41. UNU Update: Optional Approval  Of US Force But the united nations does not have its own military and police forces. Because peacekeeping is likely to remain the united nations instrument of http://update.unu.edu/archive/issue26_21.htm

UNU Update The newsletter of United Nations University and its network of research and training centres and programmes Issue 25: June 2003 COMMENT U.S. considers U.N. approval of force optional By Ramesh Thakur U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld was recently reported as having participated in discussions on a possible U.S.-organized standing international peacekeeping force outside the auspices of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations. The idea would need to overcome deep-seated skepticism within the U.S. Army, which tends to view peacekeeping as a distraction from its real job of war fighting, and among other countries reluctant to participate in such operations outside the comforting umbrella of the United Nations and NATO. The United States is the world's indispensable power; the United Nations, the world's indispensable institution. The United Nations has unmatched legitimacy and authority on the one hand, and convening and mobilizing power on the other. But the United Nations does not have its own military and police forces. A multinational coalition of allies can offer a more credible and efficient military force when robust action is needed and warranted. The United Nations would be hard pressed to achieve anything of note without active U.S. engagement, let alone against its vital interests and determined opposition.

42. United Nations Most Effective Forces Are Non-Western 15th Battalion is India s contribution to the united nations peacekeepingforce along the When the united nations Interim Force in Lebanon, Unifil, http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0507-31.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Featured Views Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Saturday, May 7, 2005 by the Seattle Post-Intelligencer United Nations' Most Effective Forces are Non-Western by Robert Fisk There were bagpipers in Scottish tartan, hundreds of soldiers coming to attention with all the snap of Sandhurst and a banner proclaiming "Duty Unto Death," which could have been a chapter title in the dreadful old G.A. Henty novels of empire that my parents once forced me to read. I had to pinch myself to remember that this corner of the British Empire was actually southern Lebanon. But there was nothing un-British about the Assam Regiment, whose battle honors go back to 1842 and whose regimental silver still bears the names of Victorian colonels of the Raj. It was Malcolm Muggeridge who once observed that the only Englishmen left were Indians. The Assam Regiment's 15th Battalion is India's contribution to the United Nations' peacekeeping force along the Israeli border Israel's listening posts were stitched across the brown snows of Golan high above us and its soldiers, from the seven northeastern states of India, have turned out to be among the most popular of U.N. units for two simple reasons. They help with much of the veterinary work among the poor farmers and shades, here, I suppose, of the new high-tech city of Hyderabad they repair all the computers in local schools. But there was one salient feature of the battalion's U.N. medal parade: The other units that had sent their officers were almost all non-Western.

43. Cyprus United Nations Peace-keeping Force In Cyprus - Flags, Maps, Economy, Hist Cyprus united nations peacekeeping Force in Cyprus - Flags, Maps, Economy,History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, http://www.photius.com/countries/cyprus/national_security/cyprus_national_securi

Country Ranks INDEX for Cyprus History ... Feedback Cyprus United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus http://www.photius.com/countries/cyprus/national_security/cyprus_national_security_united_nations_peace~7686.html Sources: The Library of Congress Country Studies; CIA World Factbook Back to Cyprus National Security United Nations troops manning an observation post looking across the Mesaoria Courtesy United Nations United Nations (UN) troops were present on Cyprus beginning with the breakdown of the constitutional arrangements in 1964. The original three-month UNFICYP mandate was extended, initially at three-month intervals and, after 1974, at six-month intervals. Any of the permanent members of the UN Security Council could veto its continuation, but none has ever done so. The Security Council repeatedly affirmed the original mandate and adopted a number of resolutions that required the force to perform additional or modified functions. The basic mandate called on UNFICYP to operate "in the interest of preserving international peace and security, to use its best efforts to prevent a recurrence of fighting and, as necessary, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and a return to normal conditions." The UNFICYP force level was maintained at about 4,500 from 1965 to 1968, and 3,500 from 1969 to 1972. Except for a temporary increase to 4,440 for a period after the 1974 fighting, its size gradually declined, reaching about 2,000 as of 1990.

