Kant was strangely proud of his name, and later changed it to "Immanuel" because it was a more faithful rendering of the original hebrew. but his mother ended up calling him "Manelchen"which means something like "little manny". Kant's father was a master harness maker in konigsberg; and his mother was a daughter of another harness maker in konigsberg; they were basically our version of a blue-collar family. they struggled to feed the mouths in the household, but never failed to do so. after nine pregnancy and the struggles of raising the surviving children, Kant's mother died at the age of 40, when Kant was only 13. His father died at the age of 64, when Kant was 21. Of his parents he said: "My two parents (from the class of tradesmen) were perfectly honest, morally decent, and orderly. They did not leave me a fortune (but neither did they leave me any debts). Moreover, they gave me an education that could not have been better when considered from the moral point of view. Every time I think of this I am touched by feelings of the highest gratitude".

25. Immanuel Kant -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on immanuel kant German philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic work in the theory of knowledge, ethics, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9108443

document.writeln(''); document.writeln('Initializing application...'); Username Password Remember me Forgot your password? Browse Shop Log In Search Site: Immanuel Kant German philosopher Main German philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic work in the theory of knowledge, ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various schools of Kantianism and Idealism Kant was the foremost thinker of the Enlightenment Empiricism (stressing experience) of Francis Bacon. He thus inaugurated a new era in the development of philosophical thought. Immanuel Kant Link to this article and share the full text with the readers of your Web site or blog-post. If you think a reference to this article on "Immanuel Kant" will enhance your Web site, blog-post, or any other web-content, then feel free to link to this article, and your readers will gain full access to the full article, even if they do not subscribe to our service. You may want to use the HTML code fragment provided below.

26. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). kant asserted that our perceptual apparatus is capable of ordering senseimpressions into intelligible unities, which, while in themselves cannot be proven, http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Kant.htm

Immanuel Kant Kant was born in Königsberg; he spent his life there; he died there. At the age of forty-six, Kant received an appointment as a professor of logic and metaphysics at his alma mater the University of Königsberg. His famous claim: "Though our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises out of experience." A philosophical classic is his work Critique of Pure Reason wherein he asserts that our perceptual apparatus is capable of ordering sense-impressions into intelligible unities, which, while in themselves cannot be proven, we are led to conclude through "pure reason," that intelligible unities, such as God, freedom, and immortality, do exist; and that the formation of such intelligible unities are practical necessities for one's life. An admirer of Rousseau , Kant's work gave rise to the Idealist school ( Fichte Hegel and Schopenhauer Kant was of the view that while the existence of God could not be proven, we ought to come to a belief in God's existence by way of "logical understanding." Kant concluded that this world was not sufficient in itself, that an external power, which he identified with God, was a regulative necessity; and that God was a requisite for morality, it gives meaning to our life here on earth. The existence of God was, for Kant, but one of three postulates of morality, the other two being freedom of the will, and immortality of the soul. These moral axioms, unprovable as they are, existed for Kant simply because they were the

27. Immanuel Kant, "Perpetual Peace" immanuel kant Perpetual Peace A Philosophical Sketch. 1795. PERPETUAL PEACE. Whether this satirical inscription on a Dutch innkeeper s sign upon which a http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm

Immanuel Kant Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch PERPETUAL PEACE clausula salvatoria the author desires formally and emphatically to deprecate herewith any malevolent interpretation which might be placed on his words. SECTION I CONTAINING THE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES FOR PERPETUAL PEACE AMONG STATES 1. "No Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There Is Tacitly Reserved Matter for a Future War" Otherwise a treaty would be only a truce, a suspension of hostilities but not peace, which means the end of all hostilitiesso much so that even to attach the word "perpetual" to it is a dubious pleonasm. The causes for making future wars (which are perhaps unknown to the contracting parties) are without exception annihilated by the treaty of peace, even if they should be dug out of dusty documents by acute sleuthing. When one or both parties to a treaty of peace, being too exhausted to continue warring with each other, make a tacit reservation ( reservatio mentalis) in regard to old claims to be elaborated only at some more favorable opportunity in the future, the treaty is made in bad faith, and we have an artifice worthy of the casuistry of a Jesuit. Considered by itself, it is beneath the dignity of a sovereign, just as the readiness to indulge in this kind of reasoning is unworthy of the dignity of his minister. But if, in consequence of enlightened concepts of statecraft, the glory of the state is placed in its continual aggrandizement by whatever means, my conclusion will appear merely academic and pedantic.

