61. AbsoluteFacts.nl - Frits Zernike (1888-1966) Reeds in zijn jeugd hield zernike zich bezig met natuurkunde. In 1905 ging hijchemie studeren aan de universiteit te Amsterdam. Natuur en wiskunde waren http://www.absofacts.com/wetenschap/data/zernicke.shtml

Culturele Encyclopedie: wetenschap, ontdekkingen, onderzoekers, uitvindingen, uitvinders, wetenschappers GratisAanbiedingen.nl HierBestellen.nl Tentoonstellingen Gemakkelijk Zoeken op het Internet ... KennisQuiz.nl Frits Zernike Frits (eigenlijk Frederik) Zernike werd geboren in Amsterdam op 16 juli 1888, als de tweede zoon uit een gezin met zes kinderen. Zijn vader Carl Frederick August was wiskundeleraar en hoofd van een school in Amsterdam. Ook zijn moeder Antje Dieperink gaf les in wiskunde. Reeds in zijn jeugd hield Zernike zich bezig met natuurkunde. In 1905 ging hij chemie studeren aan de universiteit te Amsterdam. Natuur- en wiskunde waren zijn bijvakken. In 1913 vroeg Kapteyn, professor astronomie aan de universiteit te Groningen hem om assistent te worden. Twee jaar later ging Zernike les geven aan deze universiteit in het vak natuurkunde. In 1920 werd hij gepromoveerd tot professor. Zernike publiceerde vele studies o.a. over de reactie van verschillende moleculen in een vloeistof. Uit zijn experimenten ontstond de galvanometer die door de firma Kipp en Zonen in Delft werd vervaardigd. Na 1930 ging hij zich met optiek bezighouden. Hij ontwikkelde de fase-contrastmicroscoop, waardoor levende wezens en organismen bestudeerd kunnen worden zonder kleuring. Deze uitvinding ontving niet meteen de belangstelling die ze verdiende. Zeiss, de beroemde fabriek van optische instrumenten, zag aanvankelijk niets in de microscoop. Tijdens de oorlog werd het belang van de microscoop door de Wehrmacht ingezien en werd de microscoop verder ontwikkeld en gefabriceerd. Na de oorlog werd de microscoop ook door andere firma's in productie genomen.

62. Optics8 frits zernike (18881966) was a professor at the University of Groningen from1915 to 1958. In a study of diffraction gratings, he noted that he was able to http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/optics8.htm

....Optics Highlights VIII . Some Roots of Modern Optical Systems I n the 20 th Century, revolutionary advances in optics began with the construction of the first laser in 1960 and has led to the rapid development of optical communication systems, imaging systems and holography, optical data storage and retrieval systems, and optical processing. Historically, however, optical communications systems date back to the optical semaphore systems developed by Chappe in France in 1791 and which were widely used in England and the United States during the 19 th Claude Chappe (1763 - 1805) was the grandson of a French baron and was raised for the church. He lost his religious sinecures as a result of the Revolution and along with his four (also now unemployed) brothers turned to working on a mechanical semaphore system for telegraphy. They obtained the support of the Revolutionary Convention and in 1794, after several design changes, succeeded, despite the violence of the Revolution, in establishing a chain of fifteen tower stations linking Paris and Lille, 120 miles to the north. France established a national system which was finally replaced by the electric telegraph beginning in 1846. In 1804, Claude Chappe, depressed by illness and by mounting claims of plagiarism (after all, the military had used semaphore systems) threw himself down the well at his hotel.

63. Phase Contrast Microscope Information was awarded the Nobel prize (physics) in 1953. (frits zernike biography) It consists of 4 objective lenses, a centering telescope and zernike phase http://www.microscopeworld.com/high/phase-contrast2.htm

Phase Contrast Microscope Information A common activity in high school biology is to observe cheek cells. To do this, one takes a flat toothpick and gently scrapes the inside of their cheek. They smear the specimen on a flat microscope slide and cover it with a cover slip. The cheek cells are epithelial cells and will be seen in large numbers. If you add a drop of iodine to the sample, the nuclei of the cells will become more visible. They will appear as small round dots inside the cell. In the first picture below, we see the cells as they would appear without iodine with a regular microscope. At the right, you see the same specimen using a phase contrast microscope (actually, we used the same microscope with different lenses). This clearly shows that, for some specimens, phase contrast will greatly improve your image quality. Image above with regular brightfield objectives. (click on image for larger picture) Notice the air bubbles at three locations, some cells are visible at the left side Same image with phase contrast objectives (click on image for larger picture) White dots inside each cell are the nuclei.

