21. Marcus Aurelius 26 April 121 marcus Annius Catilius Severus; 17 March 136 marcus Annius Verus; 25 February 138 marcus Aelius aurelius Verus; 139 aurelius Caesar http://www.livius.org/di-dn/divi_fratres/marcus.html

home index ancient Rome emperors Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (British Museum, London) Marcus Aurelius: emperor of the Roman world (161-180). Names: 26 April 121: Marcus Annius Catilius Severus 17 March 136: Marcus Annius Verus 25 February 138: Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus 139: Aurelius Caesar 7 March 161: Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus 17 March 180: natural death Successor of: Antoninus Pius Relatives: father: Marcus Annius Verus mother: Domitia Lucilla married to: Faustina II children: Domitia Faustina; Titus Aurelius Antoninus Titus Aelius Aurelius Annia Lucilla (married to Lucius Verus ); Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina; Titus Aelius Antoninus; a son; Fadilla ; Cornificia; Fulvus Antoninus and Commodus (twins); Marcus Annius Verus ; Hadrianus; Vibia Aurelia Sabina Early career: 121 Born in Rome 128 Coopted in the college of the Salii 136 Engaged to Ceionia Fabia, daughter of Lucius Aelius prefect of the Latin festival 138 Adopted by Antoninus Pius ; new engagement to Annia Galeria Faustina, daughter of Pius Quaestor ; recognized as caesar Consul 145 Consul II; mariage to Faustina

22. Marcus Aurelius: The Meditations The emperor marcus Aelius aurelius Antoninus who reigned from 161160 was the only Roman emperor besides Julius Caesar whose writings were to become part of http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/aurelius.htm

Marcus Aurelius: The Meditations (167 CE) The emperor Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus who reigned from 161-160 was the only Roman emperor besides Julius Caesar whose writings were to become part of the canon of Western classics. His Meditations are a loosely-organized set of thoughts relating to the stoic philosophy which had been popular among the better-educated citizens of Rome for some centuries. It stressed self-discipline, virtue, and inner tranquillity. Aurelius was also a social reformer who worked for the improvement of the lot of the poor, slaves, and convicted criminals. Non-Christians in the Western World have often looked to him as a role model. He was also a fierce persecutor of Christianity, doubtless because he felt that the religion threatened the values that had made Rome great. Aurelius was not an original or brilliant thinker, but his Meditations reflect well the stoic strain in Greco-Roman civilization. The emphasis on morality combined with emotional detachment is strongly reminiscent of Buddhist thought, with which Stoicism has often been compared. What arguments does Aurelius offer to help people accept death? How persuasive do you find them? How does this philosophy emphasize the independence of the individual? Does this emphasis on the individual result in selfishness? What theme does Aurelius share with the poem by Horace in this volume?

23. Marcus Aurelius Kirby, Peter. marcus aurelius. Early Christian Writings. 2008. 18 Jan. 2008 http//www.earlychristianwritings.com/aurelius.html . http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/aurelius.html

Home Other Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius At a Glance Treatise Genre Reliability of Dating Length of Text Greek Original Language: Ancient Translations: Modern Translations: English Estimated Range of Dating: 167-167 C.E. Chronological List Earlier Texts 65-80 Gospel of Mark 70-100 Epistle of James 70-120 Egerton Gospel 70-160 Gospel of Peter 70-160 Secret Mark 70-200 Fayyum Fragment 70-200 The Twelve Patriarchs 73-200 Mara Bar Serapion 80-100 2 Thessalonians 80-100 Ephesians 80-100 Gospel of Matthew 80-110 1 Peter 80-120 Epistle of Barnabas 80-130 Gospel of Luke 80-130 Acts of the Apostles 80-140 1 Clement 80-150 Gospel of the Egyptians 80-150 Gospel of the Hebrews 73-200 Christian Sibyllines 80-100 Apocalypse of John 90-120 Gospel of John Later Texts Online Text for Marcus Aurelius MIT Classics: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Project Gutenberg: The Meditations Online Resources for Marcus Aurelius Catholic Encyclopedia: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Eutropius: The Reign of Marcus Aurelius Book Review of The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Offline Resources for Marcus Aurelius C. R. Haines