28. Immanuel Kant At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base immanuel kant at Erratic Impact s Philosophy Research Base. Resources include biographies, new and used books by and about kant, commentaries, essays, http://erraticimpact.com/~modern/html/modern_immanuel_kant.htm

Modern Index New Book Search General Resources Francis Bacon ... David Hume Immanuel Kant Gottfried Leibniz John Locke Niccolo Machiavelli John Stuart Mill ... Making a Necessity of Virtue : Aristotle and Kant on Virtue by Nancy Sherman. Ethics of the Real : Kant and Lacan by Alenka Zupancic, Borut Zupancic Immanuel Kant Texts: Immanuel Kant Used Books: Immanuel Kant Know of a Resource? Kant's Earliest Solution to the Mind / Body Problem ... by Andrew Carpenter Andrew Carpenter wrote his dissertation, "Kant's Earliest Solution to the Mind/Body Problem", under the direction of Professors Hannah Ginsborg and Daniel Warren at the University of California at Berkeley. You will find excerpts from the dissertation, among other more recent writings at Andrew's Website. Andrew's work on Kant is the first detailed study of Kant's philosophy of mind in Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (1747). He focuses on four topics: Kant's criticism of the Wolffian notion of

29. Immanuel Kant On LibraryThing | Catalog Your Books Online Also known as kant Emmanuel, immanuel kant Translated by Carl F. Friedrich, kant I, immanuel There are 31 conversations about immanuel kant s books. http://www.librarything.com/author/kantimmanuel

Language: English [ others Albanian Basque Bulgarian ... Welsh Over twenty-two million books on members' bookshelves. Home Book Suggestions Zeitgeist Groups ... add a picture Author: Immanuel Kant Also known as: Kant Emmanuel Kant I Immanuel Kant Kant ... Manuel Kant Members Reviews Rating Favorited Conversations Books by Immanuel Kant combine/separate works Critique of pure reason 1273 copies, 8 reviews Grounding for the metaphysics of morals 732 copies, 2 reviews Prolegomena to any future metaphysics; 481 copies, 1 review Critique of judgment 404 copies, review 263 copies, review Critique of practical reason 246 copies, review Religion within the limits of reason alone 172 copies, review Kant : political writings 107 copies, review 107 copies, review The metaphysics of morals 92 copies, review 75 copies, review 70 copies, 2 reviews 65 copies, review Basic writings of Kant 62 copies, review Practical philosophy 57 copies, review see all 230 books Member ratings Average: 0.5 stars 1 stars 1.5 stars 2 stars 2.5 stars 3 stars 3.5 stars 4 stars 4.5 stars

30. Great Books Index - Immanuel Kant Writings of immanuel kant. Critique of Pure Reason . Metaphysic of Morals . Critique of Practical Reason . Metaphysical Elements of Ethics . http://books.mirror.org/gb.kant.html

GREAT BOOKS INDEX Immanuel Kant (17241804) An Index to Online Great Books in English Translation AUTHORS/HOME TITLES ABOUT GB INDEX BOOK LINKS Writings of Immanuel Kant Critique of Pure Reason Metaphysic of Morals Critique of Practical Reason Metaphysical Elements of Ethics ... Articles Critique of Pure Reason HTML edition (Adelaide) Translated by J.M.D. Meiklejohn. Text edition in one file (Columbia, 1.3MB) [Back to Top of Page] Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals HTML edition (Adelaide) Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. [Back to Top of Page] Critique of Practical Reason Text edition in one file (Bjorn's Guide, 380KB) Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. [Back to Top of Page] Preface and Introduction to the Metaphysical Elements of Ethics with a Note on Conscience HTML edition (Adelaide) Translated by Thomas Kingsmill Abbott. [Back to Top of Page] General Introduction to the Metaphysic of Morals HTML edition (Adelaide) Translated by W. Hastie. [Back to Top of Page] The Science of Right Text edition in one file (Bjorn's Guide, 310KB) Translated by W. Hastie.

