61. News Center | University Of Colorado At Boulder arthur L. schawlow PRIZE Distinguished Professor Carl E. Wieman of the Universityof Colorado at Boulder has been named the recipient of the 1999 arthur L. http://www.colorado.edu/PublicRelations/NewsReleases/1998/Carl_Wieman_Receives_1

Top Stories News In Depth Search / News Archive News Services CU News Staff ... Just the Facts CU Fact Book Inside CU Faculty/Staff Newsletter CU Buffs Athletics News September 15, 2005 CU-Boulder Ranked 11th Best Public University In World, According To Survey A new survey of the world's top universities cited in the Sept. 8 issue of The Economist ranks the University of Colorado at Boulder as the 11th best public university. International Student Numbers Down 6 Percent At CU-Boulder, Following National Trend International student numbers at the University of Colorado at Boulder will drop 6 percent this year, following a trend throughout the United States that has intensified as national security measures tighten and the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia move to attract students discouraged by U.S. policies. Dangerous Rocky Flats Fire Brought To Life By CU-Boulder Online Virtual Museum The extraordinary politics, science and secrecy of the former Rocky Flats nuclear bomb factory are now part of an Internet multimedia "virtual museum exhibit" developed by University of Colorado at Boulder Associate Professor Len Ackland and a team of researchers. New Orleans Disaster Forecast In 2004 CU-Boulder Publication The Natural Hazards Center at the University of Colorado at Boulder commissioned a series of six articles in 2004 titled "Disasters Waiting to Happen," one of which focused on a major hurricane striking New Orleans.

62. Michigan Engineering - Mazumder Receives 2003 Schawlow Award Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, received the22nd arthur L. schawlow Award from the Laser Institute of America (LIA). http://www.engin.umich.edu/news/mazumderschawlow/

The access key for accessibility features is 0. Press alt to come back here at any time. Accessibility features: Accesskeys: Skip To Content Go to Site Navigation Bar Go to the breadcrumbs section for this page. Go to the Navigation Menu for this page. ... ALUMNI CoE News All Categories Research Students Teams and Groups ... News Items Mazumder Receives 2003 Schawlow Award Mazumder Receives 2003 Schawlow Award The LIA, which established the award, cited Mazumder for his contributions as an “outstanding educator, scholar, scientist, engineer and pioneering leader in commercialization within the field of laser materials processing.” The award recognized his authorship of more than 270 scientific papers, nine books for which he served as editor or co-editor, and his service as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Laser Applications. The award had special import for Mazumder. “Besides being the highest recognition in the laser materials processing,” he said, “it has a personal significance to me due to my long association with Professor Schawlow, co-inventor of the laser and the 1981 Nobel Prize winner.” Mazumder is recognized as the architect of the Center for Laser-Aided Intelligent Manufacturing (CLAIM), a university-corporate partnership dedicated not only to advancing the development of laser material-processing for industrial applications but also to facilitating the transfer of new technology to American industry. The Center produces materials with novel properties and develops cost-effective processing methods. In addition, it serves as an incubator in which industry partners develop and optimize processes and applications without a major capital investment.

63. Nat' Academies Press, Biographical Memoirs V.83 (2003) arthur L. SchawTow was born in Mount Vernon, New York, on May 5, 1921. arthur schawlow 20 machine. arthur en c! Aurelia wrote a chapter in a book http://www.nap.edu/books/030908699X/html/196.html

