1. Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas represents the second wave of Critical Theory. He was not a contemporary of the other members of the Frankfurt school However, http://filer.case.edu/~ngb2/Authors/Habermas.html

On Society and Politics Jurgen Habermas represents the second wave of Critical Theory. He was not a contemporary of the other members of the Frankfurt school However, he is included in the school of thought because his work continues the critique that the others began. Habermas has written more, and added more to Marxist theory that all the other members of the Frankfurt school. In his work Towards Reconstructing Historical Materialism , Habermas laid out his primary differences with Marx. Marxism is that it fails to consider the scope of this lack of freedom. According to Habermas, Marx leaves out the human element. Marx assessment of human evolution as just an economic progression is far too narrow for Habermas. Jurgen asserts that it is societies that evolve economically, instead of the species, he goes on to say that Historical Materialism assumes a learning process. For Habermas, this process becomes a dynamic element in the move from one epoch to another. Where Marx supposed the move to be linear (one step at a time in a straight line), and deterministic, (with a known end), Habermas said it was unpredictable. reason as rationality , then, combines it with the relation based activities that results when humans agree. Communicative action, it is the one type of action, that Habermas says uses all human ways of thinking, and language. This combination allows human beings to understand and agree with one another, to make plans for common action. This coming together and agreeing; communicative action, takes the place of revolution as mode of change. According to Habermas the move from

2. The Critical Theory Of Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas The complete oeuvre. A bibliography of primarly literature, translations and reviews. Human Studies 2, 285300. http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu/danowner/habcritthy.html

The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas is widely considered as the most influential thinker in Germany over the past decade [1970-80]. As a philosopher and sociologist he has mastered and creatively articulated an extraordinary range of specialized literature in the social sciences, social theory and the history of ideas in the provocative critical theory of knowledge and human interests. His roots are in the tradition of German thought from Kant to Marx, and he has been associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theorists which pioneered in the study of the relationship of the ideas of Marx and Freud.' (Mezirow, 1981) Habermas' Three Generic Domains of Human Interest Habermas differentiates three primary generic cognitive areas in which human interest generates knowledge. These areas determine categories relevant to what we interpret as knowledge. That is, they are termed 'knowledge constitutive' they determine the mode of discovering knowledge and whether knowledge claims can be warranted. These areas define cognitive interests or learning domains, and are grounded in different aspects of social existence work, interaction and power. Work Knowledge Work broadly refers to the way one controls and manipulates one's environment. This is commonly known as instrumental action knowledge is based upon empirical investigation and governed by technical rules. The criterion of effective control of reality direct what is or is not appropriate action. The empirical-analytic sciences using hypothetical-deductive theories characterize this domain. Much of what we consider

3. Jurgen Habermas - Britannica Concise Jurgen Habermas German philosopher associated with the Frankfurt school. http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9366386/Jurgen-Habermas

document.writeln(AAMB1); Britannica Concise Print Article Email Article Cite Article born June 18, 1929 German philosopher associated with the Frankfurt school Theory of Communicative Action document.writeln(AAMB2); More on "Jurgen Habermas" from Britannica Concise Frankfurt school - Group of thinkers associated with the Institut fur Sozialforschung (Institute for Social Research), founded in Frankfurt in 1923 by Felix J. Weil, Carl Grunberg, Max Horkheimer, and Friedrich Pollock. More on "Jurgen Habermas" from the 32 Volume democracy - In a series of works published after 1970, the German philosopher and social theorist Jurgen Habermas, employing concepts borrowed from Anglo-American philosophy of language, argued that the idea of achieving a "rational consensus" within a group on questions of either fact or value presupposes the existence of what he called an "ideal speech situation." In such a situation, participants would be ... Unseld, Siegfried - German publisher (b. Sept. 28, 1924, Ulm, Ger.-d. Oct. 26, 2002, Frankfurt, Ger.), headed the literary giant Suhrkamp Verlag. Unseld was a Nazi Youth leader and served in the navy during World War II. After the war he discovered the writings of Hermann Hesse and wrote his Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Tubingen on Hesse, who personally recommended him to Suhrkamp in 1952. Unseld took ... international relations - In the late 20th century the study of international relations was increasingly influenced by constructivism. According to this approach, the behaviour of humans is determined by their identity, which itself is shaped by society's values, history, practices, and institutions. Constructivists hold that all institutions, including the state, are socially constructed, in the sense that they reflect ...

4. Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas (born in Düsseldorf, Germany) is a philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory who has integrated into a http://www.sociologyprofessor.com/socialtheorists/jurgenhabermas.php

@import url(http://www.sociologyprofessor.com/side/css-sop.css); HOME Theories Theorists Library ... W.E.B. DuBois web here Some Rights Reserved . Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. By accessing this site or its contents you agree to the below terms. SITE MAP Jurgen Habermas Jurgen Habermas (born in D¼sseldorf, Germany) is a philosopher and social theorist in the tradition of critical theory who has integrated into a comprehensive framework of social theory and philosophy the German philosophical thought of Immanuel Kant , Friedrich Schelling, Friedrich Hegel Wilhelm Dilthey Edmund Husserl , and Hans-Georg Gadamer , the Marxian tradition, both the theory of Karl Marx himself as well as the the critical neo-Marxian theory of the Frankfurt School, i.e. Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979) and Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969), the sociological theories of Max Weber Emile Durkheim , and George Herbert Mead , the linguistic philosophy and speech act theories of Ludwig Wittgenstein,

5. Habermas Links, Habermas Rechts Legitimation Crisis in the Later Work of Jürgen habermas by Joseph Heath The Critical Theory of jurgen habermas by Dan MacIsaac habermas http://www.helsinki.fi/~amkauppi/hablinks.html

c) Steve Pyke Writings by Habermas Interviews with Habermas NEW Habermas bibliography (June 2002) Habermas explained Habermas discussed Habermas reviewed The mailing list and other Habermas sites ... Texts in other languages These links were originally collected by using different search engines in April and September 1997, and last updated in December 2004 (with minor additions every now and then). New information, comments and corrections are always welcome - use the e-mail address below. I am grateful to those who have already helped in keeping this page up to date - thank you! I have annotated most links with what I take to be representative or otherwise informative quotes from the texts in question. NB: I do not know the e-mail or any other address of Professor Habermas. Antti Kauppinen New links added: 29/12/2004 Links checked: 29/12/2004 E-mail your comments Writings by Habermas Public Space and Political Public Sphere - The Biographical Roots of Two Motifs in My Thought (Commemorative Lecture, Kyoto 11/11/2004) "The conceptual triad of public space, discourse and reason has, in fact, dominated my work as a scholar and my political life. Any such obsession has biographical roots. And I assume that the following four experiences have some bearing on this theoretical interest: After birth and during early infancy I was firstly (1) exposed to the traumatic experience of surgery you find, by the way, an experience of illness or physical handicap in the biographies of many philosopher; secondly (2), I remember from the time when I was just starting school how I experienced failures in communicating; thirdly (3) during my adolescence I was strongly influenced by my generations experience of the historical caesura of the year 1945 in world politics; and finally (4) in the course of my adult life I have been troubled by the political experience of a slow and repeatedly endangered liberalization of German post-War society and culture."

6. Jurgen Habermas - Jürgen Habermas A German Philosopher, Online Resources On The jurgen habermas Jürgen habermas a german philosopher, online resources on the egs. http://www.egs.edu/resources/habermas.html

var baseDir = '../'; @import url("../style/ie.css"); EGS Home MA in Communication PhD in Communication Admin ... Links Biography In his work, Towards Reconstructing Historical Materialism , Habermas laid out his primary differences with Marx. He viewed Marx' assessment of human evolution as simply an economic progression as too narrow a definition that leaves out any sense of individual freedom, a critique that Habermas held of modern society as a whole. Habermas divided this notion of economic progression, an evolution of societies, from the process of learning that is assumed by Historical Materialism. Marx viewed progress as linear and deterministic, whereas Habermas argues that the process of learning is dynamic and unpredictable from one epoch to another. In 1981 Habermas published The Theory of Communicative Action , in which he develops on the concept of an ideal speech situation and an accompanying ethics of discourse. Working with Frankfurt School colleague Karl-Otto Apel, he proposes a model of communicative rationality that takes into account the effect power has upon the situation of discourse and opposes the traditional idea of an objective and functionalist reason. Within societal interactions is the performance of subjective and intersubjective duties that are determined by other capacities of reasoning. The theory is developed into comprehensive social theory from which an ethics of discourse is derived. As a furthering of the speech-act philosophy of J.L. Austin, along with theories of child development as envisioned by Jean Piaget, Habermas and Apel sought to construct a non-oppressive, inclusive and universalist moral framework for discourse, based on the inherent desire in all speech acts for a mutual understanding.

