21. The 80s Server -- Icons: Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev was born in a small villagein southwestern Russia. He became a devoted follower of the Soviet system http://www.80s.com/Icons/Bios/mikhail_gorbachev.html

ENTERTAINMENT RESOURCES COMMUNITY 80's GEAR ... AudioOutfitter.com Your source for Home Audio Car Audio Everything Audio Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev N/A Last Leader of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev was born in a small village in southwestern Russia. He became a devoted follower of the Soviet system and attended Moscow State University in 1950. While in school he met Raisa Titarenko who he married in 1953. Gorbachev moved up rapidly through the Communist heirarchy until he became the leader of the Soviet Union in March of 1985. Gorbachev recognized that the country faced many problems. He sought to retain the socialist economic structure of the country, while introducing reforms which he believed would revitalize the stagnating economy. Gorbachev's policies of glasnost(openness) and perestroika(economic reform) led eventually to the demise of the Soviet Union. Although it was not his intent, his new policies encouraged the 15 republics of the union to become more autonomous. They eventually sought independence and on December 25, 1991 Gorbachev resigned as President and the Soviet Union officially dissolved. Although Gorbachev failed to improve the social and economic problems within the Soviet Union, he will be remembered as the man who ended the cold war.

22. Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye, Stavropolprovince. His political career began after he joined the Communist Party in http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/biographies/bio_gorbachev-mikhail.htm

Library Biographies Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye, Stavropol province. His political career began after he joined the Communist Party in 1952. Gorbachev quickly advanced through the ranks of the Soviet government. In 1985, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the Communist Party and then served as the President of the Soviet Union from 1990-1991. In the 1980s, Gorbachev introduced a number of economic, political and social reforms and also sought to improve Soviet relations with Printer Friendly More on the Web Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues the West. On 11 October 1986, Gorbachev and US President Ronald Reagan met in Reykjavik, Iceland to discuss reducing intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. This led to the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty in 1987. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation EverZen

23. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev - BlueRider.com mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev listen domain availability. Dictionary andThesaurus entries for. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev. Your search results http://mikhail_sergeyevich_gorbachev.bluerider.com/wordsearch/mikhail_sergeyevic

Enter a word or phrase Random Word procuress Other Services Word Index Contact Us ... Links mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev listen domain availability Dictionary and Thesaurus entries for: mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev Your search results... Web bluerider.com mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev [n] Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) Synonyms : gorbachev See Also: Your Search History clear Enter a word or phrase Terms of Service Linux Man Pages Geographic Information ccTLD Information

24. Why War? Keywords: Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (in Russian ?´? ?´ ) (bornMarch 2, 1931), was leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. http://www.why-war.com/encyclopedia/people/Mikhail_Gorbachev/

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Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev From Zappa Wiki Jawaka (Redirected from Mikhail Gorbachev Retrieved from " http://wiki.killuglyradio.com/index.php/Mikhail_Sergeyevich_Gorbachev Categories Supporting Cast The Real Frank Zappa Book (The List) Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Create an account or log in Navigation Main Page Recent changes Biography Geography ... Help Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages This page was last modified 12:03, 6 May 2005. This page has been accessed 26 times. Content is available under GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 About Zappa Wiki Jawaka

26. Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev. Born in Privolnoye, Stavropol territory in theNorth Caucasus, March 2 1932. Education. He entered the Law School of Moscow http://www.clubmadrid.org/cmadrid/index.php?id=127

27. HTML Translation Of SGML/EAD Document By Tim Green The interviews include discussions with Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. gorbachev mikhail sergeyevich B 1931 PRESIDENT OF THE SOVIET UNION http://library-2.lse.ac.uk/archives/handlists/2RR/m.html

British Library of Political and Economic Science Second Russian Revolution Extent: 22 boxes Biographical History No information available at present. Scope and Content Arrangement The material is divided into sections as follows: original research interviews, interviews, post-production interviews, audio tapes, videotapes, programme scripts and press material. Access: APPLY TO ARCHIVIST. ANDERSON MARK FL 1989-1991 TELEVISION DIRECTOR GORBACHEV MIKHAIL SERGEYEVICH B 1931 PRESIDENT OF THE SOVIET UNION PERCY NORMA FL 1989-1991 TELEVISION PRODUCER YELTSIN BORIS NIKOLEYAVICH B 1931 PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION BRIAN LAPPING ASSOCIATES LTD X BROOK ASSOCIATES LTD X BROOK PRODUCTIONS LTD X BROOK LAPPING PRODUCTIONS LTD COMMUNIST PARTY RUSSIA EASTERN EUROPE USSR EASTERN EUROPE COMMUNISM COLLECTIVISM POLITICAL DOCTRINES GLASNOST GOVERNMENT POLICY GOVERNMENT TELEVISION PROGRAMMES TELEVISION BROADCASTING Original Research Interviews. 1989-1990 Scope and Content This section contains transcripts of original research interviews conducted by Brian Lapping Associates Ltd, with major Russian political, military and cultural figures concerning the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union. The interviews were conducted as research for the television series, 'The Second Russian Revolution'. BRIAN LAPPING ASSOCIATES LIMITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION USSR RUSSIA COMMUNISM TELEVISION PROGRAMMES REVOLUTIONS POLITICS 2RR_1/1 - untitled 1990- Scope and Content Transcripts of original research interviews with:

28. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Winner Of The 1990 Nobel Prize In Peace mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev, a Nobel Peace Laureate, at the Nobel Prize InternetArchive. http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/1990a.html

M IKHAIL S ERGEYEVICH G ORBACHEV 1990 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate President of the USSR. Background Born: 1931 Residence: USSR Book Store Books by Mikhail Gorbachev Books about Mikhail Gorbachev Featured Internet Links Time Magazine Man of the Year (1987) Time Magazine Man of the Decade (1980s) ... Biography and additional links Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links Gorbachev's Legacy (1991) Another View of Peace Nobelist Gorbachev (1991) Gorbachev's Nobel Prize is Accepted by Stand-in Gorbachev Wins Nobel Peace Prize ... Sakharov Gives Gorbachev List of Prisoners Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors A Gorbachev joke (submitted by Boris Yeltsin) Mikhail S. Gorbachev's address to IPPNW 1987 in Moscow Biography and a photograph site focused on nuclear disarmament but trying to raise all the issues of security, the military and non military dimensions of security (ecological security, humans rights, democratization of UN, and so on (submitted by Ben Cramer nobel prize (submitted by patrick courtney LEARNERS: On the Move from WeaponWorld to PeaceWorld (submitted by mulligan (submitted by Isha Biography and a photograph (submitted by Sven Manson) Life and work of Mikhail Gorbachev (submitted by Andrew) Mikhail S. Gorbachev Biography

29. Peace 1990 mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev. mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev Press Release Presentation Speech mikhail gorbachev Biography Nobel Lecture http://nobelprize.org/peace/laureates/1990/

HOME SITE HELP ABOUT SEARCH ... EDUCATIONAL The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community" Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev USSR President of USSR b. 1931 The Nobel Peace Prize 1990 Press Release Presentation Speech Mikhail Gorbachev ... Educational The 1990 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: Nobelprize.org Get to know all 770 Prize Winners! » Games and Simulations » SITE FEEDBACK ... TELL A FRIEND Last modified April 13, 2005

30. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich (The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition).The education of mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev; an intimate biography of the http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0821290.html

var zflag_nid="162"; var zflag_cid="57/1"; var zflag_sid="53"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 15, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Back to School Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Hispanic Heritage Month ... Mississippi Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips google_ad_client = 'pub-1894504138907931'; google_ad_width = 120; google_ad_height = 240; google_ad_format = '120x240_as'; google_ad_type = 'text'; google_ad_channel =''; google_color_border = ['336699','B4D0DC','DFF2FD','B0E0E6']; google_color_bg = ['FFFFFF','ECF8FF','DFF2FD','FFFFFF']; google_color_link = ['0000FF','0000CC','0000CC','000000']; google_color_url = ['008000','008000','008000','336699']; google_color_text = ['000000','6F6F6F','000000','333333']; Encyclopedia Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich

31. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich, mekhuyel sirga yuvich gurbuchof PronunciationKey. gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich , 1931–, Soviet political leader. http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0821290.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Children as Authors Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich u u vich g u rb u Pronunciation Key Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Andropov . After Andropov's ascension to party leadership, Gorbachev assumed (1983) full responsibility for the economy. Following the death of Konstantin Chernenko (Andropov's successor) in 1985, Gorbachev was appointed general secretary of the party despite being the youngest member of the politburo. He embarked on a comprehensive program of political, economic, and social liberalization under the slogans of glasnost perestroika Chernobyl (1986) forced Gorbachev to allow even greater freedom of expression. The government released political prisoners, allowed increased emigration, attacked corruption, and encouraged the critical reexamination of Soviet history. Reagan , with whom he signed an Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) arms limitation treaty in 1987. By 1989 he had brought about the end of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (see Afghanistan War ) and had sanctioned the end of the Communist monopoly on political power in Eastern Europe. For his contributions to reducing East-West tensions, he was awarded the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. By 1990, however, Gorbachev's

32. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev & Mikhail Gorbachev Biography Links mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev Biography Links. http://www.thepeacemission.com/gorbachev.htm

