61. Physics Faculty At University Of Chicago subramanyan chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor of Astronomy Astrophysicsand of Physics and Director, Center for Astrophysical Research in http://physics.uchicago.edu/fac_list.html

Research Classes Events People ... Physics Home SEE ALSO: Faculty Directory News Archive Staff Faculty List Isaac D. Abella , Ph.D., Columbia, 1963. Professor of Physics. Experimental physics, quantum optics, atomic physics, laser spectroscopy. Edward C. Blucher , Ph.D., Cornell, 1988. Associate Professor of Physics. Experimental physics, particle physics. John E. Carlstrom , Ph.D., California/Berkeley, 1988. CARA Experimental physics and astrophysics, star formation and cosmology, observation and new instrumentation. Sean M. Carroll , Ph.D., Harvard, 1993. Assistant Professor of Physics. Theoretical physics, particle physics, field theory, cosmology, general relativity. Philippe Cluzel , Ph.D., Institut Marie Curie, Paris, 1996. Assistant Professor of Physics. Experimental biological physics, non-equilibrium systems, biopolymers. Juan I. Collar , Ph.D., University of South Carolina, 1992. Assistant Professor of Physics. Experimental physics, neutrino and astroparticle physics. Albert V. Crewe , Ph.D., Liverpool, 1950. William E. Wrather Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Physics. Experimental physics, electron microscopy, biophysics, surface physics.

62. Experimental Astrophysics subramanyan chandrasekhar Distinguished Service Professor, Dept. of Astronomy Astrophysics, Dept. of Physics, Enrico Fermi Institute, and the College. http://physics.uchicago.edu/x_astro.html

Research Classes Events People ... Physics Home ON THIS PAGE: John E. Carlstrom Juan I. Collar James W. Cronin Roger H. Hildebrand ... Bruce D. Winstein Experimental Astrophysics The University of Chicago is a major center for interdisciplinary research in experimental astrophysics and cosmology. Members of the Department of Physics work in close collaboration with members of the the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Research in experimental astrophysics is organized under the Enrico Fermi Institute . Groups that are involved in experimental astrophysics research include members of the Laboratory for Space Research (LASR) and the High Energy Physics group. The NSF-funded Center for Cosmological Physics organizes research, symposia, a visitors program, and education/outreach activities at the interface of phyiscs and astrophysics. Members of the department are active in several different areas including Studies of the cosmic microwave background radiation spectrum and anisotropy, Cosmic dust studies detect polarization in the far-infrared emission as a probe of magnetic field structure, Investigations of solar, magnetospheric, and heliospheric phenomena

63. PHY4241 subramanyan chandrasekhar received the Nobel Prize in 1983 for his theoreticalstudies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and http://www.physics.fsu.edu/courses/Fall03/ast4217/default.htm

AST-4217/PHY-5904: "PHYSICS OF STARS" (Fall 2003) NO Final Exam. Instead, there will be a final research project. Instructor: Jorge Piekarewicz Time: 9:05-9:55 Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays @ 110 UPL Office Hours: Anytime I am in my office Office: 204 Keen (644-6344) E-mail: jorgep@csit.fsu.edu Credit: 3 semester hours. Pre-requisites: PHY-3221 - Intermediate Mechanics Co-requisites: PHY-4604 - Quantum Theory of Matter A Astrophysics is of natural interest to students and researchers alike and the workings of the Universe captures our imagination perhaps more than anything else. The Physics of Stars deals with the birth, evolution, and death of stars. It provides and ideal framework for demonstrating the power and elegance of Physics. Moreover, the Physics of Stars gives students a unique opportunity to strengthen and apply their knowledge of classical, statistical, and quantum mechanics to a gold-mine of problems in Astrophysics. A strong emphasis will be placed on explaining the underlying Physics of Stars through simple theoretical models.

64. Discovering Black Holes -Compact Object In the 1930s, subramanyan chandrasekhar, then a graduate student at CambridgeUniversity, proved that white dwarfs with mass greater than 1.4 times that of http://cmi.yale.edu/bh/week2/pages/page6.html

