41. June 19 - Today In Science History sir ernst boris chain. (source), Born 19 June 1906; died 12 Aug 1979. GermanbornBritish biochemist who, with pathologist Howard Walter Florey (later Baron http://www.todayinsci.com/6/6_19.htm

Visit our new gallery of Perpetual Motion Machines through the centuries JUNE 19 - BIRTHS Viktor Ivanovich Patsayev (source) Born 19 June 1933; died 29 Jun 1971. Soviet cosmonaut , design engineer on the Soyuz 11 mission, in which he, mission commander Georgy Dobrovolsky, and flight engineer Vladislav Volkov remained in space a record 24 days and created the first manned orbital scientific station by docking their spacecraft with the unmanned Salyut station launched two months earlier. Soyuz 11 was guided automatically to 100 m, then hand-docked to the Salyut 1 scientific station. Equipment aboard Salyut 1 included a telescope, spectrometer, electrophotometer, and television. The crew checked improved on-board spacecraft systems in different conditions of flight and conducted medico-biological research. They died in cabin depressurization of Soyuz 11 during its return trip to earth. Aage N. Bohr (search) Born 19 June 1922 Aage Niels Bohr is a Danish physicist , son of physicist Niels Bohr. They both contributed to the building of the atomic bomb during WW II. As his Nobel-winning father had done before him, Aage Bohr shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Physics with Ben R. Mottelson and James Rainwater "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection." The theory helped explain many nuclear properties by showing that nuclear particles can vibrate and rotate so as to distort the shape of the nucleus from the expected spherical symmetry into an ellipsoid.

42. Encyclopedia: Ernst Boris Chain Other descriptions of ernst boris chain. sir ernst boris chain (June 19, 1906 –August 12, 1979) was a Germanborn British biochemist, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Ernst-Boris-Chain

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "Ernst Boris Chain" also viewed: Herbert Spencer Gasser Howard Florey William Henry Bragg Penicillin ... Cologne What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Xenosaga WrestleMania 22 Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. Winnacott kats ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: Ernst Boris Chain Updated 97 days 21 hours 32 minutes ago. Other descriptions of Ernst Boris Chain Sir Ernst Boris Chain June 19 August 12 ) was a German -born British biochemist, and a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin June 19 is the 170th day of the year (171st in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 195 days remaining. ... 1906 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar). ... August 12 is the 224th day of the year (225th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar. ... 1979 is a common year starting on Monday. ... 1945 was a common year starting on Monday (link will take you to calendar). ...

43. Chain, Ernst Boris Sir - Gedenktafeln Berlin Translate this page chain, ernst boris sir - Gedenktafeln - Erinnerung in Berlin. http://www.luise-berlin.de/Gedenktafeln/mit/c/chain_ernst_boris_sir.htm

Greifen Sie nur bei fehlender Navigation zum Ring! Oder schalten Sie Javascript ein. Chain, Ernst Boris Sir Wohnhaus Inschrift: BERLINER GEDENKTAFEL erhielt ERNST BORIS CHAIN Tiergarten 19.6.1909-12.8.1979 Irland gemeinsam mit Sir Alexander Fleming und Sir Howard Walter Florey. Bis zu seiner Emigration 1933 lebte der Biochemiker Ernst Boris Chain in seinem Heimatbezirk Tiergarten Technische Daten: Standort: Besondere Ortsangabe : im Foyer des "Hauses der Gesundheit" Einweihung 22.2.1990 Werkstatt KPM Herausgeber BVV Tiergarten Bemerkungen: Literaturhinweis Berliner Morgenpost vom 2.8.1989 und vom 22.2.1990 www.berlin-geschichte.de

44. Chain, Ernst Boris Sir - Gedächtnis Berlin Translate this page chain, ernst boris sir - Lebensdaten und Erinnerung in Berlin. http://www.luise-berlin.de/Ehrung/c/chain_ernst_boris_sir.htm

Chain , Ernst Boris Sir (1969) * 19.06.1909 Berlin Britischer Mediziner, Opfer des NS-Regimes Gedenktafel: www.berlin-geschichte.de

45. Past Achievements The 1945 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine was awarded to sir AlexanderFleming, sir ernst boris chain and Lord Howard Walter Florey for their http://www.mrc.ac.uk/index/about/about-history/about-past_achievements.htm

History Origins Past Achievements Nobel Laureates Secretaries History Publications Archives ... History : Past Achievements Past Achievements Since it was founded in 1913, MRC has funded work that has led to some of the most significant discoveries and achievements of 20th century medicine. The Early Days The Post-war Years In 1947, the MRC convened a conference to discuss the possible causes of a great increase in deaths from lung cancer. Dr. (later Professor Sir) Richard Doll and Professor (later Sir) Austin Bradford Hill, who worked at the MRC Statistics Unit, began work on the problem and published a preliminary paper in 1950 that suggested a relationship between tobacco smoking and cancer. In a large follow-up study in 1951, 60,000 British doctors were asked about their smoking habits and 40,000 who replied have been monitored ever since to see what illnesses they died of. The first results, published in 1956 showed that the death rate from lung cancer among heavy smokers was some 20 times the rate in non-smokers, providing definitive proof that smoking causes lung cancer. The Modern Age In 1973, Professor Peter Mansfield, of the University of Nottingham Department of Physics, and the U.S. chemist Paul Lauterbur independently devised a way to harness the physical phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to visualise the internal structure of complex objects. Since then, with long-term MRC support, Professor Mansfield has pioneered the clinical application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI techniques have revolutionised neuroscience, physiology, and medical imaging by harmlessly opening windows on the working brain and body to provide exquisitely detailed images of anatomical structure and dynamic processes in living organisms. Today MRI is a multibillion dollar industry; MRI scanning and spectroscopy are routinely used diagnostic imaging technologies in medicine and there are an estimated 10,000 MRI whole body scanners in use worldwide.

