21. Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science 1268 An excerpt from bacon s 1268 work, Opus Tertium. Provided by the Internet Medieval Sourcebook Project. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/bacon2.html

Back to Medieval Source Book ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Sourcebook: Roger Bacon: On Experimental Science, 1268 Having laid down the main points of the wisdom of the Latins as regards language, mathematics and optics, I wish now to review the principles of wisdom from the point of view of experimental science, because without experiment it is impossible to know anything thoroughly. There are two ways of acquiring knowledge, one through reason, the other by experiment. Argument reaches a conclusion and compels us to admit it, but it neither makes us certain nor so annihilates doubt that the mind rests calm in the intuition of truth, unless it finds this certitude by way of experience. Thus many have arguments toward attainable facts, but because they have not experienced them, they overlook them and neither avoid a harmful nor follow a beneficial course. Even if a man that has never seen fire, proves by good reasoning that fire burns, and devours and destroys things, nevertheless the mind of one hearing his arguments would never be convinced, nor would he avoid fire until he puts his hand or some combustible thing into it in order to prove by experiment what the argument taught. But after the fact of combustion is experienced, the mind is satisfied and lies calm in the certainty of truth. Hence argument is not enough, but experience is. Source: From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed.

22. Roger Bacon High School Catholic school for grades 9 through 12 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Site includes history, administration, athletics, and other activities. http://www.rogerbacon.org/

23. Roger Bacon (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy) roger bacon (1214/1220–1292), Master of Arts, University of Paris, later Franciscan Friar was one of the earliest witnesses to the reception of Aristotle at http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/roger-bacon/

Cite this entry Search the SEP Advanced Search Tools ... Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Roger Bacon First published Thu 19 Apr, 2007 Opus maius and the related works Opus minus and Opus tertium. He set out his own new model for a system of philosophical studies that would incorporate language studies and science studies then unavailable at the Universities. He succeeded in setting out a model of an experimental science on the basis of his study of Optics ( Perspectiva ). He does this in a new context: the application of linguistic and scientific knowledge for a better understanding of Theology and in the service of the Res publica Christiana Secretum secretorum , a Latin translation of the Arabic text on the education of the Prince, the . He believed it to be a work by Aristotle for Alexander the Great. He died at Oxford ca. 1292. 1. Modern Research on Roger Bacon 2. Life and Works 3. Bacon's early work on Grammar and Logic Summa grammatica ... Related Entries 1. Modern Research on Roger Bacon Modern understanding of the Philosophy of Roger Bacon is largely conditioned by two distinct traditions of interpretation from the nineteenth century. The first is the study of the physical, metaphysical, and related works of Bacon. Discovered in 1848 by Victor Cousin in Amiens MS 406, these works were edited by Robert Steele and Ferdinand Delorme (OHI, 1905-1940) . With the exception, however, of the teaching on the soul, some aspects of Bacon's theory of matter and form, the doctrine of

24. Roger Bacon - MSN Encarta bacon, roger (1214?1294), English Scholastic philosopher and scientist, one of the most influential teachers of the 13th century. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569765/Bacon_Roger.html

var s_account="msnportalencarta"; MSN home Mail My MSN Sign in ... more Hotmail Messenger My MSN MSN Directory Air Tickets/Travel Autos City Guides Election 2008 ... More Additional Reference Materials Thesaurus Translations Multimedia Other Resources Education Resources Math Help Foreign Language Help Project Planner ... Help Related Items alchemy experimentation and automata more... Encarta Search Search Encarta about Roger Bacon Also on Encarta Secret students What colleges really want Famous misquotes quiz Advertisement Roger Bacon Encyclopedia Article Find Print E-mail Blog It Multimedia 1 item Roger Bacon (1214?-1294), English Scholastic philosopher and scientist, one of the most influential teachers of the 13th century. Born in Ilchester, Somersetshire, Bacon was educated at the universities of Oxford and Paris. He remained in Paris after completing his studies and taught for a time at the University of Paris. Soon after his return to England in about 1251, he entered the religious order of the Franciscans and settled at Oxford. He carried on active studies and did experimental research, mainly in alchemy, optics, and astronomy. Bacon was critical of the methods of learning of the times, and in the late 1260s, at the request of Pope Clement IV, he wrote his