24. Ancient History Sourcebook: Marcus Aurelius Antonius: Meditations, 167 CE marcus Aelius aurelius Antoninus, was born in 121, was adopted by the emperor Antoninus Pius and succeeded him in 161, (as joint emperor with adoptive http://www.fordham.edu/HALSALL/ANCIENT/marcuaurelius1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Marcus Aurelius Antonius: Meditations, 167 CE Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus, was born in 121, was adopted by the emperor Antoninus Pius and succeeded him in 161, (as joint emperor with adoptive brother Lucius Verus). He ruled alone from 169. He spent much of his reign in putting down variou rebellions, and was a persecutor of Christians. His fame rest, above all, on his Meditations , a series of reflections, strongly influenced by Epictetus, which represent a Stoic outlook on life. He died in 180 and was succeed by his natural son, thus ending the period of the adoptive emperors. Book I Book II Book III Book IV ... Book X BOOK ONE FROM my grandfather Verus I learned good morals and the government of my temper. From the reputation and remembrance of my father, modesty and a manly character. From my mother, piety and beneficence, and abstinence, not only from evil deeds, but even from evil thoughts; and further, simplicity in my way of living, far removed from the habits of the rich. From my great-grandfather, not to have frequented public schools, and to have had good teachers at home, and to know that on such things a man should spend liberally.

25. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Collection At Bartleby.com WORKS The Meditations of marcus aurelius This Roman Stoic hands down the dayto-day principles on which an all-powerful Emperor ruled for the welfare of http://www.bartleby.com/people/MarcusAu.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Authors Nonfiction Harvard Classics Though thou be destined to live three thousand years and as many myriads besides, yet remember that no man loseth other life than that which he liveth, nor liveth other than that which he loseth. Meditations. ii. 14

26. Malaspina Great Books - Marcus Aurelius (121 CE) In 1862 the English literary critic and poet Matthew Arnold described marcus aurelius as the most beautiful figure in history. The Stoicism of aurelius is http://www.malaspina.org/aureliusm.htm

Malaspina Great Books, Established 1995; Created by Russell McNeil, PhD, Visitors: With the growing importance of global warming, Climate News Live provides up-to-date news and information. This is a non-partisan source of timely news articles, current events, and the relevant topics that are shaping the public policy debate in the United States and elsewhere. ... (click on picture or headline above for more) title author Malaspina Great Books Blog The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius: Selections Annotated and Explained Russell McNeil, PhD Editor, Malaspina Great Books In 1862 the English literary critic and poet Matthew Arnold described Marcus Aurelius as "the most beautiful figure in history." The Stoicism of Aurelius is grounded in rationality and rests solidly on an ethical approach rooted in nature. Stoicism promises real happiness and joy in this life and a serenity that can never be soured by personal misfortune. This philosophy has universal appeal with practical implications on problems ranging from climate change and terrorism to the personal management of sickness, aging, depression and addiction. I truly believe that the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius has much to offer us now...(Click on book cover for more) var sc_project=434351; var sc_invisible=0; var sc_partition=2; var sc_security="";

27. Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar marcus aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. He was born marcus Annius http://www.crystalinks.com/marcusaurelius.html

Marcus Aurelius Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 ­ March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. He was born Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, and at marriage took the name Marcus Annius Verus. When he was named Emperor, he was given the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. He was the last of the Five Good Emperors. Early Life Roman Emperor The joint succession may have been motivated by military exigency. During his reign Marcus Aurelius was almost constantly at war with various peoples outside the Empire. Germanic tribes and other peoples launched many raids along the long European border, particularly into Gaul - Germans, in turn, may have been under attack from more warlike tribes farther east. In Asia, a revitalized Parthian Empire renewed its assault. A highly authoritative figure was needed to command the troops, yet the emperor himself could not defend both fronts at the same time. Neither could he simply appoint a general to lead one assault; earlier popular military leaders like Julius Caesar and Vespasian had used the military to overthrow the existing government and install themselves as supreme leaders. Marcus Aurelius column, in Rome

28. Meditations By Emperor Of Rome Marcus Aurelius - Project Gutenberg Download the free eBook Meditations by Emperor of Rome marcus aurelius. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2680

Online Book Catalog Quick Search Author: Title Word(s): EText-No.: Advanced Search Recent Books Top 100 Offline Catalogs ... Main Page Project Gutenberg needs your donation! More Info Did you know that you can help us produce ebooks by proof-reading just one page a day? Go to: Distributed Proofreaders Meditations by Emperor of Rome Marcus Aurelius Help Read online Bibliographic Record Creator Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 121-180 Title Meditations Language English LoC Class B: Philosophy, Psychology, Religion EText-No. Release Date Download this ebook for free Formats Available For Download Edition Format Encoding ¹ Compression Size Download Links Plucker none unknown main site HTML none 445 KB main site mirror sites HTML zip 158 KB main site mirror sites Plain text none 409 KB main site mirror sites Plain text zip 150 KB main site mirror sites ¹ If you need a special character set, try our online recoding service

29. Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) - ReligionFacts marcus aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD. Famous for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy, he is numbered among the Five Good Emperors and http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/people/aurelius.htm

var tcdacmd="sa=a;sz=2;ad"; var tcdacmd="sa=a;sz=5;ad"; Enter your search terms Submit search form Christianity Home Christian Beliefs Christian Bookstore Christianity Charts ... Christianity Timeline published: 11/21/04 updated: 12/17/04 Born: April 26, 121, Rome Died: March 17, 180, Vienna Claims to fame: Roman emperor, Stoic philosopher, persecutor of Christians Marcus Aurelius was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 AD. Famous for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy, he is numbered among the "Five Good Emperors" and represents for many the Golden Age of the Roman Empire. In Christian history, however, he is also remembered as one of the emperors who persecuted Christians. Contents of this article: Biography Aurelius as Stoic Philosopher Aurelius as Persecutor Aurelius in Art, Film and Literature ... Books on Aurelius Biography Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (April 26, 121 - March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor from 161 to his death in 180. He was born Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, and at marriage took the name Marcus Annius Verus. When he was named Emperor, he was given the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus; "Aurelius" means "golden." His uncle Antoninus Pius adopted him as a son and designated him his successor on February 25, 138, when Marcus was only seventeen years of age. Antoninus also named Lucius Verus as his successor. When Antoninus died, Marcus accepted the throne on the condition that he and Verus were made joint emperors (Augusti), with Verus partly subordinate. The reasons for this are unclear.

30. Blogger Beer Commenting on Global Politics, items of concern to marcus aurelius, and everything .. Name marcus aurelius Location Appleton, Wisconsin, United States http://bloggerbeer.blogspot.com/

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?targetBlogID=8979014"); Blogger Beer Commenting on Global Politics, items of concern to Marcus Aurelius, and everything in between! Tuesday, January 22, 2008 This is Why... I was never convinced of Fred Thompson. FWIW, I would like to see Fred Thompson as president he seems to be the best of the lot, but I never really believed he was serious about it. He said he was a candidate and seemed to act as if there was plenty of time to do all the stuff needed to win the job. Fred Thompson has the ideology to be a great president however it seems to me he is sorely lacking in executive skills and ability. I think he was angling to serve as vice president all along, then he is set up for his own presidency. The conservatives are not particularly happy with John McCain and Mike Huckabee and I am not at all unsympathetic to that viewpoint. Right now the argument seems to be between the pragmatists and the principled and please do not read disdain for either camp by the terminology I use. One talk show host I listen to (unfortunately for I consider him an a blithering idiot) is most in favor of Ron Paul, however this guy tells us a online voter guide indicates Dennis Kucinich is ideal for his views (duh!), but is now coming out for John McCain. Blithering Idiot makes one good point and that is one based on pragmatism. John McCain is currently the only one who beats Hillary Clinton in national polling. Now, the principled say what's the difference?

31. Marcus Aurelius Press: Tarot, Kabbalah, Mysticism, Theology, Jungian Psychology, Publisher of Qabalistic writings and the Jungian and other tarot decks. http://www.marcusaureliuspress.com/

Marcus Aurelius Press is a publishing company specializing in Mysticism, Kabbalah, Theology, Tarot, and Jungian Psychology. Its first offerings, over a period of time, will be books by Robert Wang, to be followed by works by other distinguished authors. The Qabalistic Tarot The 2004 new and revised edition of this classic work is now available. Hailed as "a masterpiece" and as "the single most profound reference of its kind," it is the most comprehensive and authoritative text on tarot available today. $44.95 (hard cover) Read the Preface to the revised edition of The Qabalistic Tarot The Jungian Tarot Unavailable for almost a decade, Marcus Aurelius Press has reissued this important work. The Jungian Tarot deck, created as a visual introduction to Jungian Psychology in consultation with international Jungian scholars and analysts, may be used for meditation or for divination following any traditional system. Each of the twenty-two trumps represents one of the "archetypes of the collective unconscious" described by Jung and includes a unique mandala, a circular form which the psychologist found to be profoundly useful in the process he called "individuation" and which the Western mystery tradition has termed "enlightenment." $19.95 See all 22 of The Jungian Tarot Trumps Tarot Psychology Tarot Psychology

32. Marcus Aurelius Quotes marcus aurelius quotes,marcus, aurelius, author, authors, writer, writers, people, famous people. http://thinkexist.com/quotes/marcus_aurelius/