Compact Objects At the end of a star's life, the outer regions of the star are blown off into the interstellar medium, leaving behind a compact core. These compact cores can be of three kinds: white dwarfs, neutron stars, or black holes. In compact objects gas pressure is ineffective in maintaining hydrostatic equilibrium. Another kind of pressure, called degeneracy pressure comes into play instead. image credit: Harvey Richer (Univ. of British Columbia) and NASA White dwarfs are composed of ordinary matter compressed as tightly as possible. These objects have the mass of the Sun, but only the size of the Earth, with densities of as much as a ton per cubic centimeter. Many of these objects have been observed. In the 1930s, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, then a graduate student at Cambridge University, proved that white dwarfs with mass greater than 1.4 times that of the Sun would not be able to support themselves, and would continue to collapse. This was such a bizarre concept that Chandrasekhar's thesis advisor, the famous astrophysicist Arthur Eddington remarked that "there ought to be a law of nature to prevent stars from behaving in this foolish way". Eddington's prominent opposition to Chandrasekhar's Limit slowed research on compact objects. It may be that if Eddington had believed his student rather than his intuition our understanding of black holes might be decades further advanced. Neutron stars are not composed of ordinary matter. In these exotic objects all of the electrons and protons contained in ordinary matter have been squashed together to form neutrons. In essence a neutron star is a single gigantic atomic nucleus, containing only neutrons. A typical neutron star has 1.5 times the mass of the Sun, but a radius of only 10 kilometers. Neutron stars have been observed in the form of pulsars.

65. The Superstring Store classic book by legendary Indian theoretical physicist subramanyan chandrasekhar.chandrasekhar was the first physicist to seriously proposed that real http://superstringtheory.com/store/bhbooks2.html

The Official String Theory Web Site Bookstore Black Holes Basic Physics ... Science for kids In association with Welcome to the Superstring Store All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Baby Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones (Show me less advanced books General Relativity by Robert M. Wald Wald's book is suitable for graduate or advanced undergraduate students in physics who are comfortable with vectors, advanced calculus and geometry. Wald provides treatments of advanced black hole topics such as causality breakdowns, spacetime singularities, black hole thermodynamics and Hawking radiation that are clear and accessible without being simplified. The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time by Stephen Hawking, G. F. Ellis (Contributor) This has to be the most difficult book in all of theoretical physics. However, Hawking's insight into black holes and the issues involved in their definition and existence is quite deep and it's worth grinding through his derivations and proofs in order to understand the fine points of black hole physics. Black Holes and Relativistic Stars by Robert M. Wald (Editor)

66. Testcmab laureate and died only in 1995) subramanyan chandrasekhar in 1928. Having amass below what is now known as the chandrasekhar Limit (1.4 solar masses), http://www.geocities.com/martinclutt/testcmab.htm

Tests 2-3 Sirius B is white Sirius B is small but heavy. [YES] to these two: Sirius B is a White Dwarf. It is a star roughly the size of the Earth, but with roughly the mass of the Sun. Here is what the Harvard Bright Star Catalog (available from CDS as a Gzipped file, requiring Gunzip) has to say: "B is first white dwarf ever discovered; predicted by Bessel (1844) on basis of orbital motion of Sirius, it was first seen by Alvan Clark in 1862, and its peculiar high temperature, small size and great density established by W. Adams in 1925." The first man to properly understand white dwarves was (Nobel laureate and died only in 1995) Subramanyan Chandrasekhar in 1928. Having a mass below what is now known as the Chandrasekhar Limit (1.4 solar masses), Sirius B avoided collapse into a Neutron Star or Black Hole; having used up its fuel, its gravitational collapse has been balanced by the exclusion principle of its so-called "degenerate electrons." Our most recent numbers for the dimensions of Sirius B are presented in Sirius B: A New, More Accurate View

67. EndNote Soc again and again in the Journal field and chandrasekhar, subramanyan againand again in the Authors field. EndNote offers socalled field lists that http://arg.cmm.ki.si/~primus/Miscellaneous/Endnote.html

Instructions for EndNote Database Creating a database Word/Tools/GoToEndNote - close the "Select a database library" window and choose File/New in the EndNote window; enter a new name (e.g. mc) and Save. A new window called mc.enl is created inside the EndNote window, and a file with the same name is created. Adding references to the EndNote database EndNote/References/New; choose reference type (journal, bookse etc.), and enter data in the corresponding fields (Author, Year, [Title], Journal, Volume, Page are obligatory). Ctrl-c for Copy and Ctrl-v for paste works. Author names : always as Spisni, A. Wayne,J.K.K. each in its own line. Title : if you know it. Is necessary for some journals. Journal name : use abbreviated form as it should be printed. Practical hint: if the reference is already written somewhere in a doc file, select with mouse, Ctrl-c for Copy, click into New Reference window/Author, Ctrl-c for paste, copy corresponding data to fields. Close by clicking on right upper corner X, New Reference window closes and a new entry appears in mc.enl window that can be edited/viewed by double-click. There is no practical limit to nr. of entries in a database or any field.