31. Immanuel Kant: Perpetual Peace Perpetual Peace A Philosophical Sketch. by immanuel kant Obtained from http//www.mtholyoke.edu80/acad/intrel/kant/kant1.htm and recast into HTML. http://www.constitution.org/kant/perpeace.htm

Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch by Immanuel Kant PERPETUAL PEACE clausula salvatoria the author desires formally and emphatically to deprecate herewith any malevolent interpretation which might be placed on his words. SECTION I CONTAINING THE PRELIMINARY ARTICLES FOR PERPETUAL PEACE AMONG STATES "No Treaty of Peace Shall Be Held Valid in Which There Is Tacitly Reserved Matter for a Future War" Otherwise a treaty would be only a truce, a suspension of hostilities but not peace, which means the end of all hostilities — so much so that even to attach the word "perpetual" to it is a dubious pleonasm. The causes for making future wars (which are perhaps unknown to the contracting parties) are without exception annihilated by the treaty of peace, even if they should be dug out of dusty documents by acute sleuthing. When one or both parties to a treaty of peace, being too exhausted to continue warring with each other, make a tacit reservation ( reservatio mentalis ) in regard to old claims to be elaborated only at some more favorable opportunity in the future, the treaty is made in bad faith, and we have an artifice worthy of the casuistry of a Jesuit. Considered by itself, it is beneath the dignity of a sovereign, just as the readiness to indulge in this kind of reasoning is unworthy of the dignity of his minister.

32. Immanuel Kant Quotes immanuel kant Morality is not really the doctrine of how to make ourselves happy but of how we are to be worthy of happiness. http://thinkexist.com/quotation/morality_is_not_really_the_doctrine_of_how_to/15

Advanced Search My Account Help Add the "Dynamic Daily Quotation" to Your Site or Blog - it's Easy! ... Philosopher one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. Similar Quotes . About: Happiness quotes Morality quotes Add to Chapter... See also Quotes about: Doctrine Quotes with: doctrine ... worthy Immanuel Kant said: "Morality is not really the doctrine of how to make..." and: Experience without theory is blind, but theory without experience is mere intellectual play. Immanuel Kant quotes German Philosopher one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. Similar Quotes . About: Experience quotes Add to Chapter... Two things awe me most, the starry sky above me and the moral law within me. Immanuel Kant quotes German Philosopher one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... If man makes himself a worm he must not complain when he is trodden on. Immanuel Kant quotes German Philosopher one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another. Immanuel Kant quotes German Philosopher one of the foremost thinkers of the Enlightenment. Similar Quotes Add to Chapter...

33. Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) : Routledge Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Online Introduction to the philosophy of the German thinker. http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/DB047

HOME HELP Article Bibliography ... Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) Fully updated and revised February 29, 2004 1 Life and works 2 Kant's work to 1770 3 The Inaugural Dissertation of 1770 and the problem of metaphysics 4 The project of the Critique of Pure Reason ... 14 The final decade of Kant's public and private career PAUL GUYER Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant was the paradigmatic philosopher of the European Enlightenment. He eradicated the last traces of the medieval worldview from modern philosophy, joined the key ideas of earlier rationalism and empiricism into a powerful model of the subjective origins of the fundamental principles of both science and morality, and laid the ground for much in the philosophy of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Above all, Kant was the philosopher of human autonomy, the view that by the use of our own reason in its broadest sense human beings can discover and live up to the basic principles of knowledge and action without outside assistance, above all without divine support or intervention. Kant laid the foundations of his theory of knowledge in his monumental Critique of Pure Reason (1781). He described the fundamental principle of morality in the

34. YouTube - Kant Attack Ad immanuel kant Perpetual Peace 1/2. 0835 From BakuninXL. Views 1772. Rules are Made for a Reason. 0332 From saranet. Views 7021 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7M-cmNdiFuI

35. Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804 Raised in relative poverty and the puritanical strictness of Pietism, kant studied at the university at Konigsberg and after some years as a private tutor http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/kant.html

Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804 The greatest member of the idealist school of German philosophy, Immanuel Kant was born at Königsberg, where he spent his entire life, the son of a saddler, reputedly of Scottish origin. Raised in relative poverty and the puritanical strictness of Pietism, Kant studied at the university and after some years as a private tutor in 1755 obtained his doctorate and was appointed privatdozent . His lectures, unlike his written work, were often witty and humorous. The same year he published an essay in Newtonian cosmology in which he anticipated the nebular theory of Laplace and predicted the existence of the planet Uranus, before its actual discovery by Herschel in 1781. At first a rationalist, Kant became more skeptical of metaphysics in his "pre-critical" works as in Dreams of a Ghost-Seer (1766) against Swedenborg's mysticism. But Kant was dissatisfied with David Hume's reduction of knowledge of things and causation to mere habitual associations of sense-impressions. How for example was it possible for mathematics to apply to the objects of our sense-impressions? From 1775 he labored on an answer to Hume, which materialized in his Critique of Pure Reason (1781, 2nd ed., 1786), a philosophical classic, in which he shows that the immediate objects of perception are due not only to the evidence provided by our sensations but also to our own perceptual apparatus which orders our sense-impressions into intelligible unities. Whereas the former are rightly empirical and

36. Ethics Updates - Kant And Kantian Ethics MultiMedia Resources on kantian Moral Philosophy. Lawrence M. Hinman. immanuel kant The Ethics of Duty. PowerPoint online PowerPoint download http://ethics.sandiego.edu/theories/Kant/index.asp

Ethics Updates Introduction Anti-Theory Egoism Ethical Relativism ... Ethics Updates ". . . dedicated to promoting the thoughtful discussion of difficult moral issues." Lawrence M. Hinman University of San Diego [Cite this page] Kant and Kantian Ethics MultiMedia Resources on Kantian Moral Philosophy Lawrence M. Hinman: Immanuel Kant: The Ethics of Duty PowerPoint on-line PowerPoint download Immanuel Kant: The Ethics of Respect RealVideo PowerPoint on-line PowerPoint download Kant: A Brief Assessment of His Moral Philosophy RealVideo RealVideo with PowerPoint PowerPoint on-line PowerPoint download ... PowerPoint Presentation on Kant's Ethical Theory Keynote Panel and Lectures: Interpreting the Categorical Imperative Kantian Ethics Conference 2003 - Henry Allison "Kant,Fichte, and the Second-Person Standpoint: - Stephen Darwall - Thomas E. Hill, Jr “Mine and Thine? The Kantian State" - Robert Pippin, "Kant and Fichte on Property, Poverty and the State"

37. Immanuel Kant Quotes 39 quotes and quotations by immanuel kant. immanuel kant Act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world. immanuel kant http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/i/immanuel_kant.html

Add the "Quote of the Day" to Your Site or Blog - it's EASY! Home Quote Topics Quote Keywords ... Author Nationalities Authors: A B C D ... Z Web brainyquote.com Immanuel Kant Quotes Type: Philosopher Quotes Category: German Philosopher Quotes Date of Birth: April 22 Date of Death: February 12 Nationality: German Find on Amazon: Immanuel Kant Related Authors: Friedrich Nietzsche Arthur Schopenhauer Theodor Adorno Karl Marx ... Jurgen Habermas A categorical imperative would be one which represented an action as objectively necessary in itself, without reference to any other purpose. Immanuel Kant Act that your principle of action might safely be made a law for the whole world. Immanuel Kant All our knowledge begins with the senses, proceeds then to the understanding, and ends with reason. There is nothing higher than reason. Immanuel Kant All the interests of my reason, speculative as well as practical, combine in the three following questions: 1. What can I know? 2. What ought I to do? 3. What may I hope? Immanuel Kant All thought must, directly or indirectly, by way of certain characters, relate ultimately to intuitions, and therefore, with us, to sensibility, because in no other way can an object be given to us. Immanuel Kant Always recognize that human individuals are ends, and do not use them as means to your end.