64. 20th Century Year By Year 1953 zernike, frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, b. 1888, d.1966 for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his http://www.historycentral.com/20th/1953.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Popular Book s / Popular Television Shows Emmy Awards Major Events of 1953 Stalin dies Korean armistice France grants Laos independence Mossadegh ousted in Iran Rosenbergs executed Comet crashes Super Sabre introduced DC-7 introduced Sports NBA: Minneapolis Lakers vs. New Yorks Knicks Series: 4-3 NCAA Football: Maryland Record: 10-1-0 Heisman Trophy: John Lattner, notre dame, HB points: 1,850 Stanley Cup: Montreal Canadiens vs. Boston Bruins Series: 4-1 US Open Golf: Ben Hogan Score: 283 Course: Oakmont CC Location: Oakmont, PA World Series: New York Yankees vs. Brooklyn Dodgers Series: 4-2 Academy Awards Best Picture: "From Here to Eternity" Best Director: Fred Zinnemann ... "From Here to Eternity" Best Actor: William Holden ... "Stalag 17" Best Actress: Audrey Hepburn ... "Roman Holiday" Movies 1. The Robe 2. From Here to Eternity 3. Shane 4. How to Marry a Millionaire 5. Peter Pan

65. Nobelpreistraeger Frits Frederik Zernike Vip Promi Und Vip Linkliste Inkl. Stars http://www.multifind.de/vip/Nobelpreistraeger.vip.Frits._.Frederik._.Zernike.htm

Nobelpreistraeger Frits Frederik Zernike Startseite Vip Nobelpreistraeger Frits Frederik Zernike Webseiten zum Thema Frits Frederik Zernike :: Nobelpreistraeger Brockhaus Naturwissenschaft und Technik - Zernike... http://www.brockhaus.de/brockhaus-suche/werke/bnt/024/052/Ze... brockhaus - Zuletzt aktualisiert am: 14.09.2005 Bakterien.org: Wissenschaftliche Persönlichkeiten... Allgemeines und Aktuelles zum Thema Bakterien. http://www.bakterien.org/geschichte.php bakterien - Zuletzt aktualisiert am: 14.09.2005 Physicists... Physiker http://www-user.tu-chemnitz.de/~masti/physicists.shtml -user+tu-chemnitz - Zuletzt aktualisiert am: 14.09.2005 Geschichte der Physik, Chemie, Mathematik, Astronomie... Geschichte der Physik, Chemie, Mathematik, Astronomie http://www.turingsorakel.org/physik/ turingsorakel - Zuletzt aktualisiert am: 14.09.2005 Vergleichende Darstellung von überlebenden Blutzellen aus dem peripheren Blut des Menschen in verschiedenen gebräuchlichen mikroskopischen Durchlichtverfahren. Aufnahmen im Hellfeld, schiefen Hellfeld, Interferenzkontrast nach Nomarski und Dunkelfeld. Wirkung des negativen Phasenkontrasts nach Wilska und des positiven Phasenkontrasts nach Zernike. (Frits (Frederik) Zernike, 1953 Nobelpreis für Physik.) http://mkat.iwf.de/medien/katalog/Kat_Details.asp?Signatur=D...

