61. My Home Page The Recollections of eugene P. wigner as told to Andrew Szanton Plenum 1992 I have known very few Nobel Laureates — eugene wigner was one of them. http://www.medphysics.wisc.edu/~jrc/rev12.htm

Commentary based on a book review of The Recollections of Eugene P. Wigner as told to Andrew Szanton Plenum 1992 by John Cameron I was interested in reading this autobiography to get a better understanding of this quiet and overly polite brilliant physicist. Wigner was one of a group of four brilliant Hungarian physicists who emigrated to the United States before World War II. The others were Leo Szilard, John von Neumann and Edward Teller. All except von Neumann played important roles in the U.S. atomic bomb project. All were of Jewish heritage and all were in the U.S. because of Hitler. Wigner took his undergraduate degree in chemical engineering in Berlin to prepare himself to work in a large leather tannery in Budapest in which his father was a senior manager. He did in fact return and work in the factory for a time. Although the biography is written in the first person, it was compiled by Szanton from about 30 tape recorded interviews in 1988. Szanton did an excellent job of arranging the material in a pleasant manner. In Madison he fell in love and married a graduate student in physics, Amelia Frank. Unfortunately a few months after the marriage Amelia developed heart trouble and died less than eight months after the wedding. In his grief he remembered a poem he had learned in Hungary which translated as:

62. Vendégváró.hu - Magyarország - Wigner Jenõ, Eugene P. Wigner - Kincsestár, vendégváró.hu Magyarország - wigner Jeno, eugene P. wigner - Kincsestár,hungarikumok. http://www.vendegvaro.hu/50-883

Magyarország a hálón Magyarország BUDAPEST Balaton Programok: válasszon! Ma Holnap Egy héten belül Egy hónapon belül Októberben Novemberben Decemberben Januárban Késõbb Település Kincsestár Épített örökség Szobor, emlékmû Múzeum Természeti ért. Program Szállás Étkezés Konferencia Szórakozás Kultúra Aktív pihenés Egészségturizmus Wellness Tur. szolg. Kereskedelem Hasznos info Közlekedés Utak, utazás Aktuális ajánlatok Magyarország 2005.09.15 csütörtök, 17:36 Régiók Balaton Budapest és környéke Dél-Alföld ... Lexikon Wigner Jenõ, Eugene P. Wigner (Budapest, 1902. nov. 17. - Princeton 1995. jan. 1.) fizikus Egyetemi tanulmányait Berlinben végezte, majd 1928-1930 között a berlini mûegyetemen tanított, ezután emigrált az Amerikai Egyesült Államokba, és Princetonban dolgozott. A tudománytörténet úgy tartja, hogy 1939-ben Szilárd Leóval és Teller Edével együtt meggyõzték Einsteint az atomkutatások fontosságáról, aki megírta azt a levelet az elnöknek, és ennek köszönhetõen indult el az atombomba-fejlesztés. A háború alatt Fermivel együtt dolgozott az elsõ láncreakció megvalósításán. Wigner már a kvantummechanika elsõ viharos fejlõdési szakaszában csoportelméleti módszerekkel tanulmányozta a spektrumok szerkezetét, és vizsgálta a szimmetriaviszonyokat. 1936-ban Breittel közösen kidolgozta a magreakciók diszperziós elméletét és 1952-ben pedig a paritásmegmaradás. 1963-ban megkapta a fizikai

63. Engineering News At NC State Turinsky Receives eugene P. wigner Reactor Physicist Award has been selectedto receive the eugene P. wigner Reactor Physicist Award by the American http://www.engr.ncsu.edu/news/awards/wigner.html

