81. John William Strutt Rayleigh - Wikipédia Translate this page lord rayleigh ca 1893. john william strutt, troisième baron rayleigh, plus connusous son titre, lord rayleigh est un physicien anglais (Landford Grove http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh

John William Strutt Rayleigh Un article de Wikip©dia, l'encyclop©die libre. Lord Rayleigh ca 1893 John William Strutt , troisi¨me baron Rayleigh, plus connu sous son titre, Lord Rayleigh est un physicien anglais (Landford Grove ( Essex ), 12 novembre Sommaire Sa vie Son œuvre Prix Nobel 1904 La loi de Rayleigh-Jeans ... modifier Sa vie John William Strutt, est n© le 12 novembre 1842 pr¨s de Maldon dans l' Essex . Aux dires de ses compatriotes, c'est l'un des tr¨s rares nobles de haut rang a ªtre devenu c©l¨bre par des d©couvertes scientifiques. Il fait des ©tudes de math©matiques au Trinity College Cambridge , dont il sort dipl´m© en 1865. Apr¨s quelques voyages en Europe et aux ‰tats-Unis , il occupe un poste de chercheur au Trinity College de 1866   1871. En 1871, il se marie avec Evelyne Georgiana Mary Balfour, fille de James Maitland Balfour et de sa femme Blanche, elle-mªme fille du second Marquis de Salisbury . De ses trois fils, l'a®n© devint professeur de physique   l' Imperial College of Science and Technology de Londres € la mort de son p¨re en 1872, il prend sa succession et devient baron Rayleigh, troisi¨me du titre, et consacre une partie importante de son temps   la gestion du domaine. Afin de pouvoir se consacrer   la science, il abandonne cette responsabilit©   son jeune fr¨re en 1875.

82. Pictures Of Famous Physicists lord rayleigh (john william strutt) 56kB Frederick Reines 24kB Osborne Reynolds85kB (9) Robert Richardson 52kB Burton Richter 43kB http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physlist.html

A Picture Gallery of Famous Physicists Physicists A-Z The Einstein Collection Group Pictures Click the button to get a thumbnail Click the name to get the full picture A Hannes Olof Gosta Alfven Luis Walter Alvarez Carl David Anderson Philip Warren Anderson Knut Angstrom Edward Appleton ca. 1927, 75kB Manfred von Ardenne at age 16 (1923), 58kB B John Bardeen Henri Antoine Becquerel J. Georg Bednorz John S. Bell Michael Berry Hans Albrecht Bethe Bethe 1935 in Ann Arbor, 49kB Homi Jehangir Bhabha Gerd Binnig Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Felix Bloch Nicolaas Bloembergen N.N. Bogoliubov David Bohm Aage Bohr Niels Bohr Ludwig Boltzmann Max Born Max Born (young) 60kB Satyendranath N. Bose Walter Bothe Robert Boyle Ferdinand Braun Bertram Neville Brockhouse Sir William Henry Bragg Sir William Lawrence Bragg Walter Houser Brattain Geoffrey Breit Louis deBroglie C Sadi Carnot Sir James Chadwick Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Georges Charpak Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Steven Chu Rudolf Clausius Sir John Douglas Cockroft Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Arthur Holly Compton Leon N.

83. History Of Astronomy: Persons (R) rayleigh, lord see strutt, john william (18421919); Razi see al-Razi, MohammadIbn Zakariya (864-930); Reael, Lorenzo (1583-1637). Short biography http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers_r.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons (R) Deutsche Fassung Radcliffe, John (1650-1714) Very short biography The Radcliffe Observatory , Oxford Ragona, Domenico (1820-1892) Short biography and references (in Italian) Rajewsky, Boris (1893-1974) Biography , by Erwin Schopper (in German) From Physiker und Astronomen in Frankfurt Raman, Chandrasekhra Venkata (1888-1970) Biography (24 Aug 1999: disappeared) Ramsay, William (1852-1916) Short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Ramsden, Jesse (1735-1800) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Short biography Ramus, Peter (1515-1572) Biographical data and references Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820-1872) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Very short biography (Eric Weisstein's Treasure Trove) Raphson, Joseph (1648-1715) Short biography and references (MacTutor Hist. Math.) Rasch, Johann (ca.1540-1615) Very short biography (Or see German version Rayleigh, Lord: see Strutt, John William (1842-1919) Razi: see al-Razi, Mohammad Ibn Zakariya (864-930)