44. Overseas Service - The Irish Defence Forces 2003 united nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL). - International Force of the united nations and the fact that its peacekeeping activities have proved http://www.military.ie/overseas/irl_un.htm

INTRODUCTION OVERSEAS SERVICE CAREERS CONTACT US ... HOME OVERSEAS SERVICE Overseas Service Home Page Ireland and the United Nations The Peacekeeper ... Mission Strengths Overseas Service IRELAND AND THE UNITED NATIONS Ireland became a member of the United Nations in 1955. Since 1958, the Defence Forces has had a continuous presence on peacekeeping missions, mainly in the Middle East. However, in recent years, following the end of the cold war, Irish Defence Forces personnel have also found themselves in many other parts of the globe as peacekeepers. Personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, former Yugoslavia, Cambodia, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kuwait, Namibia, Western Sahara , South Africa and East Timor. This extensive Irish participation in peacekeeping is regarded in very positive terms both by the Government and the Defence Forces. Indeed, in September 1993 the Government restated the roles of the Defence Forces and defined one of them as being: "To participate in United Nations missions in the cause of international peace"

45. Overseas Service - The Irish Defence Forces UNTSI UNTSI (The united nations Training School Ireland) was established in aim of ensuring that the Defence forces training for peacekeeping would be http://www.military.ie/overseas/untsi.htm

INTRODUCTION OVERSEAS SERVICE CAREERS CONTACT US ... HOME OVERSEAS SERVICE Overseas Service Home Page Ireland and the United Nations The Peacekeeper ... Mission Strengths Overseas Service UNTSI - THE UNITED NATIONS TRAINING SCHOOL IRELAND UNTSI (The United Nations Training School Ireland) was established in 1993 as a school of the Military College with the principle aim of ensuring that the Defence Forces training for peacekeeping would be of the highest standards in all aspects of today's complex peace support operations. UNTSI is also a centre which draws on the exceptional range of experience gained by Irish peacekeeping soldiers on many missions world-wide. The mission of the school, therefore, is: to study developments in peacekeeping in all its forms; to develop peacekeeping doctrine and to conduct training courses and seminars on peacekeeping in order to ensure high standards of performance by Defence Forces personnel on peacekeeping missions primarily, but not exclusively, with the United Nations. UNTSI regularly carries out the following courses: Mission specific training of Military Observers for all Irish supported peacekeeping missions world-wide.

46. Peacekeeping Web Links: Library And Links: Jeannette Rankin Library Program: U.S Canadian forces Centre of Excellence for Peace Support Operations Training (PSTC) The web page describes the UN peacekeeping operation, united nations http://www.usip.org/library/topics/peacekeeping.html

Topical Resources Peacekeeping Web Links Below are links by topical categories to resources primarily in English that provide substantive content on peacekeeping, peacekeeping operations, and peacebuilding. These include: (1) training of U.S. military personnel, with a particular focus on lessons learned in Bosnia and implications for Kosovo (2) UN peacekeeping issues in Africa and (3) CIVPOL, international civilian police. For related web links, see Regional Resources: Europe , which includes links for Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo and Regional Resources: Africa , which includes links for Democratic Republic of Congo Eritrea Ethiopia and Sierra Leone General Resources and Programs Government Agencies, International and Non-Governmental Organizations Selected Reports and Publications These links complement four Institute Special Reports: Training U.S. Army Officers for Peace Operations: Lessons from Bosnia Peacekeeping in Africa American Civilian Police in UN Peace Operations Enhancing International Civilian Police in Peace Operations ... U.S.-China Cooperation on the Problem of Failing States and Transnational Threats General Resources and Programs The sites below collect links to other Internet resources which describe the background, history and current state of peacekeeping operations.

47. Dateline: Hollywood » U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL VOTES TO SEND PEACEKEEPING FORCES T The decision to bring in UN peacekeeping forces has received a mixed reaction from The united nations Peacekeeping forces are employed by the World http://datelinehollywood.com/archives/2004/11/22/un-security-council-votes-to-se

@import url( http://datelinehollywood.com/wp-layout.css ); Dateline: Hollywood Home Archives About Us ... Advertise Updated Every Monday U.N. SECURITY COUNCIL VOTES TO SEND PEACEKEEPING FORCES TO VIBE AWARDS AND NBA GAMES White House calls for international help to deal with out of control rappers, NBA players "The world cannot stand by as rappers stab each other and professional basketball players attack fans," said U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan. "It is imperative that the U.N. get this situation under control with these rappers. They could easily attack other 'soft targets' such as the Video Music Awards and the Grammys." The Bush administration had originally called for National Guard troops to be stationed at every single NBA game for the rest of the season and any event where more than two rappers are congregating. However, the ongoing war in Iraq has pushed the National Guard to the limit, forcing the White House to accept the international assistance in this national crisis. The decision to bring in U.N. peacekeeping forces has received a mixed reaction from American citizens. "This is the United States of America! We don't need any of these damn foreign troops sticking their nose in our business," said Tom Lotton of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