Read more than 3,000 books online FREE! More than 900 PDFs now available for sale HOME ABOUT NAP CONTACT NAP HELP ... ORDERING INFO Items in cart [0] TRY OUR SPECIAL DISCOVERY ENGINE Questions? Call 888-624-8373 Biographical Memoirs V.83 (2003) National Academy of Sciences ( NAS Find More Like This Book Research ... Dashboard NEW! BUY This Book CHAPTER SELECTOR: Openbook Linked Table of Contents Front Matter, pp. i-viii J. Desmond Clark, pp. 1-17 Leopoldo Maximo Falicov, pp. 18-33 Harold P. Furth, pp. 34-45 Homer Dupre Hagstrum, pp. 46-59 Symour S. Kety, pp. 60-79 Edward F. Knipling, pp. 80-93 Heinz Adolf Lowenstam, pp. 94-119 Clement Lawrence Markert, pp. 120-139 Peter Meyer, pp. 140-159 Alfred Nisonoff, pp. 160-175 Sherwin Rosen, pp. 176-195 Arthur Schawlow, pp. 196-215 Charles Gald Sibley, pp. 216-239 Joseph Slepian, pp. 240-251 George Davis Snell, pp. 252-269 Sidney Udenfriend, pp. 270-299 Warren H. Wagner, Jr., pp. 300-319 Selman Abraham Waksman, pp. 320-343 Abel Wolman, pp. 344-361 Jeffries Wyman, pp. 362-377 GO TO PAGE: TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PRINTABLE PDF PAGE CHAPTER PAGE SEARCH THIS BOOK: PURCHASE OPTIONS HARDBACK list: Web: isbn_elements.push('030908699X');

64. Archive SETI Arthur Schawlow, Nobel Laureate And Co-inventor Of arthur L. schawlow, aka The Laser Man, died yesterday morning, April 28, at theStanford Hospital from pneumonia and congestive heart failure following a http://seti.sentry.net/archive/public/1999/5-99/00000027.htm

SETI Arthur Schawlow, Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the laser, Larry Klaes ( lklaes@bbn.com Tue, 04 May 1999 15:30:57 -0400 Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Previous message: Larry Klaes: "SETI A Star-Forming Region in Ara" Next message: Larry Klaes: "SETI RE: What happened to the Odysseus Web site?" >Approved-By: "H. Alan Montgomery" <fhd@LCC.NET> >From: "H. Alan Montgomery" <fhd@lcc.net> laser, dies 28, at used a >"ray gun" laser to shoot through a transparent balloon to pop a dark Mickey illustrate character: the irrepressible California-Berkeley, data As a provide beam >faculty at the University of Toronto, writes, "It was a special pleasure to serenading his >atomic beam with the clarinet, which he played reasonably well." His repertoire evenings to various took established >leader in the field of microwave spectroscopy. "It has been an enormous >privilege to have known Art and work with him," Townes said last year at a >symposium honoring his colleague. "I appreciate him as a fantastically good

65. Brief History Of Laser arthur L schawlow Charles H Townes, LASER patent No. 2929922. 1960. Theodore Maiman,Invented first working LASER based on Ruby. http://www.lasers.org.uk/laser_welding/briefhistory.htm

A Brief History of Lasers: The principle of the laser was first known in 1917, when physicist Albert Einstein described the theory of stimulated emission. However, it was not until the late 1940s that engineers began to utilize this principle for practical purposes. At the onset of the 1950's several different engineers were working towards the harnessing of energy using the principal of stimulated emission. At the University of Columbia was Charles Townes, at the University of Maryland was Joseph Weber and at the Lebedev Laboratories in Moscow were Alexander Prokhorov and Nikolai G Basov. At this stage the engineers were working towards the creation of what was termed a MASER (Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation), a device that amplified microwaves as opposed to light and soon found use in microwave communication systems. Townes and the other engineers believed it to be possible create an optical maser, a device for creating powerful beams of light using higher frequency energy to stimulate what was to become termed the lasing medium. Despite the pioneering work of Townes and Prokhorov it was left to Theodore Maiman in 1960 it invent the first Laser using a lasing medium of ruby that was stimulated using high energy flashes of intense light (see example) Both Townes and Prokhorov were later awarded the Nobel Science Prize in 1964 for their endeavours.

66. Templeton Prize For Progress Toward Research Or Discoveries About Spiritual Real 1949 arthur L. schawlow, who comes to Columbia University on a fellowship,becomes his research assistant. The two will later collaborate on several http://www.templetonprize.org/townes_factsheet.html