66. Phase Contrast Microscope - Information Phase contrast is a method used in microscopy and developed in the early 20thcentury by frits zernike. (see more frits zernike biography). cheek cells http://www.microscope-microscope.org/advanced/phase-contrast-microscope.htm

Phase Contrast Microscopes What is phase contrast? Frits Zernike biography (click on image for larger picture) (click on image for larger picture) Image above with regular brightfield objectives. Notice the air bubbles at three locations, some cells are visible at the left side Same image with phase contrast objectives. White dots inside each cell are the nuclei. About the images above: A common activity in a high school biology class is to observe cheek cells. To do this, you take a flat toothpick and gently scrape the inside of your cheek. You then smear the saliva specimen on a flat microscope slide and cover it with a cover slip. The cheek cells are epithelial cells and will be seen in large numbers. The students then add a drop of iodine to the sample and the nuclei of the cells become visible as small round dots inside the cell. In the two pictures above, we see the cells as they would appear without iodine with a regular microscope. At the right, you see the same specimen using a phase contrast microscope (actually, we used the same microscope with different lenses). This clearly shows that, for some specimens (called Phase Objects), a phase contrast microscope will greatly improve you image quality. Setting up your microscope for phase contrast observations (you must have special phase objective lenses and a phase substage condenser)

67. Royal Society | About The Society | History Of Science | Biographies Of Fellows zernike, frits. Biographical Memoirs 1967 vol 13 pp 393402, plate, by S Tolansky.Ziegler, Karl. Biographical Memoirs 1975 vol 21 pp 569-584, plate, http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/page.asp?id=2388

68. Nobel Prize Awards 1953 frits zernike 1954 Max Born, Walther Bothe 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb, PolykarpKusch 1956 William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain http://www.nobelphysics.com/

Nobel prize for physics Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Pieter Zeeman Antoine Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Lord (John William Strutt) Rayleigh Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Sir Joseph John Thomson Albert Abraham Michelson Gabriel Jonas Lippmann Guglielmo Marconi, Karl Ferdinand Braun Johannes Diderik van der Waals Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien Nils Gustaf Dalen Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Max Theodor Felix von Laue Sir William Henry Bragg, Sir William Lawrence Bragg Charles Glover Barkla Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck Johannes Stark Charles Edouard Guillaume Albert Einstein Niels Henrik David Bohr Robert Andrews Millikan Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Herz Jean Baptiste Perrin Arthur Holly Compton, Charles Thomson Rees Wilson Sir Owen Willans Richardson Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrodinger, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Sir James Chadwick Victor Franz Hess, Carl David Anderson Clinton Joseph Davisson, Sir George Paget Thomson Enrico Fermi Ernest Orlando Lawrence Otto Stern Isidor Isaac Rabi Wolfgang Pauli Percy W. Bridgman

69. Letters And Documents Collection - Z | Special Collections | Bryn Mawr College L zernike, frits, 1930 APcS, 1954 Nov. 4, to Dr. and Mrs. Walter Michels. A, B,C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/letterboxz.shtml

Bryn Mawr College Library Special Collections Guide to the Letters and Documents Collection Part II: Box and Folder List, Z Special Collections Department, Bryn Mawr College Library February 2000 Last Updated: May 16, 2003 A B C D ... Z Zernike, Frits, 1930- APcS, 1954 Nov. 4, to Dr. and Mrs. Walter Michels A B C D ... Abbreviations Used in Guides Comments/Questions: Write Us! Special Collections Bryn Mawr College Library Last Update: May 16, 2003 , Special Collections at SpecColl@brynmawr.edu

70. Biography-center - Letter Z zernike, frits (Frederik) www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1953/zernikebio.html;Zeus, www.m essagenet.com/myths/bios/zeus.html http://www.biography-center.com/z.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish Z 74 biographies Zada, al-Rumi Qadi www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Qadi_Zada.html Zajmi, Agim ww w.albanian-art.com/html/biography.html Zakharchenko, M V- www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Vashchenko.html Zanardi, Alessandro www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-zanale.html Zanotti, Giampietro ww w.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a3532-1.html Zapata, flag.blackened.net/re volt/ws/zapata41.html Zapatero, Jos e Luis Rodriguez www.spainview.com/biog21.html Zarankiewicz, Kazimierz www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zarankiewicz.html Zaremba, Stanislaw www-history. mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Zaremba.html Zariski, Oscar www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematici ans/Zariski.html Zassenhaus, Hans

71. Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Microscopy Techniques - Phase Co Research by frits zernike during this period uncovered phase and amplitudedifferences between zeroth order and deviated light that can be altered to http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/techniques/phasecontrast/phase.html