7. Jurgen Habermas - Mitchell Stephens jurgen habermas, as often happens when he reads the newspaper, was agitated. It was 1992, and rightwing attacks on immigrants and foreign workers, http://www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/Habermas page.htm

Los Angeles Times Magazine October 23, 1994 JURGEN HABERMAS LENGTH: 5026 words HEADLINE: THE THEOLOGIAN OF TALK THE QUESTION IS WHETHER JUSTICE EXISTS AND REASON CAN BENEFIT SOCIETY. IT'S POSTMODERN TO SAY NO, BUT JURGEN HABERMAS, A GERMAN PHILOSOPHER, DISAGREES. BYLINE: By Mitchell Stephens , Mitchell Stephens, who has also profiled Jacques Derrida for the magazine, heads the journalism and mass communication program at New York University. To contact Mitchell Stephens A debate has been raging in the world of scholars and intellectuals. On one side are the "postmodernists" the thinkers whose ideas inspired the playful, hybrid buildings, outfits and artworks that now grace the American landscape; the thinkers who encouraged a generation of graduate students to "deconstruct" such long-treasured notions as "reason" and "justice." The major figure on the other side of this debate is Jurgen Habermas. Habermas is a German philosopher "the leading systematic philosopher of our time," Richard Rorty of the University of Virginia calls him. But Habermas comes to this debate as much more than just a philosopher. "In terms of range and depth there is no one close to him," says Thomas McCarthy, a professor of humanities and philosophy at Northwestern University. "Habermas has been able to go into discussions in political theory, in sociology, in psychology, in legal theory in a dozen different disciplines and become one of the dominant voices in each one."

8. Jurgen Habermas -- Philosophy Books And Online Resources jurgen habermas philosophy resources. Resources include biographies, commentaries, book reviews, annotated links, new and used books by and about habermas http://www.erraticimpact.com/~20thcentury/html/habermas.htm

20th Century Index General Resources Women in Philosophy New Book Search ... Advertising Jürgen Habermas Online Resources Texts: Jurgen Habermas Texts: Thomas McCarthy Used Books: Jurgen Habermas ... Know of a Resource? Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music DVD Video Video Games Computers Software Electronics Housewares Hardware Outdoor Living Toys Baby Gear Between Facts and Norms : Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy by Jurgen Habermas , William Rehg (Translator) Jurgen Habermas, an esteemed political philosopher who lived in Germany during the Nazi reign, has produced a thought-provoking work on what he calls "deliberative politics." To summarize his view, true democracy isn't just the compilation of opinions or a blanket treatment of majority rules, but a social process in which people meet, discuss, modify and, ultimately, agree. He draws connections between how such a process could shape the making of laws and direct the course of nations. His writings here represent a lifetime of political thought on the nature of democracy and law, and deserve an audience and a place in the foundations of democratic theory. "[A] fascinating synthesis of Continental and Anglo-American legal theory. . . full of interesting insights, acute criticisms, and striking passages." Richard A. Posner

9. Jurgen Habermas And The Public Sphere: Marshall Soules, Ph.D. habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere An Inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society. Trans. Thomas Burger with Frederick http://www.mala.bc.ca/~soules/media301/habermas.htm