Advanced Search My Account Help Add the "Dynamic Daily Quotation" to Your Site or Blog - it's Easy! All Marcus Aurelius Quotations Authors Topics Keywords ... More... Famous people: Name Nationality Occupation Date ... Mar Mar 1-10 Quotations of Marcus Aurelius quotes Roman emperor, best known for his Meditations on Stoic philosophy, AD 121-180 Popularity: Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... show_bar(148545,'accept_the_things_to_which_fate_binds_you-and') Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes . About: Men and Women quotes Virtue quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Marcus Aurelius quote Similar Quotes Add to Chapter... Submit a New Marcus Aurelius quote Marcos Senna quotes Marcus Aurelius Antonius quotes Related Articles inspirational quotations (INSPIRATIONAL QUOTATIONS) daily inspiration quotations Your Ad Here Suggested T-Shirt quotes funny quotes famous quotes movie quotes ... ThinkExist.com Quotations

33. Marcus Aurelius Discuss this name with other users on IMDb message board for marcus aurelius Find where marcus aurelius is credited alongside another name http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0042172/

Now Playing Movie/TV News My Movies DVD New Releases ... search All Titles TV Episodes My Movies Names Companies Keywords Characters Quotes Bios Plots more tips SHOP MARCUS... DVD VHS CD IMDb Marcus Aurelius Quicklinks categorized by type by year by ratings by votes by TV series titles for sale by genre by keyword power search credited with tv schedule contact message board Top Links biography by votes awards news articles ... message board Filmographies categorized by type by year by ratings ... tv schedule Biographical biography other works publicity contact ... message board External Links official sites miscellaneous photographs sound clips ... video clips Marcus Aurelius advertisement photos board add contact details Photos Add photo(s) and resume with IMDb Resume Services Overview Alternate Names: Marcus Aurelious Filmography Jump to filmography as: Actor Director Writer Actor: Almost Related (2006) .... Jack Dragon Fighter (2003) (V) .... Dr. Greg Travis Python 2 (2002) (V) .... Col. Jefferson ... aka Python II (USA: DVD title) ... aka Pythons 2 (USA) ... aka Snakes (UK: DVD title) New Alcatraz (2002) .... C-123 Pilot

34. Emperor Marcus Aurelius An overview of his life and reign from the Illustrated History of the Roman Empire. http://www.roman-empire.net/highpoint/marcaurelius-index.html

35. Marcus Aurelius While marcus aurelius could indeed be considered Rome s first philosopher King (followed only perhaps by Julian), the irony is that his otherwise often http://www.unrv.com/five-good-emperors/marcus-aurelius.php

Home Forum Empire Government ... Decline of Empire 5 Good Emperors Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius ... Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Lucius Verus The Germanic Wars Philosopher Emperor Marcus Aurelius AD 161 - 180 (born AD 121 - died 180) According to the Greek philosopher Plato, "There will be no end to the troubles of states, or indeed of humanity itself, until philosophers become kings in this world, or until those we now call kings and rulers really and truly become philosophers." While Marcus Aurelius could indeed be considered Rome's first "philosopher King" (followed only perhaps by Julian), the irony is that his otherwise often considered exemplary reign also included a nearly constant state of war along the Danubian frontier. Unfortunately, written ancient material on Marcus Aurelius is scattered among several sources or of dubious quality. Much like the history of his immediate predecessors, the history of Cassius Dio for this period is very fragmentary. The account in the Historia Augusta is extant but long debated for its accuracy and even the origin of its authorship. Later writings of Christian authors Tertullian, Eusebius and Orosius do provide additional and important information (though perhaps biased from a perspective of Christian persecution and martyrdom) along with the correspondence of Marcus' teacher Fronto. Of course, the emperor's own work "Meditations" provides intricate detail into the philosophy of the man but is less useful as a history of events. During the reign of Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius continued his educational preparation for the imperial throne. While the pursuit of stoicism continued, his duties under the peaceful 23 year reign of Antoninus included regular advancement through the political cursus honorum, but was surprisingly devoid of military experience (this particular exclusion could have been a tragic oversight considering the political power of the army, but the eventual succession went about completely unopposed). To further cement his bond to Antoninus Pius, the engagement to Ceonia Fabia was broken off and Marcus was married to his cousin Faustina the Younger (the emperor's daughter) in AD 145. She eventually bore him 13 children, most of whom died young, including a daughter Lucilla (the future wife of co emperor Lucius Verus, and son Commodus the eventual heir to the throne and the emperor often associated with the beginning of the imperial decline.