June 12, 2003 Turinsky Receives Eugene P. Wigner Reactor Physicist Award Dr. Turinsky Dr. Paul J. Turinsky, professor and head of nuclear engineering at North Carolina State University, has been selected to receive the Eugene P. Wigner Reactor Physicist Award by the American Nuclear Society (ANS). Considered the highest international award in the field, it was established by ANS in 1990 to recognize outstanding reactor physicists for their contributions. Turinsky joined the NC State faculty in 1980. He has received many awards for his contributions to nuclear engineering, including the E.O. Lawrence Award in Nuclear Technology from the U.S. Department of Energy in 2002. His research centers on developing improved nuclear reactor core analysis and design software tools. He received his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Rhode Island in1966; his M.S.E. and Ph.D. in nuclear engineering from the University of Michigan in 1967 and 1970, respectively; and his M.B.A. in business administration from the University of Pittsburgh in 1979. (Photo: Stephen Bilyj) Awards Index / Awards Archives Index / Engineering Communications College of Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina

64. HSCI 1815: Committee On Uranium The recollections of eugene P. wigner as told to Andrew Szanton WalterQC16 .W55 1992; Wagner, Francis S. eugene P. wigner, an architect of the Atomic http://www.tc.umn.edu/~allch001/1815/uranium/resource.htm

Committee on Uranium Resources Project Description Guide for Participants Visuals Course Hub Original Documents Michael B. Stoff (ed.), The Manhattan Project: A Documentary Introduction to the Atomic Age. Walter Quarto QC773.A1 M36 1991. Letters by Einstein, Sachs, Roosevelt, Szilard, Fermi and Watson. Comprehensive Histories Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb , esp. Chap 10 and earlier relevant threads, and indexed entries. Walter QC773 .R46 1986; Wilson QC773 .R46 1986 Children of the Manhattan Project heritage website (although much relates to the later history) index to history section Trinity Atomic Web Site : Nuclear Weapons: History, Technology, and Consequences in Historic Documents, Photos, and Videos and mirror site Lawrence Badash, Scientists and the Development of Atomic Weapons [although primary focus is later]. Walter U264 .B34 1995 Background on Nuclear Physics High-Energy Weapons Archive and mirror site Chuck Hansen, The Swords of Armageddon , CD-ROM, TC Learning Resource Center U264.3 .H364x 1995 CD-R177 Background on Weapons Constance McLaughlin Green, Harry C. Thomson, and Peter C. Roots. 1955.

65. Remembering Eugene Wigner And Pondering His Legacy Remembering eugene wigner and pondering his legacy See F. Lalë, Am. J.Phys, 69, 2001, p 655.) When wigner was first introduced to QM, paradoxes were http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/20/article5/article5.html

Europhysics News (2003) Vol. 34 No. 2 Remembering Eugene Wigner and pondering his legacy Laszlo Tisza, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA W hen I looked into the 1992, November issue of Fizikai Szemle in which Wigner was celebrated on his 90 th birthday, I saw the list of his well over 300 publications in all branches of physics, in chemistry and in pure mathematics. My first reaction was to withdraw from this attempt of doing him justice in a single talk. On some reflection I thought of a way out. The early years Wigner's life coincided with the 20 th century. He was almost of the same "quantum age" as Heisenberg and Pauli, however, these two were in the center of the Copenhagen School and from 1925 on were among the main architects of quantum mechanics (QM). By contrast 1925 was the year when Wigner graduated as chemical engineer in Berlin. He must have felt way behind these pioneers, yet, he soon became one of the leaders of the new discipline. Moreover we shall see that his being rooted in chemistry sheds light on some of the subtler aspects of QM. Michael Polanyi was among Wigner's mentors in chemistry. Their joint work on molecular reaction chemistry is one of the standard papers in the field. After obtaining his engineering degree Wigner returned to Budapest to work in the tanning factory where his father was director. He felt frustrated, but Polanyi came to the rescue with an invitation to Berlin to an assistantship in x-ray crystallography. Wigner resumed attendance at the physics colloquium and felt great attraction to QM. The factory had been a dead-end, but the chemical training and his sensitization to mathematics in school were positive influences, since QM was basically a novel confluence of physics, mathematics and chemistry.