Marshall Soules, PhD A student of the Frankfurt School of Social Researchwhich advanced a Marxist critique of western capitalism and its discontentsHabermas wrote The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere (1962) to explore the status of public opinion in the practice of representative government in Western Europe. Habermas defined the public sphere as a virtual or imaginary community which does not necessarily exist in any identifiable space. In its ideal form, the public sphere is "made up of private people gathered together as a public and articulating the needs of society with the state" (176). Through acts of assembly and dialogue, the public sphere generates opinions and attitudes which serve to affirm or challengetherefore, to guidethe affairs of state. In ideal terms, the public sphere is the source of public opinion needed to "legitimate authority in any functioning democracy" (Rutherford 18). In his later work, Habermas made a distinction between lifeworld and system . The public sphere is an extension of the lifeworld in many respects; system refers to the market economy and the state apparatus. The lifeworld is the immediate milieu of the individual social actor, and Habermas opposed any analysis which uncoupled the interdependence of the lifeworld and the system in the negotiation of political power. It is thus a mistake to see that the system dominates the whole of society. The goal of democratic societies is to "erect a democratic dam against the colonizing encroachment of system imperatives on areas of the lifeworld" (Further Reflections).

10. EpistemeLinks: Website Results For Philosopher Jurgen Habermas General website search results for jurgen habermas including brief biographies, link resources, and more. Provided by EpistemeLinks. http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Philosophers.aspx?PhilCode=Habe

11. Jurgen Habermas - TIME His rationalist system of social thought is the most elaborate and methodical in the contemporary world, which is why he is often cited as a sage by people http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994032,00.html?promoid=googlep

12. Jurgen Habermas habermas links. An Introduction to jurgen habermas Steve Stickle Effects of Intertextuality on Meaning in jurgen habermas Toward a Rational Society http://www.anu.edu.au/english/theorist_links/habermas.html

Habermas links An Introduction to Jurgen Habermas - Steve Stickle Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy - Jurgen Habermas Excerpt from "Georg Simmel on Philosophy and Culture: Postscript to a Collection of Essays" - Jurgen Habermas "Habermas on the Upper West Side" - Elizabeth Powers "Jurgen Habermas: Luddite Dragon or Defender of the Weak? Effects of Intertextuality on Meaning in Jurgen Habermas' Toward a Rational Society ... - A Habermasian view - well worth a look. If you find any more links, please let us know so we can make this site even MORE useful for students, staff or anyone else interested in Literary Theory.

13. BrumlikHabermastrans DR. jurgen habermas This is a translation into English of an article by habermas, the doyen of German philosophers, that appeared in German in the newspaper http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctytho/BrumlikHabermastrans.html

BANNING A BOOK STATEMENT BY PROF. DR. JURGEN HABERMAS This is a translation into English of an article by Habermas, the doyen of German philosophers, that appeared in German in the newspaper Frankfurter Rundschau . It is a translation made by Mr. Anthony Alcock. Habermas's article appeared on 6 August, a day after the publication of an open letter in the newspaper in question, from the director of a Holocaust centre. That letter declared that my book After the Terror is an anti-Semitic work, and demanded that the publisher withdraw it from sale. Habermas finds nothing in the book to justify the charge of anti-Semitism, however embarrassed he may be to be in the neighbourhood. You can also read his piece in German On 7 August the publisher announced that it would not be reprinting the book, in effect that it was taking it off the market. A SHIRTSLEEVES TRACT: WHY I RECOMMENDED THIS BOOK by Prof. Dr. Jurgen Habermas "Is it possible to suppose that the September 11 attacks had nothing at all to do with the omissions of America and of ourselves of which we know, nothing to do with Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Sierra Leone? That these were not a necessary context of the particular intentions having to do with Palestine, Iraq and Saudi Arabia? In thinking about it, remember that the attacks on the towers were indeed attacks on the principal symbols of world capitalism." If I have offended these feelings by my recommendation of this book, I am sorry.

14. Continental Philosophy » Blog Archive » The Kantian Project Of Cosmopolitan La The Kantian Project of Cosmopolitan LawJürgen habermas This entry was posted on Friday, July 20th, 2007 at 623 pm and is filed under Videos, habermas. http://www.continental-philosophy.org/2007/07/20/the-kantian-project-of-cosmopol