Interactive Tutorials Virtual Microscopy Movie Gallery Downloads ... Resource Center Introduction to Phase Contrast The search was still on in the 1930's to find a way of using both direct and diffracted light from all azimuths to yield good contrast images of unstained objects that do not absorb light. Research by Frits Zernike during this period uncovered phase and amplitude differences between zeroth order and deviated light that can be altered to produce favorable conditions for interference and contrast enhancement. Unstained specimens that do not absorb light are called phase objects because they slightly alter the phase of the light diffracted by the specimen, usually by retarding such light approximately 1/4 wavelength as compared to the undeviated direct light passing through or around the specimen unaffected. Unfortunately, our eyes as well as camera film, are unable to detect these phase differences. To reiterate, the human eye is sensitive only to the colors of the visible spectrum (variations in light frequency) or to differing levels of light intensity (variations in wave amplitude). In phase specimens, the direct zeroth order light passes through or around the specimen undeviated. However, the light diffracted by the specimen is not reduced in amplitude as it is in a light-absorbing object, but is slowed by the specimen because of the specimen's refractive index or thickness (or both). This diffracted light, lagging behind by approximately 1/4 wavelength, arrives at the image plane

72. Oe Magazine - SPIE World The frits zernike Award for Microlithography is given for outstanding accomplishmentsin microlithographic technology, especially those furthering the http://oemagazine.com/fromTheMagazine/apr04/spieworld_membernews.html

April 2004 Special Focus: Photonics in Defense Electro-Optics Defense Market Surges Escaping the Bounds of Earth Tuning in to Detection Portable Performance Feature Bending to Demand Tutorial Getting in Position Departments President's Letter Editor's Desk Eye On Technology Industry View ... SPIE membership MEMBER NEWS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS In Memoriam: Harvey M. Pollicove Harvey M. Pollicove , 60, died suddenly on 25 January. Pollicove was an active member of SPIE. He had a vision and was selflessly devoted to it, and he made a real difference to the optics industry. Pollicove started his career in 1964 at Eastman Kodak Company as a lens grinder. While working at Kodak, he earned a BA in mathematics, but he never left manufacturing, eventually leading the teams that created the first high-volume manufacturing processes for both plastic and glass molded aspheric optics. His teams molded more than 200 million optics in just three years for key Kodak initiatives. Pollicove became an industry expert, benchmarking global optics capabilities for Kodak as technical markets manager for the Optical Products Division. From there, Pollicove went on to become the co-founder and director of the Center for Optics Manufacturing (COM) at the University of Rochester. Contributions to the "Harvey M. Pollicove Memorial Fund" can be sent to:

73. Oe Magazine - SPIE World - SPIE Membership Focus 2004 For example, 2004 saw the debut of two new awards the frits zernike Award forMicrolithography, sponsored by ASML, Canon, and Cymer and named for zernike, http://oemagazine.com/fromTheMagazine/aug04/spienominate.html

August 2004 Special Focus: Test and Measurement Optical Testing Adapts to a Changing World 2 is Better than 1 Calming the Jitters Feature Light Entanglements Tutorial Layer By Layer Departments President's Letter Editor's Desk Eye On Technology Industry View ... SPIE Donor Recognition Nominate a Colleague Recognize Excellence in Optics and Photonics Nominate a colleague for a 2005 Award or Fellowship The optics and photonics communities continue to grow as we witness stronger activities in broader regions within Europe and North America, rapid growth in Asia-Pacific regions, and emerging movements in Latin America. These positive dynamics certainly add excitement as we prepare for SPIE's 50th anniversary celebration in 2005. In the last few years, SPIE has made a significant financial commitment to the Society's awards, scholarships, and grants. The Society has put great effort into awareness of the prestigious Fellowships, and sought to remedy the imbalances in geographic and technical fields that resulted from the proud history of the Society developing in the U.S. primarily from the "classical" optical design community. In 2003, an ad hoc Advisory Committee on Scholarships, Awards, and Sponsorships was formed to study and enhance the Society's awards system. In particular, we have begun to promote more endowments from industry, friends, and families to honor and celebrate the lifetime work and contributions of their colleagues and loved ones.