66. Article About "Eugene Wigner" In The English Wikipedia On 24-Apr-2004 eugene Paul wigner (Hungarian wigner P?Jeno) (November 17, 1902 January 1,1995) was a Hungarian - American physicist and mathematician. http://fixedreference.org/en/20040424/wikipedia/Eugene_Wigner

The Eugene Wigner reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Apr-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference : snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org) Eugene Wigner Eugene Paul Wigner Hungarian November 17 January 1 ) was a Hungarian American physicist and mathematician He was one of a generation of physicists of the who remade the world of physics . It was a collection of people from Berlin to London to Zürich to Pisa , though not quite yet to New York or Chicago . The first physicists in this new generation Werner Heisenberg Erwin Schrödinger , and Paul Dirac , to name three created quantum mechanics . Quantum mechanics was a dazzling new world, which threw open dozens of fundamental physical questions. A new set of men (and a few women) came along behind them, to answer the first questions and pose others, often more complex. Wigner was in this second set of physicists. He posed and answered some of the most profound questions of 20th-century physics. He laid the foundation for the theory of symmetries in quantum mechanics. In the late , he extended his research into atomic nuclei Between and , this generation of physicists helped to remake the world again. This time it was a far greater, more public world they remade: one of armies, peoples, ideologies. They did it first by seeing that an

67. SS > Factoids > Quotations A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U •V eugene wigner. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/q/quotes.htm

home factoids quotations A B C D ... anon Miscellaneous quotations that struck my fancy, and that I have found nowhere better to put yet ... For other quotations, see laws liberty Quotation, n . The act of repeating erroneously the words of another. The words erroneously repeated. Ambrose Bierce, The Devil's Dictionary Philip W. Anderson More is different title of a paper, Science , vol 177, pp 293-296, 1972 Samuel Beckett Vladimir That passed the time. Estragon It would have passed in any case. Vladimir Yes, but not so rapidly. Waiting for Godot, Act I G. K. Chesterton The perplexity of life arises from there being too many interesting things in it for us to be interested properly in any of them. Tremendous Trifles 9 Winston S. Churchill Many forms of Government have been tried, and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except all those others that have been tried from time to time. speech Samuel Taylor Coleridge That willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith.

68. Bullettin Residents in the II Rabi, eugene P. wigner and Patrick MS Blackett There isalso a public telephone in the eugene P. wigner Institute (ground floor). http://www.ipcf.cnr.it/erice2003/html/information_bulletin.htm

INFORMATION BULLETIN FOR PARTICIPANTS 1. INSTITUTES AND LECTURE HALLS The "Ettore Majorana" Foundation and International Centre for Scientific Culture is named after an outstanding Italian physicist. Born in Sicily in 1906, Ettore Majorana's breadth of vision and exceptional contributions to theoretical nuclear physics moved Enrico Fermi to the following comment: "There are many categories of scientists, people of second and third rank, who do their best, but do not go very far. There are also people of first-class rank, who make great discoveries, fundamental to the development of science. But then there are the geniuses, like Galilei and Newton. Well, Ettore Majorana was one of them". Embracing 110 Schools, covering all branches of Science, the Centre is situated in the old pre-mediaeval city of Erice where three restored monasteries (one of which was the residence of the Viceroy of Sicily during the XIV and XV Centuries) provide an appropriate setting for high intellectual endeavour. These ancient buildings are now named after great Scientists and strong supporters of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre. The San Francesco Monastery (former Viceroys residence) is now the Eugene P. Wigner Institute with the "Enrico Fermi" Lecture Hall.

69. Quantum Chaos suggested by eugene P. wigner, another early master of quantum mechanics.wigner observed, as had many others, that nuclear physics does not possess the http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/qchao/quantc.htm

Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia Get the Genesis of Eden AV-CD Windows / Mac Compatible Includes live video seminars, enchanting renewal songs and a thousand page illustrated codex. Join SAKINA-Weave A transformative network reflowering Earth's living diversity in gender reunion. Return to Genesis of Eden? STATIONARY STATES or wave patterns, associated with the energy levels of a Rydberg atom (a highly excited hydrogen atom) in a strong magnetic field can exhibit chaotic qualities. The states shown in the left two images seem regular, the right two are chaotic. In the third picture the state lies mostly along a periodic orbit; in the fourth, it does not and is difficult to interpret, except for the four mirror symmetries with respect to the vertical horizontal and two diagonal lines. Quantum Chaos Martin Gutzwiller Scientific American Jan 92 POINCARE SECTION OF A HYDROGEN ATOM in a strong magnetic field has regions where the points of the electron's trajectory scatter wildly, indicating chaotic behavior. The section is a slice out of phase space, an abstract six-dimensional space: the usual three for the

70. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results eugene Paul wigner Born 17 Nov 1902 in Budapest, Hungary Died 1 Jan 1995 inPrinceton symmetry principles eugene P. wigner 1/2 of prize Hungary U.. http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/search_webcatalogue.pl?term1=Wigner-Seitz

71. Europhysics News NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 1999 (p eugene P. wigner has identified two of the legendary teachers of the LutheranGymnasium László Rátz in mathematics and Sándor Mikola in physics. http://www.fi.uib.no/~csernai/Sci-Policy/gymnasiu.htm

72. UNM Physics And Astronomy Department Web Site wigner, eugene Paul, Group theory and its application to the quantum mechanics of Symmetries and reflections; scientific essays of eugene P. wigner, In http://panda.unm.edu/library/index.php?sort_by=author&letter=w

73. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents eugene P. wigner, 92 WON 63 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS. Author AP PRINCETON,NJ eugene P. wigner, a Nobel Prizewinning physicist who played a http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1995/1995y.html

Archives Big Dig Book Reviews Boston Capital ... Week in Photos Search the Globe: Today Yesterday EUGENE P. WIGNER, 92 WON '63 NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS Author: AP Date: Wednesday, January 4, 1995 Page: Section: OBITUARY PRINCETON, N.J. Eugene P. Wigner, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist who played a prominent role in the development of the atomic bomb and nuclear energy, has died of pneumonia. He was 92. Mr. Wigner died Sunday at the Medical Center of Princeton. A professor emeritus in mathematical physics at Princeton University, Mr. Wigner won the Noble Prize in physics in 1963 for his insight into quantum mechanics. Mr. Wigner used group theory to organize the quantum energy levels of electrons in atoms. Together with fellow Hungarian expatriate Leo Szilard, Mr. Wigner persuaded Albert Einstein in 1939 to write to President Roosevelt about the potential to produce vast amounts of energy from uranium. Mr. Wigner took a leave of absence from Princeton in 1942 to join a team at the University of Chicago working on the secret project to design reactors to produce the first plutonium for nuclear weapons. He retired from active status on the Princeton faculty in 1971.

74. Stephen Wolfram: A New Kind Of Science -- Relevant Books wigner, eugene P. Group Theory and Its Application to the Quantum Mechanics ofAtomic The Recollections of eugene P. wigner as told to Andrew Szanton http://www.wolframscience.com/reference/books/w.html

WOLFRAM'S LIBRARY A B C D ... V W X Y Z W Waddington, C.H. The Nature of Life Wagner, David B. Power Programming with Mathematica: The Kernel McGraw-Hill, 1996. [ISBN 007912237X Wagon, Stan Mathematica in Action Wagon, Stan Mathematica in Action Second Edition Springer-Verlag, 1999. [ISBN 0387982523 Wagon, Stan The Power of Visualization: Notes from a Mathematica Course Front Range Press, 1994. [ISBN 0963167839 Readings in Speech Recognition Morgan Kaufmann, 1990. [ISBN 1558601244 Wald, Robert M. General Relativity University of Chicago Press, 1984. [ISBN 0226870332 Waldram, J.R. The Theory of Thermodynamics Cambridge University Press, 1989. [ISBN 0521245753 Waldrop, M. Mitchell Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos (proof copy) Walker, Jearl Roundabout: The Physics of Rotation in the Everyday World. Walker, Jearl The Flying Circus of Physics WITH ANSWERS Wallace, Alfred Russel Tropical Nature, and Other Essays Macmillan, 1878 Wallace, William Galileo's Early Notebooks: The Physical Questions University of Notre Dame Press, 1977. [ISBN 0268009988