36. SpiritSite.com / SpiritSight.com Marcus Aurelius Index marcus aurelius was the emperor of Rome during the second century, A.D. Legend has it that he wrote the Meditations as notes to himself during the many http://www.spiritsite.com/writing/maraur/

writings community gallery You're invited to visit our sister site, QuietMind.info , a resource site featuring articles on spirituality and psychology, A Course in Miracles , and selections from Dan Joseph's free Quiet Mind newsletter Home Writings Classics ... Marcus Aurelius The following are our featured book excerpts. Please feel free to browse: Selections from Meditations Books One and Two Books Three and Four Books Five and Six Books Seven and Eight ... Books Eleven and Twelve Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius was the emperor of Rome during the second century, A.D. Legend has it that he wrote the Meditations as notes to himself during the many battle campaigns he led against invaders. Far from being warlike, the Meditations ( review or buy take a lofty, spiritual approach to life. The brotherhood of mankind is emphasized, and the power of a gentle, disciplined mind is extolled. The Meditations represent a school of Greek philosophy known as Stoicism - the Stoic ideals involved living a life of honesty, humility, and personal responsibility. Among the Stoic philosophers, great emphasis was placed on the power of decision and thought. Marcus Aurelius was known as one of the last great rulers of Rome. He died in the year 180, and his

37. Historia Augusta • Life Of Marcus Aurelius (Part 1 Of 2) p133 The Life of marcus aurelius Part 1. 1 Legamen ad paginam Latinam marcus Antoninus, devoted to philosophy as long as he lived and preeminent among http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Marcus_Aureli

mail: Bill Thayer Latine Italiano Help Up Home Antoninus Pius This webpage reproduces part of the Historia Augusta published in the Loeb Classical Library, the text of which is in the public domain. This page has been carefully proofread and I believe it to be free of errors. If you find a mistake though, please let me know! Part 2 (Vol. I) Historia Augusta The Life of Marcus Aurelius Part 1 Marcus Antoninus, devoted to philosophy as long as he lived and pre-eminent among emperors in purity of life,  was the son of Annius Verus, who died while praetor. His grandfather, named Annius Verus also, attained to a second consulship, was prefect of the city, and was enrolled among the patricians by Vespasian and Titus while they were censors.  Annius Libo, a consul, was his uncle, Galeria Faustina Augusta, his aunt. His mother was Domitia Lucilla, the daughter of Calvisius Tullus, who served as consul twice.  Annius Verus, from the town of Succuba in Spain, who was made a senator and attained to the dignity of praetor, was his father's grandfather; his great-grandfather on his mother's side was Catilius Severus, who twice held the consulship and was prefect of the city. His father's mother was Rupilia Faustina, the daughter of Rupilius Bonus, a man of consular rank.

38. History Of The Origins Of Christianity. Book VII. Marcus-Aurelius. | Christian C History of the Origins of Christianity. Book VII. marcusaurelius. marcus-aurelius. Author, Renan, Joseph Ernest (1823-1892). Language, English http://www.ccel.org/ccel/renan/marcus.html

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39. Aurelius The future emperor marcus aurelius was born in the year 121 AD in the city of Rome into marcus aurelius and Lucius Verus ruled jointly for eight years, http://library.thinkquest.org/26907/emperors/aurelius.htm

40. Marcus Aurelius He was adopted by his aunt, Faustina, the wife of Antoninus Pius who later became emperor and changed his name to marcus aurelius Antoninus Pius. http://www.geocities.com/westhollywood/heights/4617/stoic/marcus.html

STOIC PHILOSOPHY The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius Born Marcus Annius Verus in 121 CE (874 AUC) in Rome. He was adopted by his aunt, Faustina, the wife of Antoninus Pius who later became emperor and changed his name to Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius. In 161 CE (914 AUC), he and his adoptive brother, Lucius Verus, assumed imperium. Marcus Aurelius dominated the reign and became sole ruler. His reign was spent defending the empire against Parthians, Germans, and Britons. He won a victory over the Marcomanni, which was commemorated by the Antonine column (Piazza Colonna, Rome), erected by his son and successor, Commodus. Devoted to his duty and humanitarian in his conception of it, Marcus Aurelius was concerned with improving living conditions for the poor, particularly minors. He was always lenient with political criminals and tried to decrease the brutality at gladiatorial shows. Marcus Aurelius was a devout Stoic. He wrote a diary to himself which we today call "The Meditations". "The meditations" contains Marcus Aurelius'personal rules for living. They are one of the most readable classics of Stoic literature. Meditations Chapter One.

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