Albert John Lutuli Amnesty International Aung San Suu Kyi Betty Williams ... Yasser Arafat Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev - USSR Year : 1990 Nobel Peace Prize Cause : Leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community Biography Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev was born in the village of Privolnoye near Stavropol, Russia in 1931. He also worked on a collective farm, which in 1949 exceeded its harvest plan awarding young Gorbachev his first award, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. Mikhail Gorbachev became a candidate member of the Communist Party the next year and a full member in 1952. Also in 1950, he entered the Moscow State University's Law School and graduated in 1955. In 1967, Gorbachev graduated from the Stavropol Agriculture Institute with an agriculture economy degree and was appointed Second Secretary Stavropol Kraikom, responsible for agriculture a year later. His performance continues to warrant his climb and in 1970, he is appointed the First Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom and soon after is elected full member of the Central Committee at the 24th Party Congress. With this post, he became the Stavropol Area Representative in the Supreme Soviet in 1974. He traveled to West Germany in 1975 as head of an official delegation, on invitation of a local communist party. By January of 1979, as Secretary of Central Committee in charge of Agriculture following Kulakov's death, Gorbachev was 28th in the Party Hierarchy. In November of that year he became a candidate member of the Politburo. As Head of Agriculture, Gorbachev began work on Brezhnev's 10-year Food Plan in 1980 but several bad harvests left Gorbachev's fate in limbo. Brezhnev's death in 1982 drew attention away from Gorbachev's seeming failures. He then began focusing on other national duties and in 1983, he headed up a Soviet delegation to Canada and later that year, he was left in charge of day-to-day operations while Andropov was on vacation. Gorbachev also headed the crisis management team in charge of the Korean Air Liner incident in Sakhalin.

33. Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia mikhail sergeyevich Gorbachyov (gorbachev) Sound listen? mikhail gorbachevwas born into a peasant family in the village of Privolnoye near Stavropol. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Mikhail Gorbachev Term of Office: Predecessor: Konstantin Chernenko Vladimir Ivashko Successor: Vladimir Ivashko Date of Birth: March 2 Place of Birth: Privolnoye , near Stavropol Date of Death: N/A Place of Death: N/A Profession: Economist Political party: Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev) listen Russian pronunciation /mixaˈɪɫ serˈgejevɪtʃ gərbaˈtʃof/ ) (born March 2 ), was leader of the Soviet Union from until . His attempts at reform led to the end of the Cold War , but also caused the end of the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Contents Early life and political career General Secretary of the CPSU Reforms Coup and collapse ... edit Early life and political career Mikhail Gorbachev was born into a peasant family in the village of Privolnoye near Stavropol . He studied law at Moscow University , where he met his future wife, Raisa . They were married in September and moved to Gorbachev's home region of Stavropol in southern Russia when he graduated in Gorbachev joined the CPSU in at the age of 21. In

34. Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from mikhail sergeyevichgorbachev) mikhail sergeyevich Gorbachyov (gorbachev) Sound listen? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Sergeyevich_Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev Term of Office: Predecessor: Konstantin Chernenko Vladimir Ivashko Successor: Vladimir Ivashko Date of Birth: March 2 Place of Birth: Privolnoye , near Stavropol Date of Death: N/A Place of Death: N/A Profession: Economist Political party: Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov (Gorbachev) listen Russian pronunciation /mixaˈɪɫ serˈgejevɪtʃ gərbaˈtʃof/ ) (born March 2 ), was leader of the Soviet Union from until . His attempts at reform led to the end of the Cold War , but also caused the end of the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Contents Early life and political career General Secretary of the CPSU Reforms Coup and collapse ... edit Early life and political career Mikhail Gorbachev was born into a peasant family in the village of Privolnoye near Stavropol . He studied law at Moscow University , where he met his future wife, Raisa . They were married in September and moved to Gorbachev's home region of Stavropol in southern Russia when he graduated in Gorbachev joined the CPSU in at the age of 21. In

35. MSN Encarta - Gorbachev Editors picks for gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich Search for books and morerelated to gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich. Encarta Search http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552563/Gorbachev.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Soviet communism under Gorbachev contemporaries more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Search for books and more related to Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Encarta Search Search Encarta about Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 5 items Article Outline Introduction Early Years Building a Career Soviet Leader ... Evaluation I Introduction Print Preview of Section Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich , born in 1931, leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1985 to 1991, the last leader of that country and the key figure in the liberalization and subsequent disintegration of Soviet and Eastern European Communism. Gorbachev set out to reinvigorate the Soviet system but inadvertently destroyed it. His policies aimed at relaxing tensions with the West, particularly the United States, made a crucial contribution to the end of the Cold War , which had divided the world since the late 1940s.

36. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-0 gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105. http://www.bartleby.com/65/go/Gorbache.html

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37. Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich. Russian politician, leader and president of theUSSR 1985–91. He attempted to revive the faltering Soviet economy through http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0018929.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich perestroika ) and liberalize society and politics through glasnost (openness) and competition in elections, and to halt the arms race abroad through arms reduction agreements with the USA. He pulled Soviet troops out of Afghanistan and allowed the Soviet-bloc states in central Europe greater autonomy, a move which soon led to the break-up of the USSR and end of the Cold War . He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1990 for promoting greater openness in the USSR and helping to end the Cold War. Related Links Latvia Lithuania Lithuania Georgia ... Latvia Kyrgyzstan Flag Red recalls the banner of Manas who united the Kyrgyz tribes. The emblem shows a bird's-eye view of a yurt, secured by a lattice of ropes. Effective date 3 March 1992. Buy Cheap Games Gran Turismo 4 Win £500 cash Volunteer to take part in our Tiscali survey and you could win £500 to spend on whatever you want.

38. Mikhail Gorbachev: Definition And Much More From Answers.com gorbachev, mikhail sergeyevich (mekh?yel sirga y?vich g?rb?chof ) , 1931–, Sovietpolitical leader. Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol, http://www.answers.com/topic/mikhail-gorbachev

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary Encyclopedia History WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Mikhail Gorbachev Dictionary Gor·ba·chev g´r bə-ch´f , -chŏf , gər-bə-ch´f Mikhail Sergeyevich Born 1931. Soviet politician who was general secretary of the Communist party from 1985–1991 and president of the USSR from 1989–1991, ushering in an era of unprecedented glasnost and perestroika. He won the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Encyclopedia Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich mēkhəyēl sÄ­rgā yəvich gərbəchof ) , 1931–, Soviet political leader. Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol, Gorbachev studied law at Moscow Univ., where in 1953 he married a philosophy student, Raisa Maksimovna Titorenko (1932?–99). Returning to Stavropol, he moved gradually upward in the local Communist party. In 1970, he became Stavropol party leader and was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Regarded as a skilled technocrat and a reformer, Gorbachev joined (1978) the Communist party secretariat as agriculture secretary, and in 1980 he joined the politburo as the prot©g© of Yuri Andropov . After Andropov's ascension to party leadership, Gorbachev assumed (1983) full responsibility for the economy.

39. GORBACHEV, Mikhail Sergeyevich mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev. b. 2 Mar 1931, Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysk region,Stavropol territory, USSR. Title, http://www.archontology.org/nations/ussr/ussr_state/gorbachev.php

Home Nations USSR Heads of State : GORBACHEV, Mikhail Home Archontology Nations Index ... Author Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev b. 2 Mar 1931, Privolnoye, Krasnogvardeysk region, Stavropol territory, USSR Title: Председатель Президиума Ð’ÐµÑ€Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Совета СССР (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) Term: 1 Oct 1988 - 25 May 1989 Chronology: 1 Oct 1988, elected, 10th session of the 11th USSR Supreme Soviet 25 May 1989, office of the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet ceased to exist according to amendments to the USSR Constitution passed 1 Dec 1988 Title: Председатель Ð’ÐµÑ€Ñ Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Совета СССР (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) Term: 25 May 1989 - 15 Mar 1990 Chronology: 25 May 1989, elected, First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR 15 Mar 1990, relieved of duties, resolution of the Third Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR following his election as President of the USSR [4, p. 212] Title: Президент Союза Ð¡Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑ‚ÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ‡ÐµÑÐºÐ¸Ñ Ð ÐµÑÐ¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸Ðº (President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) Term: 15 Mar 1990 - 25 Dec 1991 Chronology: 14 Mar 1990, elected, Third Extraordinary Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR (election results announced 15 Mar 1990)

40. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Brief biographical portrait of mikhail gorbachev, including Internet resources. http://www.historyguide.org/europe/gorbachev.html

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (b. 1931) Born in the agricultural region of Stavropol (1931), Gorbachev studied law at Moscow University and in 1953 married a philosophy student, Raisa Maksimovna Titorenko. Returning to Stavropol, he moved gradually upward in the local Communist party. In 1970, he became Stavropol party leader and was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Regarded as a skilled technocrat and a reformer, Gorbachev joined (1978) the Communist party secretariat as agriculture secretary, and in 1980 he joined the Politburo as the protégé of Yuri Andropov. After Andropov's ascension to party leadership, Gorbachev assumed (1983) full responsibility for the economy. Following the death of Chernenko in 1985, Gorbachev was appointed General Secretary of the party despite being the youngest member of the Politburo. He embarked on a comprehensive program of political, economic, and social liberalization under the slogans of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). The nuclear disaster at Chernobyl (1986) forced Gorbachev to allow even greater freedom of expression. The government released political prisoners, allowed increased emigration, attacked corruption, and encouraged the critical reexamination of Soviet history.

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