75. HAS: Hungary's Nobel Prize Winners eugene P. wigner. November 17, 1902, Budapest January 1, 1995, Princeton, NJ.eugene wigner (Jeno wigner) received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physics for http://www.mta.hu/?id=864

76. Hungary.hu wigner Jeno / eugene P. wigner (19021995), 1963, Physics. Gábor Dénes / DennisGabor (1900-1979), 1971, Physics. Polányi János / John C. Polanyi (1930-) http://www.magyarorszag.hu/angol/orszaginfo/magyarok

Administrative Hotline: more administrative websites: Hungary.hu The office of the President The Hungarian Parliament The Government of the Republic of Hungary The Hungarian Prime Minister's Office Ministry of Health, Social and Family Affairs Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of Economy and Transport Ministry of Defence Ministry of Informatics and Communications Ministry of Environment and Water Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Cultural Heritage Ministry of Education Ministry of Finance Sitemap Feedback Hungary.hu Thursday, 15 September 2005 - Enikő Melitta Magyar Deutsch ... Webcams Lake Balaton Gallery » Countryinfo Famous Hungarians Famous Hungarian Personalities of the 20th Century ... Hungarian Nobel Laureates document.title=document.title+' - FAMOUS HUNGARIANS - NOBEL-PRIZE WINNERS'; FAMOUS HUNGARIANS - NOBEL-PRIZE WINNERS  L©n¡rd F¼l¶p / Philipp E. A. von Lenard (1862-1947) Physics B¡r¡ny R³bert / Robert B¡r¡ny (1876-1936) Physiology Zsigmondy Rich¡rd / Richard A. Zsigmondy (1865-1929) Chemistry Szent-Gy¶rgyi Albert / Albert von Szent-Gy¶rgyi (1893-1986) Physiology Hevesy Gy¶rgy / George de Hevesy (1885-1966) Chemistry B©k©sy Gy¶rgy / Georg von B©k©sy (1899-1972 Physiology Wigner Jenő / Eugene P. Wigner (1902-1995)

77. Ungarn.hu Jeno wigner / eugene P. wigner (19021995), 1963, Physik. Dénes Gábor / DennisGabor (1900-1979), 1971, Physik. János Polányi / John C. Polanyi (1930-) http://www.magyarorszag.hu/nemet/orszaginfo/hiressegek

œgyf©lvonal: tov¡bbi k¶zigazgat¡si honlapok: Magyarorsz¡g.hu K¶zt¡rsas¡gi Eln¶k Orsz¡ggyűl©s Korm¡ny Minisztereln¶k Minisztereln¶ki Hivatal Bel¼gyminiszt©rium Eg©szs©g¼gyi Miniszt©rium Foglalkoztat¡spolitikai ©s Munka¼gyi Miniszt©rium F¶ldművel©s¼gyi ©s Vid©kfejleszt©si Miniszt©rium Gazdas¡gi ©s K¶zleked©si Miniszt©rium Ifjºs¡gi, Csal¡d¼gyi, Szoci¡lis ©s Es©lyegyenlős©gi Miniszt©rium Honv©delmi Miniszt©rium Igazs¡g¼gyi Miniszt©rium Informatikai ©s H­rk¶zl©si Miniszt©rium K¶rnyezetv©delmi ©s V­z¼gyi Miniszt©rium K¼l¼gyminiszt©rium Nemzeti Kultur¡lis –r¶ks©g Miniszt©riuma Oktat¡si Miniszt©rium P©nz¼gyminiszt©rium Seg­ts©g Honlapt©rk©p Kapcsolat Ungarn.hu Donnerstag, 15. September 2005 - Enikő Melitta Magyar English ... Ungarische Nobelpreistr¤ger document.title=document.title+' - Nobelpreistr¤ger, die Ungarn bzw. ungarischer Abstammung sind'; Nobelpreistr¤ger, die Ungarn bzw. ungarischer Abstammung sind  NOBELPREISTRT„GER, DIE UNGARN BZW. UNGARISCHER ABSTAMMUNG SIND F¼l¶p L©n¡rd / Philipp E. A. von Lenard (1862-1947)