Current Prize Winners Recent Prize Winners The Templeton Prize Canyon Institute for Advanced Studies 3300 West Camelback Road Phoenix, Arizona 85017 USA 602.589.2541 Telephone 602.589.2897 Facsimile info@templetonprize.org CONTACT: Donald Lehr tel: (212) 967-8200 dlehr@templetonprize.org FACT SHEET - CHARLES HARD TOWNES July 28, 1915 - Receives Bachelor of Arts in modern languages and Bachelor of Science in physics, summa cum laude , from Furman University, a Baptist college in Greenville, South Carolina. - Receives Master of Arts in physics from Duke University. After failing to gain scholarship help from Cornell, Princeton, University of Chicago, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, enters graduate school at the California Institute of Technology, paying his own way. - With a thesis in isotope separation and nuclear spins, receives Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology. - Joins Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York City as a member of the technical staff, working on a variety of problems, including microwave generation, vacuum tubes, and solid-state physics, studying electron emissions from surfaces. During World War II, helps design radar bombing systems. Although not keen on building weapons, the knowledge gained in the study of microwave frequencies generated by radar would prove to be valuable in future research. - Marries Frances H. Brown, director of activities at International House for graduate students in New York. They have four daughters, Linda, Ellen, Carla and Holly.

67. Speaker Bio arthur L. schawlow at Stanford University as a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow. In 1974, jointly with arthur schawlow, Hänsch made the first proposal for http://www.apscenttalks.org/pres_bio.cfm?nameID=169

68. Schawlow, Arthur Lawrence schawlow, arthur Lawrence. (19211999) V roce 1961 se stal schawlow profesoremna Stanfordské universite a svetove uznávanou kapacitou v oblasti http://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/people/Schawlow_Arthur.html

Schawlow, Arthur L awrence Americký fyzik, který v roce 1981 obdržel Nobelovu cenu za práce na vývoji laseru a laserové spektroskopie. Spoludržiteli Nobelovi ceny jsou N. Bloembergen a K. Siegbahn Jako dítì žil v Kanadì, studoval na universitì v Torontu, kde získal v roce 1949 PhD. Poté pracoval v Kolumbijské universitì na vývoji maserù (laser v mikrovlnné oblasti), laserù a laserové spektroskopie. Spolupracoval pøedevším s C. Townesem, který získal NC v roce 1964 za konstrukci prvního funkèního maseru. Od roku 1951 do roku 1961 pracoval v Bellových telefonních laboratoøích. V roce 1958 spolu s Townesem publikovali èlánek, ve kterém popsali princip laseru. V roce 1960 by zkonstruován první laser T. Maimanem. V roce 1961 se stal Schawlow profesorem na Stanfordské universitì a svìtovì uznávanou kapacitou v oblasti laserové spektroskopie.

69. Kevin Mullen, Bookseller: Lasers And Light. By Schawlow, Arthur L. (introduction San Francisco, CA WHFreeman and Company, 1969. Black cloth/black DJ. 376 pp.......Author schawlow, arthur L. (introduction). http://www.mullenbooks.com/cgi-bin/kmb455/24722.html

Login: Password: Quick Search Home Search Print Catalogues About Us ... Site Map Kevin Mullen, Bookseller P.O. Box 472 Marietta, Pennsylvania 17547 Fax:717.492.0093 Title: Lasers and Light. Author: Schawlow, Arthur L. (introduction). Description: Item # Add to your cart Terms We ship most of our books via the USPS Oversized books and multi-volume sets are shipped at cost plus $2.75 FedEx is available at cost plus $2.75 Payment Options: Checks Money Orders Visa MC Discover PayPal (kevin@mullenbooks.com) This site is powered by Bibliopolis Home Search About Us ... Contact

70. Lexikon: Arthur L. Schawlow - Begriff Translate this page Kategorien Mann schawlow, arthur L. arthur Leonard schawlow (* 5. Mai 1921 inMount Vernon/New York (Bundesstaat) New York, †28. http://lexikon.donx.de/?action=details&show=Arthur L. Schawlow

71. Index To Scientists And Engineers Biographical File (Library Of Congress) SCATCHARD, GEORGE BIO, BIB. SCHACHMAN, HOWARD K. P, BIO, BIB. SCHAIRER, GEORGE S.P, BIB. schawlow, arthur L. P, BIB. TOP of PAGE INDEX. SCHIFFER, MM BIB http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/sci-eng-nz.html