Continental Philosophy A Bulletin Board for Continental Philosophy, History of Philosophy and More… Home Contact About Philosophical Societies Categories Adorno Aesthetics Agamben Ancient Philosophy ... Zizek Archives January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 ... July 2006 Subscribe Entries (RSS) Comments (RSS) Meta Register Login Blogroll revista internacional de fenomenolog­a y hermen©utica Levinas Web Page TheoPhenomenon Mythos and Logos ... The Kantian Project of Cosmopolitan Law-J¼rgen Habermas Posted by Farhang Erfani on July 20th, 2007 Parts of the lecture Parts of the Q and A This entry was posted on Friday, July 20th, 2007 at 6:23 pm and is filed under Videos Habermas . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response , or trackback from your own site. Leave a Reply Name (required) Mail (will not be published) (required) Website XHTML: You can use these tags: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <code> <em> <i> <strike> <strong> Narrative and Mediatized Memory in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Continental Philosophy is powered by WordPress Andreas Viklund Ainslie Johnson var sc_project=1704084; var sc_invisible=1; var sc_partition=16; var sc_security="df10d8b0";

15. Philosophy In A Time Of Terror: Dialogues With Jurgen Habermas And Jacques Derri An excerpt from Philosophy in a Time of Terror Dialogues with jurgen habermas and Jacques Derrida. Also available on web site online catalogs, http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/066649.html

Philosophy in a Time of Terror, Philadelphia Inquirer Library Journal Notes on the texts: The dialogue with with Jacques Derrida took place on October 22, 2001. It was translated from the French by Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas and revised by Jacques Derrida in French. An excerpt from Philosophy in a Time of Terror and Jacques Derrida by Giovanna Borradori FUNDAMENTALISM AND TERROR Borradori: Do you consider what we now tend to call "September 11" an unprecedented event, one that radically alters the way we see ourselves? Habermas: record, as I do among my American friends, needed to be cautious with regard to criticism. Since the intervention in Afghanistan, we suddenly began to notice when, in political discussions, we found ourselves only among Europeans (or among Israelis). pax Americana The misery in war-torn Afghanistan is reminiscent of images from the Thirty Years' War. Naturally there were good reasons, even normative ones, to forcibly remove the Taliban regime, which brutally oppressed not only women but the entire population. They also refused the legitimate demand to hand over bin Laden. However, the asymmetry between the concentrated destructive power of the electronically controlled clusters of elegant and versatile missiles in the air and the archaic ferocity of the swarms of bearded warriors outfitted with Kalashnikovs on the ground remains a morally obscene sight. This feeling is more properly understood when one recalls the bloodthirsty colonial history that Afghanistan suffered, its arbitrary geographic cutting up, and its continued instrumentalization at the hands of the European power play. In any case, the Taliban regime already belongs to history.

16. Jurgen Habermas The Jürgen habermas Web Resource Introduction to habermas s Discourse Ethics The Critical Theory of jurgen habermas Theorems of Legitimation Crisis http://homepages.which.net/~gk.sherman/eaaaaa.htm

human ecology home authors list Jurgen Habermas Notes... Critical Theory Communicative Action Ideal speach situation For: McGlade - Ecology For: Dryzek - Public policy Against: Foucault - Post-modernism - anti-Popper anti-Weber anti-instrumental rationality Bibliography Habermas, J., "Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns", trans. McCarthy, T. ( ) "The theory of communicative action: vol 2, lifeworld and system, a critique of functionalist reason", Polity, Cambridge Links to other sites... The Jürgen Habermas Web Resource Introduction to Habermas's Discourse Ethics The Critical Theory of Jurgen Habermas Theorems of Legitimation Crisis ... Links to sites of interest concerning Jurgen Habermas Created 18/9/98 Modified 13/6/99

17. Anglican Eucharistic Theology Welcome Philosophy Pages About Me education is a dialogue approach (based on the theory of communicative action as set out by the contemporary German philosopher jurgen habermas). http://web.mac.com/brian.douglas/

18. The Great Seduction: JURGEN HABERMAS ON WEB 2.0 On March 9, Jürgen habermas, perhaps Europe’s most influential social thinker, was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize for the advancement of human rights. http://andrewkeen.typepad.com/the_great_seduction/2006/04/jurgen_habermas.html