38. Modern History Sourcebook: Kant On Enlightenment, 1784 Complete text of this essay by immanuel kant. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/kant-whatis.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: Immanuel Kant: What is Enlightenment?, 1784 Enlightenment is man's release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage s man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Sapere aude! "Have courage to use your own reason!"- that is the motto of enlightenment. Laziness and cowardice are the reasons why so great a portion of mankind, after nature has long since discharged them from external direction (naturaliter maiorennes), nevertheless remains under lifelong tutelage, and why it is so easy for others to set themselves up as their guardians. It is so easy not to be of age. If I have a book which understands for me, a pastor who has a conscience for me, a physician who decides my diet, and so forth, I need not trouble myself. I need not think, if I can only pay - others will easily undertake the irksome work for me. That the step to competence is held to be very dangerous by the far greater portion of mankind (and by the entire fair sex) - quite apart from its being arduous is seen to by those guardians who have so kindly assumed superintendence over them. After the guardians have first made their domestic cattle dumb and have made sure that these placid creatures will not dare take a single step without the harness of the cart to which they are tethered, the guardians then show them the danger which threatens if they try to go alone. Actually, however, this danger is not so great, for by falling a few times they would finally learn to walk alone. But an example of this failure makes them timid and ordinarily frightens them away from all further trials.

39. Lectures On Immanuel Kant Lectures on immanuel kant. Although he wrote influential works on a large number of topics, both inside and outside philosophy, kant s fame rests largely http://www-philosophy.ucdavis.edu/mattey/phi023/kantLEC.HTM

Lectures on Immanuel Kant Although he wrote influential works on a large number of topics, both inside and outside philosophy, Kant's fame rests largely with his treatment of metaphysics in his monumental Critique of Pure Reason (1781; second edition, 1787). As Kant was well aware, it was one of the most difficult works of philosophy ever written. In an attempt to aid the serious investigator in its comprehension, he published our text, Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics , in 1783. The Preface to that work places Kant's approach to metaphysics in an historical context. Kant learned his philosophy in the German university system, which was dominated by the thought of Christian Wolff, himself a follower of Leibniz. Wolffian metaphysics was laid out in the form of a comprehensive system of concepts at the highest possible level of abstraction. Kant himself worked within the framework of that system in his early years as a philosopher, but eventually he renounced it. His "dogmatic slumber" was awakened, he recounted, by his recollection of the arguments of David Hume. Kant believed that if Hume was right, metaphysics is impossible. As he was unwilling to surrender to Hume's skeptical arguments, Kant undertook to place metaphysics on a new footing. The old basis of metaphysics was twofold, embodied in Leibniz's principles of contradiction and of sufficient reason. The principle of contradiction states that what is contradictory is false, and that the opposite of the false is the true. Leibniz construed this principle as establishing what is possible and what is impossible. In Humean terms, the principle governs relations of ideas only. The principle of sufficient reason states that every fact, existent, or truth has a reason which brings it about and prevents things from being otherwise. For Leibniz, this principle applies universally to what is contingent (possibly true and possibly false). However, in most cases we are ignorant of the specific sufficient reason for whatever we are considering. Hume would describe this principle as (purportedly) applying to matters of fact. [Click

40. Human Intelligence: Immanuel Kant The biographical profile of immanuel kant, focusing on his/her contributions to the development of intelligence theory and testing. http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/kant.shtml

Interactive Map Alphabetical Index Time Period Index Interactive Map ... Comments Immanuel Kant (April 22, 1724 - February 12, 1804) German Philosopher Influences Student of: Influenced by: Students: Influenced: Time Period: Historical Foundations Education University of K"nigsberg [now in Kaliningrad Russia], 1775, Ph.D. in philosophy Career 1755-1796, University of K"nigsberg Ideas and Contributions Immanuel Kant was one of the greatest philosophers of all time, and had more influence on other renounced thinkers than any other philosopher of the 18th century. He was inspired by his study of Hume's writings, especially Hume's psychological analysis of causality. One of his greatest contributions to philosophy was the merging of rationalism and empiricism. [Kant] argued that the mind brings to experience certain qualities of its own that order it. These are the twelve a priori [deductive] categories of causality, unity, totality, and the like, and the a priori intuitions of time and space. While the mind has no substance, it is an active process that serves to convert raw sensory data into meaningful, ordered experiences. Kant names the process apperception. Things in themselves cannot be known, we perceive the world only the way our mind makes us do it, i.e., through the instrumentality of the innate mental categories. Kant thus accepted the notion of mental facilitiescognition, feeling, desire understanding, judgement, and reason. . . . (Zusne, p. 55)

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