84. Coats-of-Arms Of Scientists - Cross-Index - Numericana Translate this page john Deere 1804-1886 john Napier 1550-1617 john william strutt 1842-1919 rayleigh, lord 1842-1919 Réaumur, Ferchault de 1683-1757 http://home.att.net/~numericana/arms/alpha.htm

Alphabetical: A Ada Byron Adam Ries Adrien-Marie Legendre Albert , Saint 1205-1280 Albert de Lapparent Albert the Great Albertus Magnus Alessandro Volta ... Aquinas , Thomas 1225-1274 d' Aquin , St. Thomas 1225-1274 Augustin Cauchy Avogadro , Amedeo 1776-1856 B Bacon , Roger 1214-1294 Bacon , Sir Francis 1561-1626 Barrow , Isaac 1630-1677 Behring , Emil von 1854-1917 Benjamin Franklin Bernoulli , Daniel 1700-1782 Bernoulli , Jacob 1655-1705 Bernoulli , Johann 1667-1748 Berthollet , Claude 1748-1822 Bertrand Russell Berzelius Bigollo Fibonacci 1170-1250 Blaise Pascal Bochart de Saron Bohr , Niels 1885-1962 , Albrecht von 1205-1280 Bombastus von Hohenheim Bonacci , Leonardo 1170-1250 Boyle , Robert 1627-1691 Brahe , Tycho 1546-1601 Braun , Wernher von 1912-1977 Breteuil , Gabrielle-Emilie de 1706-1749 Broglie , Louis de 1892-1987 Buffon , Comte de 1707-1788 Byron , Augusta Ada 1815-1852 C Cardan Cardano , Girolamo 1501-1576 Caritat de Condorcet Carl Auer von Welsbach Carl Friedrich Gauss Carnot , Sadi 1796-1832 Cassini , Comte de 1748-1845 Cauchy , Augustin 1789-1857 Cavendish , Henry 1731-1810 Chanteloup , Chaptal de 1756-1832 Chaptal de Chanteloup Chardin , Pierre Teilhard de 1881-1955 Charles Darwin Charles Parsons , Emilie du 1706-1749 Christiaan Huygens Christopher Wren Clapeyron , Emile 1799-1864 Claude Berthollet Clerk Maxwell , James 1831-1879 Cochon de Lapparent , Albert 1839-1908 Colchester , William of 1544-1603 Condorcet , Caritat de 1743-1794 Copernicus , Nicolaus 1473-1543 Coriolis , Gaspard Gustave 1792-1843

85. International: Italiano: Scienze: Fisica: Fisici E Ricercatori - Open Site rayleigh, john william strutt@; rayleigh, lord john william (0); Reines, Frederick (0);Richardson, Owen Willans (0); Richardson, Robert (0) http://open-site.org/International/Italiano/Scienze/Fisica/Fisici_e_Ricercatori/

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project Pagina principale Aggiungi Contenuti Diventa Editore In tutta la Directory Solo in Fisica/Fisici_e_Ricercatori Top International Italiano Scienze ... Fisica : Fisici e Ricercatori Fermi, Enrico Giacconi, Riccardo Marconi, Guglielmo Rubbia, Carlo ... Zernike, Frits Vedi anche: International: Italiano: Societ : Strutture Sociali: Persone: Biografie Questa Categoria in: English Questa Categoria ha bisogno di un Editore - Richiedila Open Site Code 0.5.3 robot company. Visit our sister sites dmoz.org mozilla.org chefmoz.org musicmoz.org ... modifica

86. Encyklopedia: Rayleigh John William Strutt rayleigh john william strutt, lord (18421919), fizyk angielski, profesoruniwersytetu w Cambridge (od 1879), czlonek Royal Society (od 1873 http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/15332,haslo.html?drukuj=1

87. Store Product Details , lord Kelvin and lord rayleigh in the laboratory at Terling, john william strutt Third Baron rayleigh, New York Longmans, Green Co.,...... http://store.aip.org/OA_HTML/ecl.jsp?mode=detail&item=38140

88. Encyclopedia: William Ramsay rayleigh waves rayleighJeans law External links Nobel website bio of rayleighAbout john william strutt MacTutor biography of lord rayleigh Categories http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/William-Ramsay

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "William Ramsay" also viewed: Sir William Ramsay List of chemists Morris Travers Fritz Pregl ... Otto Hahn What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Yohannes IV of Ethiopia Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition Xi'an Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: William Ramsay Updated 55 days 21 hours 26 minutes ago. Other descriptions of William Ramsay William Ramsay. William Ramsay October 2 July 23 ) was a Scottish chemist who discovered the noble/inert gases adn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in (along with Lord Rayleigh who bagged that in physics for the discovery of argon October 2nd is the 275th day (276th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 90 days remaining. ... 1852 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). ... July 23 is the 204th day (205th in leap years) of the year in the Gregorian Calendar, with 161 days remaining. ... 1916 is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) // Events January-February January 1 -The first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled. ...