74. Food For Thought: Biographies zernike, frits (Dutch physicist), 18881966. Zeromski, Stefan (Polish novelist,poet, playwright), 1864-1925. Zesen, Philipp von (Herman rhetorician, http://www.junkfoodforthought.com/bio/bio_Z.htm

Zablocki, Franciszek (Polish dramatist, satirist) Zabludovsky, Abraham (Polish-born Mexican architect) Zabolotsky, Nikolay Alekseyevich (Russian poet) Zaccaria, Saint Antonio Maria (Italian religious) Zaccaria, Benedetto (Genoese merchant, diplomat, admiral) d.c.1307 Zacconi, Ludovico (Italian music theorist, composer) Zach, Franz Xaver von (German astronomer) Zachow, Friedrich Wilhelm (German musician, composer) Zadkine, Ossip (Russian sculptor) Zaehner, Robert Charles (English historian) Zaghlul, Sa'd (Egyptian politician; prime minister 1924) Zagoskin, Lavrenty Alekseyevich (Russian explorer) Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikolayevich (Russian novelist, playwright) Zaharias, Mildred Ella Didrikson "Babe" (American athlete) Zaharoff, Sir Basil (Turkish-born French armament contractor) Zahn, Ernst (Swiss writer) Zahn-Harnack, Agnes von (German writer) Zaimis, Alexandros (Greek politician) Zajc, Ivan (Giovanni von Zaytz) (Croation composer) Zakrzewska, Marie Elizabeth (German-born American physician) Zaleski, Jozef Bogdan (Polish poet) Zambrano, Maria (Spanish writer, philosopher)

75. Dr.Tarek Said's Homepage-Nobel Prize Winners 1954 Born, Max Bothe, Walther WG 1953 zernike, frits (Frederik) 1952 Bloch,Felix Purcell, Edward Mills 1951 Cockcroft, John D., Sir Walton, Ernest TS http://www.geocities.com/tsaid3/nobel.html

Nobel Prize Winners Literature Peace Physics Medicine ... Nationalities Nobel Prize in Literature 2001 Sir V.S. Naipaul 2000 Gao Xingjian 1997 Dario Fo 1996 WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA 1995 SEAMUS HEANEY 1994 KENZABURO OE 1993 TONI MORRISON 1992 DEREK WALCOTT 1991 NADINE GORDIMER 1990 OCTAVIO PAZ 1989 CAMILO JOSE CELA NAGUIB MAHFOUZ 1987 JOSEPH BRODSKY 1986 WOLE SOYINKA 1985 CLAUDE SIMON 1984 JAROSLAV SEIFERT 1983 SIR WILLIAM GOLDING 1982 GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ 1981 ELIAS CANETTI 1980 CZESLAW MILOSZ 1979 ODYSSEUS ELYTIS ( ODYSSEUS ALEPOUDHELIS ) 1978 ISAAC BASHEVIS SINGER 1977 VICENTE ALEIXANDRE 1976 SAUL BELLOW 1975 EUGENIO MONTALE 1973 PATRICK WHITE 1972 HEINRICH BALL 1971 PABLO NERUDA 1970 ALEKSANDR ISAEVICH SOLZHENITSYN 1969 SAMUEL BECKETT 1968 YASUNARI KAWABATA 1967 MIGUEL ANGEL ASTURIAS 1965 MICHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH SHOLOKHOV 1964 JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1963 GIORGOS SEFERIS ( GIORGOS SEFERIADIS ) 1962 JOHN STEINBECK 1961 IVO ANDRIAC 1960 SAINT-JOHN PERSE ( ALEXIS LEGER ) 1959 SALVATORE QUASIMODO 1958 BORIS LEONIDOVICH PASTERNAK 1957 ALBERT CAMUS 1956 JUAN RAMON JIMENEZ 1955 HALLDER KILJAN LAXNESS 1954 ERNEST MILLER HEMINGWAY 1953 SIR WINSTON LEONARD SPENCER CHURCHILL 1951 PER FABIAN LAGERKVIST 1950 EARL BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL 1949 WILLIAM FAULKNER 1948 THOMAS STEARNS ELIOT 1947 ANDRE PAUL GUILLAUME GIDE 1946 HERMANN HESSE 1945 GABRIELA MISTRAL ( LUCILA GODOY Y ALCA-YAGA ) 1944 JOHANNES VILHELM JENSEN 1943-1940 Main Fund and Special Fund of this prize section.