25. Bacon Summary Concise biographical article, with links to articles on related thinkers. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Bacon.html

Roger Bacon Click the picture above to see seven larger pictures Roger Bacon was an English mathematician. His most important mathematical contribution is the application of geometry to optics. Full MacTutor biography [Version for printing] List of References (31 books/articles) Some Quotations A Poster of Roger Bacon Mathematicians born in the same country Show birthplace location Additional Material in MacTutor Guardian book review Honours awarded to Roger Bacon (Click below for those honoured in this way) Lunar features Crater Bacon Other Web sites Encyclopaedia Britannica The Catholic Encyclopedia Previous (Chronologically) Next Main Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Biographies index JOC/EFR © December 2003 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/Bacon.html

26. BBC - History - Roger Bacon (c.1214-c.1292) bacon was an English Franciscan friar, philosopher, scientist and scholar of the 13th century. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bacon_roger.shtml

@import '/includes/tbenh.css'; @import '/history/historic_figures/css/historic_figures.css'; @import '/history/historic_figures/css/biography.css'; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index 25 January 2008 Accessibility help Text only BBC Homepage History Homepage Topics Ancient History British History World Wars Recent History Resources Interactive Content British Timeline Historic Figures History for Kids Practical History Archaeology Family History History Trails Community Message Board Newsletter Site guide Contact Us Like this page? Send it to a friend! Roger Bacon (c.1214-c.1292) Bacon was an English Franciscan friar, philosopher, scientist and scholar of the 13th century. Roger Bacon's date and place of birth are unknown but he is thought to have come from a relatively wealthy family. He studied and later taught at Oxford University and also taught the University of Paris. Bacon has a wide range of interests. He investigated optics and the refraction of light through lenses, leading to the development of spectacles. He sought reform of the calendar, and was interested in astronomy. In 1266, at the request of Pope Clement IV, he collected many of his observations in his 'Opus Maius', an encyclopaedia of all science. Bacon had a reputation as unconventional scholar, pursuing learning in alchemy and magic - interests which earned him the soubriquet 'Doctor Mirabilis'. This led to his rejection from the Franciscans and eventual imprisonment. He died in Oxford not long after his release.

27. ROGER BACON'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY Footnoted journal article by Edmund Brehm, discussing bacon s contributions to alchemy. Features a diagram showing how alchemy fit into bacon s world http://www.levity.com/alchemy/rbacon.html

AMBIX Vol. 23, Part I, March 1976 ROGER BACON'S PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF ALCHEMY by Edmund Brehm A LCHEMY , throughout its history, has shown a dual nature. On the one hand, it has involved the use of chemical substances and so is claimed by the history of science as the precursor of modern chemistry. Yet at the same time, alchemy has, throughout its history, also been associated with the esoteric, spiritual beliefs of Hermeticism and thus is a proper subject for the historian of religious thought. The chemical approach is easily understood. As the distinguished historian of alchemy, the late F. Sherwood Taylor, concluded: "The hopeless pursuit of the practical transmutation of metals was responsible for almost the whole of the development of chemical technique before the seventeenth century, and further led to the discovery of many important materials. This is the commonly recognized contribution of alchemy." Mircea Eliade and others, on the other hand, have emphasized the soteriological function of alchemy as working toward the perfection and liberation of the human soul or spirit, a process symbolized in the perfection of metals into gold and of the human body to a state of optimum health and even immortality. Such an approach is complemented by the psychological studies of C. G. Jung, which correlate alchemical symbolism with the development of the psycho-religious life of the individual. Eliade has conclusively demonstrated the religious nature of alchemy in Eastern cultures, and Jung has discussed the psychological basis of Western alchemy during its later period (the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries). But European alchemy during the Middle Ages, especially from a religious point of view, has received little attention.