68. Untitled Document In July 1930 the then 19 year old subramanyan chandrasekhar, partly during thelong sea voyage from India to England (where he was to become a student at http://www.maths.soton.ac.uk/relativity/GRExplorer/NS/graveyard.htm

The Stellar Graveyard Observations may have confirmed the extreme compactness of white dwarfs, but their internal constitution was not easy to understand given the knowledge of physics that was available in the mid 1920s. In fact, the structure of such compact stars seemed like an unavoidable paradox, and its resolution is a landmark in the development of our understanding of the internal structure of stars. The electron gas in matter as dense as in the companion of Sirius must be degenerate and should be described by quantum statistics. Basically, even an absolutely cold assembly of electrons must retain a spread of momenta (due to Pauli's exclusion principle), and if the electrons are confined to a finite volume (as in a star) there will be an associated pressure. It is this ``electron degeneracy'' pressure that balances gravity in white dwarfs. So, what has this got to do with black holes and neutron stars? Well, a closer examination shows that the electrons in a massive dwarf will be moving at velocities near the speed of light. This means that any theoretical study of white dwarfs must include relativistic corrections. This turns out to have a surprising astrophysical implication. In July 1930 the then 19 year old Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, partly during the long sea voyage from India to England (where he was to become a student at Cambridge), made a calculation that predicted that white dwarfs can never be more massive than roughly 1.4 solar masses. This remarkable result implies that a massive star will not simply fade away as it runs out of nuclear fuel. Instead it will collapse under its own gravitational pull. This leads to a supernova explosion and the subsequent formation of either a neutron star or a black hole.

69. AFOSR Nobel Winners subramanyan chandrasekhar. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Physics. theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and http://www.afosr.af.mil/afrnobel.htm

AFRL Headquarters AFRL Directories Search AFRL AFOSR Directories ... National Science Foundation Current as of: 09/08/2005 01:16 PM Nobel Prize Winners Sponsored by AFOSR Name and Institution Scientific Discipline and "Award Citation Excerpt" Year Prize Awarded Year AFOSR Support Began Supported by AFOSR Before They Won the Prize Polykarp Kusch Columbia University, New York, NY Physics "precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron" Willis Eugene Lamb Stanford University, Stanford, CA Physics "discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum" John Bardeen University of Illinois, Urbana, IL Physics "researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect" Willard F. Libby University of California, Los Angeles, CA Chemistry "method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science" Robert Hofstadter Stanford University, Stanford, CA Physics "pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Eugene Paul Wigner Princeton University

70. South Asian Media Net subramanyan chandrasekhar Born 1910 Died 1995. Subrahmanyan chandrasekhar,a Nobel Laureate in Physics and one of the greatest astrophysicists of modern http://www.southasianmedia.net/profile/india/india_leadpersonalities_acad.cfm

Search: E-mail: User ID: @southasianmedia.net Password: About Us Viewers' Post Archives Major Issues ... Media Monitor Latest News: var jscontent= " Musharraf, Singh meet New Norway govt renews Lanka peace bid No timetable for Iraq withdrawal UN envoys agree reform blueprint Taleban 'kill voters in ambush' "; HOME India Brief Facts History ... Sports Academicians/Scientists Political Industrialists ACADEMICIANS/SCIENTISTS C.V Raman Dr. H.J Bhabha Srinavasa Ranmujan Subrahmanyan Chandrasekha r Amartya Sen Shakuntala Devi Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman Born : 1888 Died : 1970 C.V.Raman was a scientist in Physics, who won noble prize in 1930. His discovery of the 'Raman Effect' made a very distinctive contribution to Physics. He was knighted by the British Government in 1929. He was also conferred the highest title of 'Bharat Ratna' in 1954. Raman was born on 7th November,1888 at Ayyanpettai in Tamil Nadu. He had his education in Visakhapatanam and Madras. After getting top ranking in the Financial Civil Service Competitive Exam, he was appointed as Deputy Accountant General in Calcutta (Kolkutta). In 1917 he became the professor of Physics at the Calcutta University. After 15 years service at the Calcutta University, Raman shifted to Bangalore and became the Director of the Indian Institute of Science in 1933. In 1943 he founded 'Raman Research Institute', near Bangalore.