76. Oxford Physics - Library A7A ZER, zernike, frits, Applied nonlinear optics, 300792475. A7B AND, Anders, Hugo,Thin films in optics, 302224283 http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/library/list.asp?CID=A07&lib=astro

77. ZERO Definition Of ZERO In Computing Dictionary - By The Free Online Dictionary, Zerna Sharp Zerner s Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap Zernez zernike (crater) zernike crater zernike polynomials zernike, frits http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/zero

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='ZERO' Your help is needed: American Red Cross The Salvation Army join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia ... encyclopedia ZERO Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Medical Legal Acronyms ... Hutchinson 0.01 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback (language) ZERO - An object oriented extension of Z ["Object Orientation in Z", S. Stepney et al eds, Springer 1992]. zero 0, ASCI character 48. Numeric zero, as opposed to the letter "O" (the 15th letter of the English alphabet). In their unmodified forms they look a lot alike, and various kluges invented to make them visually distinct have compounded the confusion. If your zero is centre-dotted and letter-O is not, or if letter-O looks almost rectangular but zero looks more like an American football stood on end (or the reverse), you're probably looking at a modern character display (though the dotted zero seems to have originated as an option on IBM 3270 controllers). If your zero is slashed but letter-O is not, you're probably looking at an old-style

78. Physics Nobel Laureates 1950 - 1974 zernike, frits (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, * 1888, + 1966. for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his http://www.matpack.de/Info/Chronics/physics_laureates_3.html

Physics 1950 POWELL, CECIL FRANK, Great Britain, Bristol University, "for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method". Physics 1951 The prize was awarded jointly to: COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., + 1967; and WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, "for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially acce lerated atomic particles". Physics 1952 The prize was awarded jointly to: BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, + 1983; and PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith". Physics 1953 ZERNIKE, FRITS (FREDERIK), the Netherlands, Groningen University, "for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope". Physics 1954 The prize was divided equally between: BORN, MAX, Great Britain, Edinburgh University

79. Gerard ’t Hooft They are also the discoverers, in 1977, of asteroid 11779 zernike, named aftermy granduncle frits zernike. Founding Fathers are still working on the http://www.phys.uu.nl/~thooft/

Name:           t Hooft, Gerard    Postal address: Spinoza Instituut            Leuvenlaan 4            Postbus 80.195            3508 TD Utrecht.    Voorts verbonden aan:  Institute for Theoretical Physics            Universiteit Utrecht            Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CC Utrecht            Tel.: +31 30 253 5928 Tel.:  +31 30 253 1863 Fax:   +31 30 253 5937 e-mail: g.thooft@phys.uu.nl Warning: due to severe clogging of this email postbox, I can no longer guarantee that received messages will be processed and/or answered. secretary: Wilma van Egmond, w.j.m.vanegmond@phys.uu.nl Professor Theoretical Physics Lectures: "Topics in Advanced Quantum Field Theory", AIO School Theoretical High Energy Physics, January 24 - 27, 2005, Conference Center Jonkerbosch, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Advised reading material for these lectures: " The Conceptual Basis of Quantum Field Theory ", a chapter in Handbook of the Philosophy of Science , Elsevier, to be published. Undergraduate lecture notes: The lecture notes Introduction to General Relativity (in English) click here. These notes now also appeared as a book:

80. Contraste Phase frits zernike (1888-1966) invente son procédé de contraste dephase qui permet de voir au microscope le comportement des cellules vivantes http://www.microscopies.com/DOSSIERS/MIcroscopies/PHOTONIQUE/Le Microscope/MODUL

Le Microscope Photonique en transmission. (LES COMPOSANTS DU MICROSCOPE) Les modulateurs pupillaires Le contraste de Phase de Zernike objets de phase (Objets d'amplitude) objets d'absorption. C'est en 1930 que Frits Zernike (1888-1966) ABBE Observation conoscopique Oeil de mouche Fond Clair Obj 10 x Contraste de Phase Obj 20 x Contraste de Phase Obj 20 x

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