28. Roger Bacon Leland said that it is easier to collect the leaves of the Sibyl than the titles of the works written by roger bacon; and though the labor has been somewhat http://www.nndb.com/people/582/000114240/

This is a beta version of NNDB Search: All Names Living people Dead people Band Names Book Titles Movie Titles Full Text for Roger Bacon Born: c. 1220 Birthplace: Ilchester, Somerset, England Died: Location of death: Oxford, Oxfordshire, England Cause of death: unspecified Gender: Male Race or Ethnicity: White Occupation: Philosopher Nationality: England Executive summary: Doctor Mirabilis English philosopher and man of science, born near Ilchester in Somerset. His family appears to have been in good circumstances, but in the stormy reign of King Henry III their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile. Roger completed his studies at Oxford, though not, as current traditions assert, at Merton or at Brasenose, neither of which had then been founded. His abilities were speedily recognized by his contemporaries, and he enjoyed the friendship of such eminent men as Adam de Marisco and Robert Grosseteste , bishop of Lincoln. Very little is known of Bacon's life at Oxford; it is said he took orders in 1233, and this is not improbable. In the following year, or perhaps later, he crossed over to France and studied at the university of Paris, then the center of intellectual life in Europe. The two great orders, Franciscans and Dominicans, were in the vigor of youth, and had already begun to take the lead in theological discussion. Alexander of Hales was the oracle of the Franciscans, while the rival order rejoiced in Albertus Magnus and St. Thomas Aquinas

29. Rocky Road: Roger Bacon About a century after roger bacon s death, a physician named Peter of Trou claimed bacon could conjure a bridge out of thin air, or use his magic mirror to http://www.strangescience.net/rbacon.htm

Roger Bacon From The First Scientist by Brian Clegg About a century after Roger Bacon's death, a physician named Peter of Trou claimed Bacon could conjure a bridge out of thin air, or use his magic mirror to see any part of the world. He was even said to make a brazen head that exactly matched human anatomy, and to work with Satan to give it a voice. Bacon eventually acquired the reputation of a charlatan, as well as a dabbler in black magic. Besides contradicting each other, these characterizations of Bacon could not have been more ironic; during his lifetime, he never hid his disdain for people who claimed to have magical powers. Because he studied in England and not France, Bacon could read the writings of Aristotle. When France eventually allowed its students to do the same, scholars with Bacon's knowledge were in demand, so he traveled to the University of Paris in the 1240s to teach. Around this time, he read Secretum Secretorum , a book covering politics, medicine and natural philosophy. Although attributed to Aristotle, the work's origins were obscure, and it reached medieval Europe through Muslim scholars. The combination of Greek (hence Pagan) and Islamic science concerned many Europeans, but it fascinated Bacon. His fondness for this book was just one instance where his interests aroused suspicion among religious authorities, and the opinions of religious authorities mattered in Bacon's life because he became a Franciscan friar. Roger Bacon suddenly found himself backed by the most powerful man in Europe: Pope Clement IV. In 1267, more or less on the orders of Clement IV, Bacon produced

30. SF Personal roger bacon (12141294) was an English philosopher during the Middle Ages. bacon is also considered a scientist because he insisted on observing things for http://www.roma1.infn.it/rog/group/frasca/b/bacon.html