89. John William Strutt - Wikipédia Translate this page john william strutt. john william strutt (12 de Novembro, também conhecidocomo o 3° Barão de lord rayleigh de Terling Place, Witham, condado de Essex. http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Strutt

John William Strutt Origem: Wikip©dia, a enciclop©dia livre. John William Strutt John William Strutt 12 de Novembro 30 de Junho ) © tamb©m conhecido como o 3° Bar£o de Lord Rayleigh de Terling Place Witham , condado de Essex . Foi um matem¡tico e f­sico inglªs, conhecido por suas pesquisas em fen´menos ondulat³rios. Juntamente com o qu­mico inglªs Sir William Ramsay recebeu o Prªmio Nobel de F­sica , em , por pesquisas sobre a densidade dos gases mais importantes e pela descoberta do arg´nio O matem¡tico e f­sico inglªs, natural de Lanford Grove , pr³ximo a Maldon , Essex, nasceu em e ficou conhecido por suas pesquisas em fen´menos ondulat³rios . Entrou para o Trinity College Cambridge ), onde estudou matem¡tica com Edward Routh . Contempor¢neo de Reynolds e com forma§£o e professor na University of Cambridge , foi secret¡rio e presidente da Royal Society . Influente pesquisador sobre teoria dos sons ³tica espectroscopia luz ... vibra§µes e densidade dos gases Postulou, em , um padr£o de comportamento do escoamento do ar , garantindo a possibilidade de um ve­culo se sustentar no ar, sem a necessidade de

90. Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd Baron --  Encyclopædia Britannica rayleigh, john william strutt, 3rd Baron English physical scientist who madefundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9062821

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Introduction Additional Reading Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Rayleigh (of Terling Place), John William Strutt, 3rd Baron  Encyclopædia Britannica Article Page 1 of 2 John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh born Nov. 12, 1842, Langford Grove, Maldon, Essex, Eng. died June 30, 1919, Terling Place, Witham, Essex Rayleigh, engraving by R. Cottot By courtesy of the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva English physical scientist who made fundamental discoveries in the fields of acoustics and optics that are basic to the theory of wave propagation in fluids. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1904 for his successful isolation of argon, an inert atmospheric gas.

91. AllRefer.com - Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron (Physics, Biography) - En AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon rayleigh, john william strutt, 3d Baron, Physics, Biographies. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/R/Rayleigh.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 15, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Physics, Biographies ... Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z R Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron, Physics, Biographies Related Category: Physics, Biographies Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron [r A E Pronunciation Key The Theory of Sound Scientific Papers Related Categories: People Science and Technology Science and Technology Physics ... Biographies More articles from AllRefer Reference on Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3d Baron SITE MAPS Encyclopedia US Gazetteer: US States A-C US States D-H US States I-L US States M ... Countries A-Z Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... Link to AllRefer.com

92. John William Strutt Rayleigh Par D. Beaulieu Et V. Hébert-Ménard http://mendeleiev.cyberscol.qc.ca/carrefour/fils/9812/ArRayleigh.html

John William Strutt Rayleigh Cher fiston Argon, Ton papa qui t'adore, Johnny Bibliographie SARGENT-WELCH. , a vwr company, 1996. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation, 1997. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation, 1997. [CD-ROM]. Version 1.01.00, (c) Le livre de Paris - Hachette, 1993. [CD-ROM]. Microsoft Corporation, 1997. The Discovery of Argon: a Case Study in Scientific Method , [En ligne]. Adresse URL: http://maple.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/acspaper.html Sans titre , [En ligne]. Adresse URL: http://www.kcsnet.or.kr/education/fame/Rayleigh.html WebElements , [En ligne]. Adresse URL: http://www.shef.ac.uk/chemistry/web-elements/nofr-uses/Ar.html Validation du contenu : Marc Richard Carrefour atomique Les mondes de CyberScol CyberScol