48. PERMANENT MISSION OF TURKEY As one of the 51 founding members of the united nations, Turkey strives to Turkey has made important contributions to UN peacekeeping forces and to the http://www.un.int/turkey/turkey-un.htm

PERMANENT MISSION OF TURKEY TO UNITED NATIONS 821 UN PLAZA, 11TH FLOOR NEW YORK, NY, 10017 Turkey’s Relations with the United Nations Turkey’s Position in the UN Geographical Group System Turkey and the Security Council Turkey and the General Assembly Turkey and the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) ... Turkey’s Contribution and Approach to UN Peacekeeping Operations a) Turkey’s Position in the UN Geographical Group System For the purposes stated in UN General Assembly resolutions 1991 (XVIII) of 1963, 2847 (XXVI) of 1971 and 33/138 of 1978, geographical groups have been developed within the UN. The five geographical groups within the United Nations are i) African States (53), ii) Asian States (53), Eastern European States (21), iv) Latin American and Caribbean States (33) and v) Western European and Other States – WEOG (29). Turkey, while taking part in the proceedings of both the Asian Group and WEOG, participates only to the elections of WEOG. go top b) Turkey and the Security Council As one of the 51 founding members of the United Nations, Turkey strives to defend and advance the goals and principles set forth in the UN Charter.

49. Permanent Mission Of Ireland To The United Nations Ireland joined the united nations on 14 December, 1955, The high standing ofthe Irish Defence forces within UN peacekeeping has been reflected in the http://www.un.int/ireland/peacekeeping.htm

Ireland joined the United Nations on 14 December, 1955, and has had a continuous presence in UN peacekeeping operations since 1958, mainly in the Middle East. Since then, Irish personnel have served over 50,000 individual missions on UN peacekeeping operations. Tragically, 86 Irish personnel have died while serving as UN peacekeepers. Ireland's involvement in peacekeeping represents a major contribution to international peace and security and the Irish people are justly proud of the commitment and professionalism of our peacekeepers and the regard in which they are held internationally. Ireland underlined our commitment to UN peacekeeping in 1998 committing 850 Defence Forces personnel to UN peacekeeping under the UN Standby Arrangements System (UNSAS). This initiative is designed to increase the UN's capacity to respond to emergency situations. In December 2003, Ireland deployed a rapid reaction battalion and special forces (450 personnel) to the newly formed Misson in Liberia (UNMIL). (the police force) fi For more information on Irish peacekeeping, click here:

50. With No Peace To Keep united nations Peacekeeping And The War In The Former Yugoslavia Analysts fromthe region look at the role of the UN Peace forces in BosniaHercegovina, http://www.haverford.edu/relg/sells/books/no_peace.html

With No Peace to Keep United Nations Peacekeeping And The War In The Former Yugoslavia With No Peace To Keep... United Nations Peacekeeping And The War In The Former Yugoslavia Published by Grainpress Ltd, 1995 * ISBN 9527114 00 "With No Peace to Keep..." is a comprehensive report on the United Nations mission in the former Yugoslavia, the largest and most ambitious peacekeeping operation in the history of the world organization. Twenty one contributions written by international analysts and experts examine the key issues which have confronted the UN Peace Forces since their deployment in 1992. Edited by: George Stamkoski and Ben Cohen Publisher: Grainpress Ltd. (184 pp) First publication date: December 1995 Distribution: Media East West Ltd To order copies of: "With No Peace to Keep..." please send a check for 10.00 pounds + 1.50 UK postage (in pounds sterling) made out to Media East West at: Four Panton Street, London SW1Y 4DL, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 171 - 930 5363, Fax: +44 (0) 171 - 839 1228, email: icu@gn-apcorg

51. The NATO-Russia Archive - NATO And UN Peacekeeping Operations CIS peacekeeping forces also cooperated with the UN mission UNMOT in Tajikistan US Permanent Representative to the united nations JD Negroponte The UN http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/Peacekeeping.htm