78. Physicist / Astronomer W eugene P. wigner (1902 1995) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, eugene P. wigner pursued his grammar school studies in the famous Fasor http://www.mlahanas.de/Stamps/Data/PHPerson/W.htm

Physicist / Astronomer Stamps W Waals Johannes Diderik van der (1837-1923) The Netherlands Nobel Physics prize for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids. Dutch scientist. Born November 23, 1837 in Leiden, Netherlands. He was known for his theory of binary solutions and the thermodynamic theory of capillarity. He died March 9, 1923 in Amsterdam. Stamps Netherlands. - Maldives MIS1995L28.46 Sweden 879; 882 Wales William (1734-1798) Walton Thomas Sinton Ernest (1903-1995) Ireland Nobel Physics prize for pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles. Weinberg Steven (1933-) USA Jew but also atheist Nobel Physics prize for contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current Whipple Fred Lawrence (1906-) American astronomer. Stamp Mauritania 622 Wieman Carl E. (1951-) USA Nobel Physics prize for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates Wien Wilhelm (1864-1928) Germany Nobel Physics prize for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat Wigner Eugene Paul Born: 17 Nov 1902 in Budapest, Hungary

79. Phys. Rev. 98, 145 (1955): Wigner - Lower Limit For The... eugene P. wigner; Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton,New Jersey. Received 10 December 1954. It is shown that the derivative of the http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.98.145

Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. A Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. C Phys. Rev. D Phys. Rev. E Phys. Rev. ST AB Phys. Rev. ST AB Rev. Mod. Phys. Phys. Rev. (Series I) Phys. Rev. Volume: Page/Article: Previous article Next article Issue 1 contents View Page Images PDF (538 kB), or Buy this Article Lower Limit for the Energy Derivative of the Scattering Phase Shift Eugene P. Wigner Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Received 10 December 1954 It is shown that the derivative of the scattering phase shift with respect to energy, d eta dE , must exceed a certain limit if the interaction of scattered particle and scatterer vanishes beyond a certain distance. This limitation of d eta dE is, fundamentally, a consequence of the principle of causality; it is derived, however, from a property of the derivative matrix R URL: http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v98/p145 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.98.145 View Page Images PDF (538 kB), or Buy this Article Previous article Next article Issue 1 contents ... [Show References] Requires Subscription [Show Articles Citing This One] Requires Subscription Previous article Next article Issue 1 contents APS ... Search E-mail: prola@aps.org

80. Phys. Rev. 73, 1002 (1948): Wigner - On The Behavior Of... eugene P. wigner; Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton,New Jersey. Received 16 January 1948. The energy dependence of the cross http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.73.1002

Phys. Rev. Lett. Phys. Rev. A Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. C Phys. Rev. D Phys. Rev. E Phys. Rev. ST AB Phys. Rev. ST AB Rev. Mod. Phys. Phys. Rev. (Series I) Phys. Rev. Volume: Page/Article: Previous article Next article Issue 9 contents View Page Images PDF (1436 kB), or Buy this Article On the Behavior of Cross Sections Near Thresholds Eugene P. Wigner Palmer Physical Laboratory, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Received 16 January 1948 The energy dependence of the cross section for the formation of a product, near the threshold energy for that formation, is considered. It is shown that the cross section is, apart from a constant, in the neighborhood of the threshold the same function of energy, no matter what the reaction mechanism is, as long as the long-range interaction of the product particles is the same. The same must hold, because of the principle of detailed balance, for the back reaction, i.e., the reaction between particles with very low relative velocities. In this case, the cross section, as function of the energy, depends only on the long-range interaction of the reacting particles. The energy dependence of the cross section is determined for three types of interactions, viz . no interaction, Coulomb repulsion and Coulomb attraction. The rule for a 1 /

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