93. The Nobel Prize In Physics 1904: John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh john william strutt, third Baron rayleigh *1842, † 1919 (United Kingdom). For hisinvestigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his http://www.nobelpreis.org/english/physik/rayleigh.htm

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 Next Previous Search Home ... Economics John William Strutt, third Baron Rayleigh (United Kingdom) "For his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies" External links The Nobel Prize - John William Strutt, third Baron Rayleigh The Nobel Foundation powered by xago.org - The World Heritage Sites

94. Der Nobelpreis Für Physik: John William Strutt, Third Baron Rayleigh Untersuchungen über die Dichte der wichtigsten Gase und seine im Zusammenhang http://www.nobelpreis.org/physik/rayleigh.htm

vor suchen Home Chemie ... Wirtschaft John William Strutt, third Baron Rayleigh (England) "Für seine Untersuchungen über die Dichte der wichtigsten Gase und seine im Zusammenhang damit gemachten Entdeckung des Argons"

95. John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article john william strutt, 3rd Baron rayleigh (November 12, 1842 June 30, 1919) wasa (The people of Great Britain) British (A scientist trained in physics) http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/j/jo/john_strutt,_3rd_baron_raylei

John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh [Categories: Old Etonians, Discoverer of a chemical element, British physicists, Peers, Nobel Prize in Physics winners, 1919 deaths, 1842 births] John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh (November 12, 1842 - June 30, 1919) was a (The people of Great Britain) British (A scientist trained in physics) physicist who (with (Click link for more info and facts about William Ramsay) William Ramsay ) discovered the element (A colorless and odorless inert gas; one of the six inert gases; comprises approximately 1% of the earth's atmosphere) argon , an achievement that earned him the (An annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace) Nobel Prize for (The science of matter and energy and their interactions) Physics in 1904. He also discovered the phenomenon now called (Click link for more info and facts about Rayleigh scattering) Rayleigh scattering and predicted the existence of the (Click link for more info and facts about surface wave) surface wave s now known as (Click link for more info and facts about Rayleigh waves) Rayleigh waves Strutt was born in Langford Grove

96. William Ramsay In the last decade of the nineteenth century he and the famous physicist LordRayleigh (john william strutt, 18421919)—already known for his work on sound, http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/chemach/ppt/wr.html

William Ramsay is known for work that established a whole new group in the periodic table—variously called over time inert, rare, or noble gases. In the last decade of the nineteenth century he and the famous physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt, 1842-1919)—already known for his work on sound, light, and other electromagnetic radiation—carried out separate investigations, for which they received Nobel Prizes in 1904, Ramsay in chemistry and Lord Rayleigh in physics. Ramsay began his studies in his native city of Glasgow and completed a doctorate in chemistry at Tübingen, focusing on organic chemistry. On his return to Great Britain and his appointment to academic posts at the University of Bristol and then at University College, London, he became known for the inventiveness and scrupulousness of his experimental techniques, especially for his methods for determining the molecular weights of substances in the liquid state. In 1892 Ramsay's curiosity was piqued by Lord Rayleigh's observation that the density of nitrogen extracted from the air was always greater than nitrogen released from various chemical compounds. Ramsay then set about looking for an unknown gas in air of greater density, which—when he found it—he named argon. While investigating for the presence of argon in a uranium-bearing mineral, he instead discovered helium, which since 1868 had been known to exist, but only in the sun. This second discovery led him to suggest the existence of a new group of elements in the periodic table. He and his coworkers quickly isolated neon, krypton, and xenon from the earth's atmosphere.

97. What Is Seismology And What Are Seismic Waves? The other kind of surface wave is the rayleigh wave, named for john WilliamStrutt, lord rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this kind http://www.geo.mtu.edu/UPSeis/waves.html

What Is Seismology? Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around the earth. A seismologist is a scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves. What Are Seismic Waves? Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. Types of Seismic Waves There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways. The two main types of waves are body waves and surface waves . Body waves can travel through the earth's inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves. Body Waves P Waves The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary wave . This is the fastest kind of seismic wave. The P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and pull the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling on the window glass much like P waves push and pull on rock. Sometimes animals can hear the P waves of an earthquake. Usually we only feel the bump and rattle of these waves. The arrow shows the direction that the wave is moving.