The Great Seduction Read Excerpt UK Cover: Audiobook from audible.com About BIO CONTACT OTHER WRITING Newsletter Newsletter subscribe Recent Posts Writing the book on Facebook Kissing Google's Knol Main Monday, 03 April 2006 JURGEN HABERMAS ON WEB 2.0 The Web 2.0 debate is seeping out of Silicon Valley into the real world. On March 9, J¼rgen Habermas , perhaps Europe’s most influential social thinker, was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Prize for the advancement of human rights. In his acceptance speech , he spoke about the Web 2.0 threat to intellectual life in the West: "Use of the Internet has both broadened and fragmented the contexts of communication. This is why the Internet can have a subversive effect on intellectual life in authoritarian regimes. But at the same time, the less formal, horizontal cross-linking of communication channels weakens the achievements of traditional media. This focuses the attention of an anonymous and dispersed public on select topics and information, allowing citizens to concentrate on the same critically filtered issues and journalistic pieces at any given time. The price we pay for the growth in egalitarianism offered by the Internet is the decentralised access to unedited stories. In this medium, contributions by intellectuals lose their power to create a focus." Habermas is right. The Internet does indeed have a subversive impact on political life in authoritarian regimes. Thus the significance and value of blogs and bloggers in Iraq, Iran, China, North Korea and any other regime where the state, for ideological reasons, still attempts to monopolize media. This is the Orwell model of rebellion to Big Brother. It’s the old 20th century dystopia. Nightmare 1.0, to use the binary language of Silicon Valley.

19. Jürgen Habermas On LibraryThing | Catalog Your Books Online Also known as Jürgen habermas; Translated By Thomas Burger, Edited by jurgen habermas, J habermas, Jeurgen habermas, Jürgen habermas, Philosoph, Soziologe, http://www.librarything.com/author/habermasjrgen

Language: English [ others Albanian Basque Bulgarian ... Welsh Over twenty-two million books on members' bookshelves. Home Book Suggestions Zeitgeist Groups ... Blog From Wikipedia , Habermas in the background, right, in 1965 at Heidelberg. 1 picture add a picture Author: J¼rgen Habermas Also known as: J¼rgen Habermas; Translated By Thomas Burger Edited by Jurgen Habermas J Habermas Jeurgen Habermas ... Editor Jurgen Habermas Members Reviews Rating Favorited Conversations Books by J¼rgen Habermas combine/separate works 235 copies, review 145 copies, review Knowledge and human interests 117 copies, review 100 copies, review 83 copies, review Legitimation crisis 82 copies, review 70 copies, review Theory and practice 51 copies, review Moral consciousness and communicative action 49 copies, review 44 copies, review 40 copies, review Communication and the evolution of society 40 copies, review The theory of communicative action 38 copies, review 26 copies, review The Future of Human Nature 25 copies, review see all 113 books Member ratings Average: 0.5 stars

20. New Left Review - Jurgen Habermas: Why Europe Needs A Constitution A 2001 piece by habermas in the New Left Review. Considers the need and preconditions for a European constitution, as well as its likely effects. http://www.newleftreview.org/A2343

login HOME ABOUT NLR SUBSCRIPTIONS ... New Left Review 11, September-October 2001 Germany’s leading philosopher argues that further development of the European Union requires both a mobilizing political project—positively differentiating the Old World from the New—and a formal Constitution, submitted to a popular referendum. Save a PDF file Send an email Print article JœRGEN HABERMAS WHY EUROPE NEEDS A CONSTITUTION There is a remarkable contrast between the expectations and demands of those who pushed for European unification immediately after World War II, and those who contemplate the continuation of this project today—at the very least, a striking difference in rhetoric and ostensible aim. While the first-generation advocates of European integration did not hesitate to speak of the project they had in mind as a ‘United States of Europe’, evoking the example of the USA, current discussion has moved away from the model of a federal state, avoiding even the term ‘federation’. Larry Siedentop’s recent book Democracy in Europe expresses a more cautious mood: as he puts it, ‘a great constitutional debate need not involve a prior commitment to federalism as the most desirable outcome in Europe. It may reveal that Europe is in the process of inventing a new political form, something more than a confederation but less than a federation—an association of sovereign states which pool their sovereignty only in very restricted areas to varying degrees, an association which does not seek to have the coercive power to act directly on individuals in the fashion of nation states.’

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