NATO and UN Peacekeeping Operations A. Official Documents and Declarations I. UN Peacekeeping Operations II. NATO Peacekeeping Operations 1. Inclusion of Peacekeeping into NATO's Field of Action 2. Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTF) III. CIS Peacekeeping Operations IV. Co-operation between NATO and Russia in Peacekeeping Operations B. Speeches C. Research Studies ... D. Parliamentary Reports A. Official Documents and Declarations I. UN Peacekeeping Operations While it is true that the word "peacekeeping" does not appear in the text of the UN Charter, the United Nations has been deploying peacekeepers since 1948. Article 42 in Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which states that the Security Council may take such actions as necessary "to maintain or restore international peace and security", provides the legal basis for the conduct of such operations. As a regional arrangement recognised as such by the UN, the OSCE can conduct peacekeeping operations under Chapter VIII of the UN Charter. Click here for a UN report on Cooperation with regional organisations in peacekeeping operations , Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organisation, 1995.

52. Lester B. Pearson & The United Nations As Peacekeepers Canadians have shared widely in the peacekeeping work of the united nations.In fact, UN peacekeeping forces are very much the product of a Canadian http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/228-229.htm

The United Nations As Peacekeepers Planting Seeds For World Peace From Cyprus or the Congo in the 1960s to Yugoslavia or Somalia or Rwanda in the 1990s, Canadians have shared widely in the peacekeeping work of the United Nations. In fact, UN peacekeeping forces are very much the product of a Canadian initiative taken by Lester B. Pearson, then Canada’s Minister for External Affairs, during the Suez Canal crisis of 1956. Pearson had been president, in 1952, of the United Nations General Assembly and later became Canada’s Prime Minister (1963-1968). This historic view portrays Lester B. Pearson, Canada's Minister of External Affairs (and future Prime Minister, 1963-68), receiving the 1957 Nobel Peace Prize, in Norway, from Gunnar Jahn, Chairman, Nobel Committee (1942-66) [NAC/PA 114544] In October 1956, Israeli troops backed by Britain and France attacked the key Suez Canal area, which Egypt had earlier seized. Faced with a situation that threatened to disrupt the alliance of Western powers — or even lead to world war — Pearson proposed a United Nations Emergency Force to stabilize the danger zone and offered Canadian troops to serve in such a collective force. Working through its secretary-general, Dag Hammarskjold, he succeeded in getting the UN to adopt his bold proposal. The UNEF thus quickly came into being under the command of Canadian General Eedson L.M. Burns; a Canadian contingent was a permanent inclusion. Despite difficulties, this UN Force succeeded in restoring order. Pearson, for his efforts, received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957. Above all, a major instrument had been added to the UN’s global operations, one for which Canada, today, deserves a large portion of the credit.

53. United Nations Career Records Project PEACEKEEPING forces. US Navy Photograph Parade of UN (Ghanaian) troops taking The other peacekeeping effort covered in depth is the united nations Force http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/modpol/uncrp.htm

UNITED NATIONS CAREER RECORDS PROJECT The United Nations Career Records Project (UNCRP) was set up in 1989 with the aim of constructing an archive of recollections and journals relating to the careers of UN officials from throughout the organization, including its many specialized agencies. The resulting collection includes a wealth of contributions from workers in the field peacekeeping forces and administrative staff , as well as material from national representatives to the UN and from Non-Governmental Organization (the Anti-Slavery Society and the Quakers) members involved in UN work. Contributions take the form of contemporaneous papers, memoirs and interviews (recordings and transcripts), almost all of which are available for consultation. The project remains open for further contributions. For ease of access full details of the collection are kept on a computer database in the Modern Papers and John Johnson Reading Room, and a hard copy catalogue is also available. Further information is available from Helen Langley modern.papers@bodley.ox.ac.uk

54. The Jamestown Foundation Resolution 1590 authorizing the UN to deploy peacekeeping forces in Sudan . Actively participating in united nations peacekeeping missions furthers http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=408&issue_id=3328&ar

55. Darwin United Nations Peace Keeping Forces Plaque Darwin united nations Peace Keeping forces Plaque. Click to enlarge. PlaceDarwin, Northern Territory, 0800 District DarwinDaly http://www.skp.com.au/memorials/pages/80079.htm