98. RAYLEIGH - BENARD CONVECTION In the 1900s convection was taken as one of the myriad things that john WilliamStrutt, lord rayleigh studied in his illustrious and prolific carrier. http://engr.smu.edu/~arunn/html/convect/rbconvect/rbcon.html

Rayleigh - Bénard Convection Arunn Narasimhan arunn@engr.smu.edu Laboratory for Porous Materials Applications Mechanical Engineering Department Southern Methodist University Dallas, TX - 75275 0337, USA Nature of the Problem Early Theories Rayleigh's Theory Buoyancy, Viscosity, Thermal diffusivity ... References Last update : THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM The most fascinating thing about convection is that even the simplest system undergoing convective motion cannot yet be given an exact analytical mathematical description. The partial differential equation(s) that describe the convective flow analytically have been studied for the past 200 years- with rewarding results - but the exact analytical solutions of these are yet to be found ! The nature of the theoretical difficulties can be understood well if we realize that even a simple system undergoing convective energy interaction requires a complete knowledge of the Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer involved in the process. A fluid layer heated from below, a supposedly simple system of convective interaction, experiences forces, that drive the convective flow, resulting from the buoyancy of the heated layer the magnitude of such forces depending on the temperature difference prevailing between the top and bottom portion of the fluid layer. The complexity is enhanced further by the fact that the temperature distribution is affected to a large extent by the convective flow itself, which carries heat from the bottom to the relatively colder top portion of the fluid. In other words the driving force which causes the flow itself is driven to modifications by the flow !

99. Papers Of Sir Patrick Geddes At Strathclyde University Archives Ray, john 1 ref Ray, SC 1 ref Ray Society, The 1 ref rayleigh, lord (john WilliamStrutt) 1 ref Rea, 1 ref Read, Miss AM 1 ref Read, Samuel 1 ref http://www.strath.ac.uk/archives/PGbrowse/r-br.htm

Index to the papers of Sir Patrick Geddes INDEX ENTRY: Letter R Currently, you are in the browse version of the index. If you wish to search the index, please access the following link Search the Index To browse any other letter, please select from the links below: A B C D ... Strathclyde University Homepage R[ ], M[ ] 1 ref R[ ], W[ ] 1 ref [ ], R. W. F. 1 ref Rabagliati, H. Victor 1 ref 2 refs Rabourdin, L. 1 ref [Rachmaninoff, Sergei] 1 ref Racinet, [ ] 1 ref Rackstraw, Marjory 1 ref Radclyffe, E[ ] 2 refs Radford, George 1 ref Rae, Miss [ ] 1 ref [Rae], N. A. 1 ref Raeburn, Mr. [ ] 1 ref Raemaekers, Louis 3 refs Raffaello Santi (Raphael) 3 refs Raffalovich, Andre S. 3 refs Raffin, [ ] 1 ref Rahimuddin, [ ] 1 ref Rahimuddin, D[ ] 1 ref Rahman, [ ] 1 ref Rain, Robert 1 ref Rainand, [ ] 1 ref Rainbow Circle, The 1 ref Rainy, [Robert] 2 refs Raisen, K. A. 1 ref [Raiva], Victor 1 ref Raji, Joannis 1 ref Raleigh, [Walter] 2 refs Ram of Gahrwal, Mola 1 ref Ramage, Mr. [ ] 1 ref Ramage, William 2 refs Ramanathan, P. S.

100. A Brief, Nontechnical History Of Surface Chemistry Advances. lord rayleigh (JohnWilliam strutt), and a German hausfrau, Agnes Pockels, were researching http://www.research.vt.edu/resmag/sciencecol/surface_chem.html

Surface chemistry advances have come with collaboration and, even, gallantry List by Subject Science from Virginia Tech Research Division Virginia Tech Surface chemistry is the branch of chemistry that measures and analyzes the factors and forces that act at the surface of solids, liquids, and gases, or at the interfaces between two phases; such as the study of surface tension in liquids. Pline the Elder, Benjamin Franklin, and countless ships' cooks Aboard one of 96 ships traveling together from America to Europe in 1757, Franklin noticed that ships in back seemed to have smoother sailing than ships in the front. The captain explained with disdain that "The cooks have, I suppose, been just emptying their greasy water through the scuppers, which has greased the sides of those ships a little." Thus the study of biofilms began. Once in London, Franklin dropped a teaspoon of oil in Clapham Common Pond on a windy day and noted that it spread over half an acre, making it as smooth as glass. ( Reinacted in this photo by chemistry professor James Wightman on the Virginia Tech duck pond Lord Rayleign and Agnes Pockels We don't know what kind of oil Franklin used, or if he always used the same kind, but we have learned why it worked.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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