Index to the Scientists and Engineers Biographical File About the Scientists and Engineers Biographical File What is the Scientists and Engineers Biographical File? The File contains information on scientists who were prominent in the early 1970s. It consists of folders containing photographs, biographical information and bibliographies of 1200 American and 100 foreign scientists and engineers. How was the collection formed? The collection was formed during the years 1972 - 75, when The Science and Technology Division solicited the materials as gifts from members of the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineers. Other scientists included those listed in Who's Who in Science, Engineers of Distinction, winners of the National Medal for Science, and Scientists in Search of Their Consciences. The division asked Nobel Prize recipients in the sciences to submit portraits and a print of their award ceremony. Who should use the The Scientists and Engineers Biographical File? The archive is useful to researchers needing pictorial material for publications, and anyone who needs bibliographical (that is, materials created by or about the scientist) and biographical information on many well known and lesser known scientists and engineers of the mid-twentieth century.

72. Physics Of The Laser the scientific paper, Infrared and Optical Masers, by arthur L. schawlow, thena Bell Labs researcher, and Charles H. Townes, a consultant to Bell Labs. http://articles.roshd.ir/articles_folder/BASEscience/physics/Physics of the Lase

http://www.urbana.k12.oh.us By T. Hatcher November 10, 1999 The Physics behind Lasers The invention of the laser, which stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, can be dated to 1958 with the publication of the scientific paper, Infrared and Optical Masers, by Arthur L. Schawlow, then a Bell Labs researcher, and Charles H. Townes, a consultant to Bell Labs. Their paper caused an explosion of research by scientists at Bell Labs and at universities and industrial laboratories around the world. Published in Physical Review, the journal of the American Physical Society, launched a new scientific field and opened the door to a multibillion-dollar industry. In communications, engineers recognized the potential of the laser to replace electrical transmission over copper wires, but how to transmit the pulses presented enormous problems. In 1960, Schawlow, D.F. Nelson, R.J. Collins and others transmitted pulses of light between Bell Labs facilities in Murray Hill, N.J., and Crawford Hill, N.J., a distance of 25 miles. Then called an optical maser, Townes' preferred name for the device, the laser produced an intense and extremely narrow beam of light that was more than a million times brighter than the sun. Unfortunately, laser beams could easily be adversely affected by atmospheric conditions, such as rain, fog, low clouds, and objects in the air, such a birds. Scientists and engineers suggested a number of novel schemes to protect the light from interference, including shielding it in metal tubes and using specially designed mirrors and thermal gas lenses to navigate around bends.

73. Wendell Hill's Publications Intracavity absorption line profiles a comment on the observed symmetry WT HillIII, Theodor W. Hansch, and arthur L. schawlow App. Phys.,24,3718(1985) http://ipstmail.umd.edu/Hill_Lab/hill_pub_list.htm

Selected Group Publications Ejection Anisotropy in Three-atom Coulomb Explosions K. Zhao and W. T. Hill III , Phys. Rev. A. 71, 013412 (2005) Laser Beams With Embedded Vortices: Tools for Atom Optics N. Chattrapiban, E. A. Rogers, I. V. Arakelyan, R. Roy, and W. T. Hill III , submitted to JOSA B (2005) Strong-Field Dissociative Ionization of a Linear Triatomic Molecule: Relationship Between Coulomb-Explosion Energies and the Bond Angle K. Zhao, G. Zhang and W.T. Hill III , Phys. Rev. A. 68, 063408 (2003) Generation of Nondiffracting Bessel Beams by Use of a Spatial Light Modulator N. Chattrapiban, E. A. Rogers, D. Cofield, W. T. Hill III and R. Roy, Opt. Lett. 28, 2183-2185 (2003) Deconvolving two-dimensional images of three-dimensional momentum trajectories K. Zhao, T. Calvin, W. T. Hill III , and G. Zhang Rev. Sci. Instru. 73, 3044 (2002) Image labeling: a graphical interface to correlation in multiparticle ejection dynamics K. Zhao, G. Zhang, and W. T. Hill III Opt. Express. 9, 42 (2001) Hollow Beam Atom Tunnel Ph. D. Thesis, Yonho Song Long, narrow all-light atom guide