71. Rocket Boosters Because I am sure that subramanyan chandrasekhar was a very fine physicist, orotherwise why would anyone name an AXAF after him? http://citypaper.net/articles/123198/howcol.shtml

search citypaper.net classifieds real estate jobzone forums ... Email Newsletter pretzel logic Rocket Boosters by Howard Altman I really expected to see people on Mars by now. Or at the very least the moon, which is only 250,000 miles away, about the same mileage my old housemate Cedric The Blacksmith got out of his rusted yellow Honda. Instead we have the Mir, which is about half as reliable as Cedric's old clunker and twice as ugly. At several billion times the cost. The problem is that we are frittering away our meager space funds on low-orbiting tenements and geriatric g-force junkies. And we're not being financially creative enough to afford any better. This much I have learned from Jonathan's Space Report (JSR), an interesting electronic newsletter I've been receiving since I signed up for it about four years ago. Put out by Jonathan McDowell of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, MA, the report is a faithful collection of tidbits on stuff that is launched into space. The latest report was delayed, ironically enough, due to the author's travel problems here on earth. Tardy or otherwise, it points out, quite by accident I am sure, the reason why humanity has not been able to venture very far for very long from our lonely little orb. In the martini-dry verbiage of a serious man of science, McDowell reports, for example, that the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, otherwise known as the AXAF, has been renamed.

72. Pfell_all Search Result Name , chandrasekhar, Prof. subramanyan. Date of Birth , 1910-1910. Degree ,Sc.D. (Cantab). Honours , FNA, FNASc http://www.ias.ac.in/php/pfell_all.php3?alpha=C

73. A162, Lecture 12 subramanyan chandrasekhar (1931) realized that important changes to degeneracypressure occur if electrons start moving close to the speed of light. http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu/~dhw/Intro/lec12.html

LECTURE 12: STELLAR EVOLUTION. III. WHITE DWARFS 12.1 AFTER HELIUM EXHAUSTION Eventually, the core of a red giant runs out of helium. It contracts again, to maintain its temperature (gravitational energy -> thermal energy). Helium ignites in a shell around the inert carbon/oxygen core. Now the star has a helium-fusing shell and a hydrogen-fusing shell. With its hotter core and rapid fusion, the star becomes more luminous, and its envelope expands once again. It goes back up the giant branch. (Strictly speaking, it goes up the ``asymptotic giant branch.'') The very luminous, very extended star begins to lose its outer envelope, where the push of radiation becomes stronger than the pull of gravity. What happens next depends critically on the star's mass. In brief, stars whose main sequence mass is less than 8 M sun become white dwarfs (this lecture). More massive stars go through further fusion cycles and explode as supernovae (lecture 14). 12.2 DEGENERATE ELECTRON PRESSURE No two electrons may occupy the same quantum mechanical state. Rough translation: No two electrons may be in the ``same place'' moving at the ``same speed'' within some accuracy Implication: When gas is extremely dense (so that many electrons are crowded into roughly the ``same place''), some of the electrons must move very fast.

74. ASP: Past Winners Of The Catherine Wolfe Bruce Award 1952, chandrasekhar, subramanyan, Yerkes Obs., Univ. of Chicago. 1951, Minnaert, M.Ultrecht Observatory. 1950, Joy, Alfred H. Mt. Wilson Observatory http://www.astrosociety.org/membership/awards/pastbruce.html

home about us SEARCH ASP SITE: About Us Topics: Board of Directors Donate Now Mission Statement Bylaws ... Contact Information Past Winners of the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Award Year Medalist Institution Chushiro Hayashi Kyoto University, Japan Vera Rubin Carnegie Institution of Washington Bohdan Paczynski Princeton University Observatory Hans Bethe Cornell University Rashid Sunyaev Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics Geoffrey Burbidge University of California, San Diego Donald Lynden-Bell Cambridge University Parker, Eugene N. University of Chicago Whitford, Albert Lick Observatory Peebles, James Princeton University Sargent, Wallace

75. Physics Nobel Laureates 1975 - Today chandrasekhar, subramanyan, USA, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1910 (inLahore, India), + 1995. for his theoretical studies of the physical http://www.matpack.de/Info/Chronics/physics_laureates_4.html

Physics 1975 The prize was awarded jointly to: BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago, U.S.A.); and RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection". Physics 1976 The prize was divided equally between: RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind". Physics 1977 The prize was divided equally between: ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories,Murray Hill, NJ, MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, + 1996; and

76. References Convection. Byrne, Gregory J. Cumulus Patterns Weatherwise, May/June 2000. p 30.chandrasekhar, subramanyan. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. http://www.etl.noaa.gov/about/eo/pdf/Ref.html

References The following resources were used in the collection of information for this project. Further information on the topics covered in this website can be found in these resources. Convection Byrne, Gregory J. Cumulus Patterns Weatherwise, May/June 2000. p 30. Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. London: Oxford University Press, 1961. Getling, A.V. Rayleigh-Benard Convection Structures and Dynamics. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co, 1998. Koschmieder, E.L. Benard Cells and Taylor Vortices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Van Dyke, Milton. An Album of Fluid Motion. Stanford: The Parabolic Press, 1982. Van Hook, Stephen J. and Schatz, Michael F. Simple Demonstrations of Pattern Formation. The Physics Teacher, Vol. 35, Oct. 1997.