Bacon, Roger from Global Encyclopedia Roger Bacon (1214-1294) was an English philosopher during the Middle Ages. Bacon is also considered a scientist because he insisted on observing things for himself instead of depending on what people had written. Most of his experiments involved optics, the study of light. His work encouraged people to try experiments of their own, and this helped bring about the Rennaisance. Biography Bacon's family appears to have been well off, but in the stormy reign of Henry III. their property was despoiled and several members of the family were driven into exile. Roger completed his studies at Oxford, though not, as current traditions assert, at Merton or at Brasenose, neither of which had been founded. His abilities were speedily recognized by his contemporaries, and he enjoyed the friendship of such eminent men as Adam de Marisco and Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Very little is known of Bacon's life at Oxford; it is said he took clerical orders in 1233, and this is not improbable. In the following year, or perhaps later, he crossed over to France and studied at the university of Paris, then the center of intellectual life in Europe. The two great monastic orders, Franciscans and Dominicans, were in the vigor of youth, and had already begun to take the lead in theological discussion. Alexander of Hales was the oracle of the Franciscans, while the rival order rejoiced in Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. The scientific training which Bacon had received, mainly from the study of the Arab writers, showed him the manifold defects in the systems reared by these doctors. Aristotle was known but in part, and that part was rendered well-nigh unintelligible through the vileness of the translations; yet not one of those professors would learn Greek. The Scriptures read, if at all, in the erroneous versions were being deserted for the Sentences of Peter Lombard.

31. Bacon, Roger (1220-1292) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biography bacon appealed to Pope Clement to allow more experimentation in the educational Clegg, B. The First Scientist The Visionary Genius of roger bacon. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/BaconRoger.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality English Bacon, Roger (1220-1292) English scholar who, at one point, studied under Grosseteste at Oxford. He attempted to write a universal encyclopedia of knowledge. He is one of the first people (in the West) known to have mentioned gunpowder. Bacon appealed to Pope Clement to allow more experimentation in the educational system. He tried to construct a rainbow using glass beads in order to study it. This marked one of the earliest attempts to reproduce a natural phenomenon in the lab for closer scrutiny. Grosseteste Clegg, B. The First Scientist: The Visionary Genius of Roger Bacon.

32. Welcome To The Roger Bacon Academy St. 2000 910-655-1214 The roger bacon academy is located in the piney woods area of coastal South Eastern NC along rt 7476. http://www.rogerbacon.net/

33. Great Theosophists--Roger Bacon (17 Of 29) roger bacon studied it and approved of it. It formed the favorite theme of discussion among the later Italian painters, Leonardo da Vinci accepting it http://www.blavatsky.net/magazine/theosophy/ww/setting/rogerbacon.html

THEOSOPHY, Vol. 26, No. 2, December, 1937 (Pages 50-56; Size: 18K) (Number 17 of a 29-part series) GREAT THEOSOPHISTS R OGER B ACON WHEREVER thought has struggled to be free, there the great Theosophical Movement is to be discerned. The twelfth century is interesting from this point of view, as it marked the beginning of the struggle for intellectual freedom in Christian Europe. Up to this time the Church had been the only educational institution in Christendom, and no one, unless he were a member of the clergy or had studied in some monastical institution, could either read or write. But in the twelfth century small groups of students began to gather in France, determined to gain an education themselves and to pass on their knowledge to others. In 1100 a young man named Peter Abelard came in contact with some of these students. He prepared himself to teach and encouraged others to do the same. As the result of his efforts, the teachers of Paris formed a guild or union, known as a Universitas, and from this original impulse sprang the first Universities in Christian Europe. At the same time another group of people banded themselves together for altruistic service, and in 1118 the Order of the Knights Templar was founded by the two Knights Hugh de Payens and Geoffrey de St. Omer. The purpose of this Order, on the surface, was to protect pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land. Its secret object, however, was to encourage the new-born struggle for intellectual freedom and to restore the one universal religion in the world. Even Masonic authorities differ as to the forces which lay behind the founding of this Order, although it is agreed that they were in Asia Minor. Lawrie, in his

34. Bacon, Roger - Hutchinson Encyclopedia Article About Bacon, Roger Hutchinson encyclopedia article about bacon, roger. bacon, roger. Information about bacon, roger in the Hutchinson encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Bacon, Roger