74. Slipcue.com Obituary Listings arthur L. schawlow, cowinner of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physics for his role inthe development of lasers, died on Wednesday at a hospital in Palo Alto, http://www.slipcue.com/obits/01/obits15.html

ROCKIN' IN THE GRAVEYARD Recent Obituaries of Interest For your edification... some more obituaries... Jean Vander Pyl, 79, the Voice of Wilma on `The Flintstones' Courtesy of Reuters News Service Jean Vander Pyl, the voice of Wilma Flintstone, whose trademark yell, "Fre-e-e-ed," was heard in homes around the world as she shouted at her husband in the popular Hanna-Barbera television cartoon series, died on Saturday at her home here. She was 79. The cause was lung cancer, said her son Michael O'Meara. Ms. Vander Pyl, who played a host of characters in various radio shows and animated television series, was also the voice of Pebbles, the Flintstone's daughter, and did extra duty as Mrs. Slate, the wife of Fred Flintstone's boss. After graduating from Beverly Hills High School, Ms. Vander Pyl got her start as a radio actress in the radio series "Calling All Cops," the precursor to television's "Dragnet," mostly playing damsels in distress. She went on to play the mother on radio's "Father Knows Best" and Andy's many girlfriends on "Amos 'n'Andy." In addition to "The Flintstones" she was featured on that show's space-age counterpart, "The Jetsons," in which she performed the voices of seven characters, including George Jetson's mother-in-law, George's secretary, Rosie the robot maid and Mrs. Spacely, the boss's wife.

75. Schawlow - YourDictionary.com - American Heritage Dictionary Search Mamma.com for schawlow . TYPE IN YOUR WORD CLICK GO! Search Schaw·low Listen shô l , arthur Leonard 19211999. American physicist. http://www.yourdictionary.com/ahd/s/s0132000.html

Search Mamma.com for "Schawlow" Search: Normal Definitions Short defs (Pronunciation Key) Schaw·low Listen: shô l Arthur Leonard American physicist. He shared a 1981 Nobel Prize for developing technologies to study complex forms of matter. Back to Search Back The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition

76. IS FACILITATED COMMUNICATION REAL? arthur L. schawlow is the JacksonWood Professor of Physics emeritus at StanfordUniversity. He received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 and the http://soeweb.syr.edu/thefci/2-1sch.htm

This article originally appeared in Vol. 2 No. 1 (Nov., 1993) of the Facilitated Communication Digest, [pp. 8-9]. IS FACILITATED COMMUNICATION REAL? Arthur L. Schawlow Stanford University Arthur L. Schawlow is the Jackson-Wood Professor of Physics emeritus at Stanford University. He received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 and the President's National Medal of Science in 1990. He has also received seven honorary doctorates from universities in six countries. Editor's note: On November 5 in Chicago, a joint press conference was held by TASH, ADAPT, and the National Parent Network on Disabilities, protesting the biased reporting in the PBS Frontline documentary "Prisoners of Silence." This is an expanded version of Arthur Schawlow's comments at that press conference. Although this method has been found independently in several places over the last 20 years, including by my late wife Aurelia and myself, it became widely known only during the last few years, mainly through the work of Rosemary Crossley in Australia, Douglas Biklen at Syracuse University, and Carol Berger of Eugene, Oregon. Many people are using it now, and the results have often been spectacular. To give just one instance, David Eastham in Canada wrote a book of poetry which was published and translated into French. He graduated from junior college before his untimely death, and his mother Margaret Eastham has detailed his accomplishments in the biography Silent Words.

77. Browse: arthur L schawlow. This resources is a brief timeline and overviewabout arthur L. schawlow. schawlow was one of the inventors of the laser....... http://icontechlit.enc.org/external/icon_standard_browse_index/0,5275,version%3D

78. Laser -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Townes later worked with (Click link for more info and facts about arthur L.schawlow) arthur L. schawlow to describe the theory of the laser, http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/l/la/laser.htm