War Memorials in Australia Darwin United Nations Peace Keeping Forces Plaque Place: Darwin, Northern Territory, 0800 District: Darwin-Daly Orientation: Territory capital Location: Adjacent to Darwin Cenotaph, Bicentennial Park, off Esplanade between Herbert Street and Knuckey Street Position: 12 28 00 S 130 50 39 E Ref: 80079 The plaque is one of a series commemorating various units who served in Darwin during World War II. They are set at ground level next to a fence overlooking the harbour and in close proximity to Darwin Cenotaph. Insignia of United Nations "IN THE SERVICE OF PEACE" THIS PLAQUE IS DEDICATED TO THOSE WHO SERVED WITH THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE KEEPING FORCES 24 OCTOBER 1994 Information current to May 2000 PREVIOUS HOME SEARCH DESCRIPTIONS ... NEXT

56. Current Issues Surrounding UN Peace-keeping Operations And Japanese Perspective This paper discusses the united nations peacekeeping Operations (PKO) andhumanitarian 1996 Jan.-, united nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/un/pko/issues.html

Current Issues Surrounding UN Peace-keeping Operations and Japanese Perspective January 1997 Introduction This paper discusses the United Nations Peace-keeping Operations (PKO) and humanitarian assistance operations from a Japanese perspective. In particular, the involvement of Japan's Self-Defense Forces will be dealt with in detail. The paper consists of three parts: I. Background and Legal Framework, II. Japan's Humanitarian Assistance Activities and Lessons Learned, III. Japan's PKO Activities and Issues to be Addressed. I. Background and Legal Framework The United Nations Peace-keeping Operations have evolved during the past four decades to assume a central role in maintaining peace in the international community. This trend has been reinforced since the end of the Cold War, where the Security Council, in the absence of the East-West conflict, has assumed greater responsibility in matters related to international security. The Gulf Crisis, however, awakened the Japanese people out of a psychological cocoon that had protected them from the world at large throughout the postwar years. They had to face harsh criticism from around the world that Japan had been too slow in offering too little assistance to the multinational struggle against Iraq's aggression against its neighbor. Despite Japan's substantial financial contribution amounting to $13 billion, raised through new taxes, the international community's lack of appreciation bewildered the Japanese people. This stinging criticism brought home to their minds the importance of sharing the burden with blood, sweat and tears, and not just with money, as a responsible member of the international community striving for the common cause of maintaining peace with justice.

57. RETANET | UN Peacekeepers And The Americas As the Generals in command of all of the UN’s peacekeeping forces around the united nations Peacekeeping homepage that gives details of all past and http://retanet.unm.edu/article.pl?sid=05/05/11/1912233&mode=flat&tid=20

58. United Nations: History The name united nations was coined by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in UN action in the Congo and later in sending peacekeeping forces to Cyprus http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0861704.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 15, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Back to School Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia United Nations History Origins The earliest concrete plan for the formation of a new world organization was begun under the aegis of the U.S. State Department late in 1939. The name United Nations was coined by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1941 to describe the countries fighting against the Axis. It was first used officially on Jan. 1, 1942, when 26 states joined in the Declaration by the United Nations, pledging themselves to continue their joint war effort and not to make peace separately. The need for an international organization to replace the League of Nations was first stated officially on Oct. 30, 1943, in the Moscow Declaration, issued by China, Great Britain, the United States, and the USSR.

59. United Nations (Harpers.org) Aug 29, Experts urged the united nations to improve its peacekeeping many ofwhom believe that united nations peacekeeping forces will rape and kill http://www.harpers.org/UnitedNations.html

United Nations Sources Events Related To United Nations Week of Aug 8 Organizers of the United Nations Millennium World Peace Summit of Religious and Spiritual Leaders failed to invite the Tibetan Dalai Lama because doing so would offend China Week of Aug 29 Experts urged the United Nations to improve its peacekeeping department by adding an intelligence unit. Week of Sep 5 A large group of religious leaders met and exchanged business cards at the United Nations ; the Dalai Lama was excluded for fear of angering China Week of Sep 12 One hundred and forty-nine world leaders disrupted traffic in New York City United Nations secretary general Kofi Annan warned that disease , poverty, war , hunger, and pollution were difficult problems that required cooperation among nations. Week of Oct 17 Refugees in West Timor, many of whom believe that United Nations peacekeeping forces will rape and kill them if they return to East Timor , were being held in virtual captivity by pro- Indonesia militias. Week of Oct 24 The United Nations General Assembly was considering a motion to condemn Israel for using excessive force against Palestinians ; of the 134 people who have died in the recent uprising, all but 8 were Arabs.

60. Untitled Document united nations Peacekeeping Website. united nations Peacekeeping, united nationsPeacekeeping. World map. Text Version. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/home.shtml

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