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Bacon, Roger' Printer Friendly 760,315,363 visitors served. TheFreeDictionary Google Word / Article Starts with Ends with Text subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia Bacon, Roger Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Idioms Encyclopedia Wikipedia 0.07 sec. write_ads(AdsNum, 0) Bacon, Roger ( c. English philosopher and scientist. He was interested in alchemy, the biological and physical sciences, and magic. Many discoveries have been credited to him, including the magnifying lens. He foresaw the extensive use of gunpowder and mechanical cars, boats, and planes. Bacon was known as Doctor Mirabilis (Wonderful Teacher). In 1266, at the invitation of his friend Pope Clement IV, he began his , a compendium of all branches of knowledge. In 1268 he sent this with his Bacon wrote in Latin and his works include On Mirrors Metaphysical , and On the Multiplication of Species hut(3) write_ads(AdsNum, 0)

35. TheHistoryNet | British Heritage | Roger Bacon A scholarmonk who envisioned an Academy of Science, roger bacon s ideas were far ahead of his time and ran counter to the Church s doctrine. http://www.historynet.com/magazines/british_heritage/3037671.html

document.write(''); var section = 'homepage'; var js="0.0"; js="1.0"; js="1.1"; js="1.2"; js="1.3"; js="1.4"; js="1.5"; ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL WARS 15TH-16TH CENTURY 17TH-18TH CENTURY 19TH CENTURY ... + SUBSCRIBER SERVICES Select a Magazine America's Civil War American History Aviation History British Heritage Civil War Times Military History MHQ Vietnam Wild West World War II Which of these battles was the most important in terms of its lasting impact? Zama - Hannibal Defeated Waterloo - Napoleon Defeated Normandy - Allies Break Through Atlantic Wall Other None Of Them Too Close To Call Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec v Roger Bacon A scholar-monk who envisioned an Academy of Science, Roger Bacon's ideas were far ahead of his time and ran counter to the Church's doctrine. By Dianna L. Dodson Within the studious atmosphere of their library were gathered the brethren of the Oxford Franciscans. The friars watched as pages were torn from a leather-bound manuscript and nailed to the plans of the library shelves. When the last vellum sheet of the contraband work had been hung to yellow and fade, the friars left the room in silent procession. One or two of the younger novitiates had not known Brother Roger Bacon in his days of fiery verbal assault against mediaeval education and educators. Perhaps they paused to glance at his scrawled handwriting on the desiccated pages and wondered at the nature of his crime. He had died only that month, June 1292. With the post mortem rejection by his home convent began the web of legend that has surrounded Roger Bacon for seven centuries. Popular history has pictured him as a secretive necromancer, while scholars have classed him as everything from a visionary to a cranky old man.

36. Roger Bacon Outdoors Tips On Sam Rayburn, Fishing, Hunting, Guiding And Texas. Your Source for East Texas Outdoor Information for guiding, hunting, fishing on Sam Rayburn and Lakes Area. Guided trips on Toledo and Lake Sam Rayburn for http://www.rogerbaconoutdoors.com/index.php

LAKE SAM RAYBURN ANGELINA RIVER Call 1-409-379-FISH(3474) For Reservations Current Fishing Report It's been a Super Summer on the Pontoon Boat with over 6,000 Keeper Crappie boxed. Dennis Russel and his mother caught limits 3 days in a row. Email Me Here Rayburn Internet Solutions

37. Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roger Bacon - Wikisource Much remains to be done before we can expect an edition of the Opera Omnia of roger bacon. For the present the following statements may suffice. http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Roger_Bacon