Laser [Categories: Scientific neologisms, Acronyms, Quantum mechanics, Lighting, Lasers] A laser Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ) is a device which uses a (Click link for more info and facts about quantum mechanical effect) quantum mechanical effect (Click link for more info and facts about stimulated emission) stimulated emission , to generate a (Click link for more info and facts about coherent) coherent beam of ((physics) electromagnetic radiation that can produce a visual sensation) light from a lasing medium of controlled purity, size, and shape. The output of a laser may be a continuous, constant-amplitude output (known as CW or continuous wave ), or pulsed, by using the techniques of (Click link for more info and facts about Q-switching) Q-switching (Click link for more info and facts about modelocking) modelocking , or (Click link for more info and facts about gain-switching) gain-switching . In pulsed operation, much higher peak powers can be achieved. A laser medium can also function as an (Click link for more info and facts about optical amplifier) optical amplifier when seeded with light from another source. The amplified signal can be very similar to the input signal in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarisation; this is particularly important in

79. 20th Century Year By Year 1981 1920 (in the Netherlands); and schawlow, arthur L., USA, Stanford University,Stanford, CA, b. 1921 for their contribution to the development of laser http://www.historycentral.com/20th/1981.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Popular Book s / Popular Television Shows Popular Music/ Grammy Awards/ Tony Awards Major Events of 1981 Pope John Paul II shot twice Mitterand elected French premire Martial law in Poland Israel destroys Iraq's nuclear reactor ... First woman elected to the Supreme Court First Space Shuttle flight Anwar Sadat Assasinated Sports Highlights NBA: Boston Celtics vs. Houston Rockets Series: 4-2 NCAA Football: Clemson Record: 12-0-0 Heisman Trophy: Marcus Allen, usc, RB points: 1,797 Stanley Cup: New York Islanders vs. Minnesota Northstars Series: 4-1 Super Bowl XV: Oakland Raiders vs. Philadelphia Eagles Score: 27-10 US Open Golf: David Graham Score: 273 Course: Merion GC Location: Ardmore, PA World Series: Los Angeles Dodgers vs. New York Yankees Series: 4-2 Popular Music 1."The Tide is High" ... Blondie 2."Celebration" ... Kool and the Gang 3."9 to 5" ... Dolly Parton 4."I Love a Rainy Night" ... Eddie Rabbit 5."Keep on Loving You" ... REO Speedwagon

80. Pierce Law - The IP Mall - Resources Hosted By The IP MALL - BPAI - Board Of Pat The documents are (1) a preprint of an article by arthur L. schawlow and Charles H.Townes appearing in Physical Review, Vol. 112, No. 6, pp. http://ipmall.info/hosted_resources/BPAI_Decisions/BPAI_Appeal_677-49.asp

The IP Mall [ www.ipmall.info ] Thursday, September 15, 2005 Pierce Law Center Home About IP Mall IP Mall Offerings ... IP at Pierce Law News - Pierce Law IP in the News IP Faculty Speak to Press Founder, Dr. Rines, in Press IP Library News ... Moot Court at Pierce Law People - Pierce Law Resident IP Faculty Students Global Friends Advisory Council on IP ... Trademark Decisions of the Commissioner U.S. Government IP Legislative History Legislative IP Acts / History Archive (LIPA) LIPA Patents LIPA Trademarks LIPA Cyberspace ... Contact BPAI Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences Patent and Trademark Office (P.T.O.) EX PARTE GORDON GOULD Appeal No. 677-49 February 26, 1988 Requests filed September 29, 1982, Control No. 90/000263, and November 17, 1982, Control No. 90/000289, for the Reexamination of Patent 4,161,436, based on application Serial No. 840,050 filed October 6, 1977. Method of Energizing a Material. Appeal from Final Rejection of Patent Examiner Harvey E. Behrend. By the Board: Saul I. Serota, Ian A. Calvert, Paul J. Henon Members SUPPLEMENTARY OPINION The court ruling to which we refer above is that in Gordon Gould et al. v. Control Laser Corp. et al., Case No. 78-344(a)-CIV-ORL-19 (final judgment filed November 5, 1987 following a jury trial and a denial of a motion by plaintiffs for judgment notwithstanding the jury verdict) and the portion thereof that prompted this paper is verdict questions 10 and 11 and the answers thereto. In the special verdict, the jury answered affirmatively that the Schawlow preprint and the Schawlow memorandum were proven by clear and convincing evidence to be printed publications on or before August 28, 1958.

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