77. Nobel Award Recipients 1983, subramanyan chandrasekhar William Fowler, chandrasekhar for his theoreticalstudies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and http://hypertextbook.com/physics/general/nobel.html

78. Sakura Gooneratne subramanyan chandrasekhar and Arthur Stanley Eddington over the limiting mass chandrasekhar, who won the Nobel Prize for his work on white dwarfs in http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/grad/current/gooneratne_sakura.htm

main main staff recruiting ... what's on BSc courses contact Sakura Gooneratne Education I graduated from University College London with a BSc. in Astronomy and Physics in 1995. My third year project involved trying to fit observational data to various models for a magnetic white dwarf. The following year I went to the Centre for History of Science, Technology and Medicine at Imperial College to do a MSc. in History and Philosophy of Science. I completed my dissertation on A.S. Eddington and the reception of general relativity amongst British astronomers, and decided to do a PhD on a similar topic. Research Interests I am currently involved in a research project which will lead to a PhD. in History of Science. My research focusses on the 1935 controversy between two astrophysicists, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar and Arthur Stanley Eddington over the limiting mass of white dwarf stars. Chandrasekhar, who won the Nobel Prize for his work on white dwarfs in 1983, was then 24 years old whilst Eddington was almost 50, a tower of authority in the astronomical world. I will be looking at the various factors leading up to and influencing the controversy. As the astronomical community in the early 20th century was quite compact, this study will also try to illustrate the social aspect of the community and link the various personalities such as James Hopwood Jeans and Edward Arthur Milne to the controversy.

79. Einstein's Nobel Heritage 1983 subramanyan chandrasekhar and William A. Fowler. chandrasekhars work onthe stability of White Dwarfs, the final states of low-mass stars, http://www.einstein-online.info/en/spotlights/nobel/

Elementary Einstein Spotlights on relativity Links Further reading ... Spotlights on relativity Einstein's Nobel heritage Einstein's Nobel heritage Einstein's theories of relativity are the foundation for much of modern physics - small wonder that there is a sizeable number of Nobel prizes related to relativity. Here's a list with brief descriptions of the most important ones: 1921 - Albert Einstein Ironically, while relativity has led to so many Nobel prizes, it only played a minor role in Einstein's own. To be sure, it is prominently featured in the laudatio held by Svante Arrhenius, however, in the Nobel committee's brief prize announcement talks rather vaguely about Einstein's "services to Theoretical Physics", with explicit mention given only to his finding the law of the photoelectric effect Nobelprize.org: Physics 1921 1933 - Paul Dirac (jointly with Erwin Schr¶dinger) Dirac's prize was the first of many given for work on the connection between special relativity and quantum theory. He was the pioneer of relativistic quantum mechanics , formulating what is nowadays called the Dirac equation , the first equation for the quantum behaviour of relativistic matter particles. Using his equation, he discovered a fundamental relativistic quantum phenomenon: the fact that, for every species of relativistic particle, there must be a kind of mirror image, a species of corresponding

80. SPACESHIP GAIA EXPLORER Within a few years, subramanyan chandrasekhar of the University of Wisconsinwould be the first astronomer awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. http://community-2.webtv.net/AstroEcologist/SPACESHIPGAIA/page2.html

THERE'S NO BUSINESS LIKE SPACE BUSINESS A special report on NASA's Inaugural Small Business Solutions Conference held in New York City. Pictured here is a proposed design for NASA's Crew Exploration Vehicle to help send astronauts to the Moon, Mars and Beyond. NASA Lands In New York City On Small Business Mission By Harold Egeln New York City, Tuesday, September 6, 2005 It was a lot of small business steps and a giant leap for NASA, as the nation's space agency held a Small Business Solutions Conference in the city's theatrical district, its first ever here, adding the Big Apple to its official Moon, Mars and Beyond space policy vision. Four of the space shuttle Discovery astronauts, Colonel Eileen Collins, the mission commander, and mission specialists Charles Camarda from Queens, Soichi Noguchi and Stephen Robinson, were on hand, in the city for various events to discuss their recent orbital mission, the first shuttle flight since the Columbia tragedy of February 1, 2003. "We have landed!" said the NASA officials and astronauts in their welcome to several hundred business leaders from across the nation as NASA's Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization (OSDBU) not only sought to inform them of how they can contribute to the U.S.'s new Space Vision, but to establish a stronger NASA space base in the city.

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