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Roger Bacon From Wikisource Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) Jump to: navigation search Nathaniel Bacon Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) (Roger Bacon) by multiple editors Diocese of Badajoz Philosopher, surnamed D OCTOR M IRABILIS Some authors connect the fact of imprisonment related in the "Chronica" with the proscription of 219 theses by Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, which took place 7 March, 1277 (Denifle, "Chartularium Universitatis Pariensis", I, 543, 560). Indeed it was not very difficult to find some "suspect innovation" in Bacon's writings, especially with regard to the physical sciences. As F. Mandonnet, O.P., proves, one of his incriminated books or pamphlets was his "Speculum Astronomi¦", written in 1277, hitherto falsely ascribed to Blessed Albert the Great [Opera Omnia, ed. Vives, Paris, X, 629 sq.; cf. Mandonnet, "Roger Bacon et le Speculum Astronomi¦ (1277) in "Revue N©o-Scolastique", XVII, Louvain, 1910, 313-35]. Such and other questions are not yet ripe for judgment; but it is to be hoped that the newly awakened interest in Baconian studies and investigations will clear up more and more what is still obscure in Roger's life. THEOPHILUS WITZEL Retrieved from " http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_%281913%29/Roger_Bacon

38. Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics And You - Timeline - Roger Bacon roger bacon was an English scholastic philosopher and also considered a scientist because he insisted on observing things for himself instead of depending http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/bacon.html

Visit the Molecular Expressions Website Galleria Photo Gallery ... Home Roger Bacon Roger Bacon was an English scholastic philosopher who was also considered a scientist because he insisted on observing things for himself instead of relying on what other people had written. Bacon was born into a wealthy family in 1214 and died in 1294. He was trained in the classics, geometry, arithmetic, music and astronomy and was a student at the University of Paris as a young man where he received the degree of Doctor of Theology. Bacon spent forty years studying and lecturing on the natural sciences at Oxford University in England. For these efforts, he is considered to be the most important cultivator of the natural sciences during the Middle Ages. Bacon's writings included treatises on optics (then called perspective), mathematics, chemistry, arithmetic, astronomy, the tides, and the reformation of the calendar. His skill in the use of optical and mechanical instruments caused him to be regarded by many as a sorcerer. Bacon was acquainted with the properties of mirrors, knew the powers of steam and gunpowder, had a working knowledge in microscopy, and possessed an instrument very much like a modern telescope. He claimed that his telescope could make the most distant object appear near, that it could make stars appear at will, and even further, that it had the power of visualizing future events. Bacon once frightened his students by creating a rainbow by passing light through some glass beads. This demonstration marked one of the earliest attempts to duplicate a natural phenomenon in the laboratory. Bacon believed that the Earth was spherical and that one could sail around it. He estimated the distance to the stars at 130 million miles, and he used a camera that projected an image through a pinhole to observe solar eclipses. His work was so popular that it encouraged others to experiment on their own, and by so doing helped bring about the Renaissance.

39. §18. Roger Bacon. X. English Scholars Of Paris And Franciscans Of Oxford. Vol. roger bacon, a native of Ilchester, was the most brilliant representative of the Franciscan order in Oxford. He there attended the lectures of Edmund Rich http://www.bartleby.com/211/1018.html

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40. Roger Bacon - Page Four roger bacon clearly distinguished experimental science from the speculative sciences and the operative arts. http://historymedren.about.com/od/bentries/a/11_rogerbacon_4.htm

zGCID=" test0" zGCID=" test0 test4" zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') You are here: About Education Medieval History Scientists Roger Bacon - Page Four Medieval History Education Medieval History Essentials ... Submit to Digg Encyclopedia Navigation Encyclopedia Index Articles beginning with B About the 1911 Encyclopedia Resources Related to Roger Bacon Roger Bacon in Who's Who Philosophy and Theology Most Popular Medieval Clip Art Portrait of Michelangelo Death Defined A Medieval Atlas ... Welcome to the Middle Ages! Roger Bacon, Page Four From Melissa Snell Your Guide to Medieval History FREE Newsletter. Sign Up Now! (Continued from Page 3) Article from the 1911 Encyclopedia Bacon then discusses vision in a right line, the laws of reflection and refraction, and the construction of mirrors and lenses. In this part of the work, as in the preceding, his reasoning depends essentially upon his peculiar view of natural agents and their activities. His fundamental physical maxims are matter and force; the latter he calls virtus, species, imago agentis

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