46. CNN.com 1945 sir Alexander Fleming, ernst boris chain, sir Howard Walter Florey.1944 Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser. 1943 Henrik Carl Peter Dam, http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/nobel.100/medicine.html

HOME OVERVIEW PROFILE: ANNAN PURSUIT OF PEACE ... RESOURCES Medicine 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Paul M. Nurse 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel 1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell 1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp 1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs 1991 Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann 1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas 1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus 1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1986 Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini 1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein 1983 Barbara McClintock 1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel 1980 Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell 1979 Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield 1978 Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith 1977 Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally, Rosalyn Yalow 1976 Baruch S. Blumberg, D. Carleton Gajdusek 1975 David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin

47. Near & Middle East And North Africa Excluding Hebrew And Judaica sir, Thomas (18451945); Petrie, sir, William Matthew Flinders (1853-1942);chain, sir, ernst boris (1906-1979); Macintosh, sir, Robert (1897-1989) http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/collections/collection.php?ID=145

48. Guide C chain, sir ernst boris, 19061979. Knight. Biochemist. IDENTITY STATEMENT Title Papers and correspondence of sir ernst boris chain, 1906-1979 http://www.bath.ac.uk/ncuacs/guidec.htm

NCUACS homepage Guide List of Contents Guide to the manuscript papers of British scientists: C ACCESS ARRANGEMENTS The collections described in this guide have been catalogued by the Unit and subsequently deposited in libraries and archives throughout the UK. Inclusion in this guide does not imply that collections will be completely available for research. There are restrictions on access to items in a number of the collections and researchers should always consult the appropriate repository before planning a visit. New Most of the catalogues compiled by the Unit can now be viewed online through the Access to Archives website at the National Archives ( http://www.a2a.org.uk Direct links to the catalogues are being (gradually) added from this Guide To view the full-text catalogue, please click on the link under Finding Aid Note, some catalogues are very extensive and may take a few moments to download. An indication of the size of the file is provided. CAMERON , Sir Gordon Roy (1899-1967), pathologist CHAIN , Sir Ernst Boris (1906-1979), biochemist CHAPMAN , Sydney (1888-1970), mathematical physicist CHAUNDY , Theodore William (1889-1971), mathematician CHERWELL, Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount (1886-1957) See LINDEMANN, Frederick Alexander

49. Chain, Chain, Chains, Chaining, Chained- WordWeb Dictionary Definition ernst boris chain, sir ernst boris chain. Derived forms chaining, chains, chained.Type of arrange, biochemist, building block, business, business concern http://wordwebonline.com/en/CHAIN

Skip to definition. WordWeb Online Dictionary and Thesaurus: WordWeb WordWeb Online Windows Software Free Download For developers Help Us Improve Report an error Missing word/sense Links Crossword Software Crossword Puzzles Noun: chain cheyn A series of things depending on each other as if ... together "the chain of command " concatenation chemistry ) a series of linked atoms generally in an organic molecule chemical chain A series of ( usually metal rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament A number of similar establishments stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theatres ) under one ownership Anything that acts as a restraint A unit of length A series of hills or mountains range mountain range range of mountains ... chain of mountains A necklace made by a stringing objects together string ... strand Verb: chain cheyn Connect or arrange into a chain by linking Fasten or secure with chains "Chain the chairs together " Noun: Chain cheyn British biochemist born in Germany ) who isolated and purified penicillin , which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming Ernst Boris Chain Sir Ernst Boris Chain Derived forms: chains, chaining, chained

50. Ernst Boris Chain Biography .ms ernst boris chain. sir ernst boris chain (June 19, 1906 August 12, 1979) is aGerman-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize http://ernst-boris-chain.biography.ms/

Ernst Boris Chain Sir Ernst Boris Chain June 19 August 12 ) is a German -born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin External links Related Links Boris Vallejo quotes Max Ernst quotes Boris Karloff quotes Ernst Haeckel quotes ... Home page

51. Medical Science 1945 The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded to sir AlexanderFleming, sir ernst boris chain and Lord Howard Walter Florey for their http://www.hero.ac.uk/uk/research/research_outcomes/medical_science_209.cfm

Search this site: Thu. 15 Sep 2005 Feedback FAQ About HERO HERO homepage ... Research Outcomes Medical science Research homepage Research in the UK Who funds research? Getting Funded ... Research Assessment Exercise Reference Glossary of terms Groups and organisations Institution facilities Resources ... Schools Medical science Printable version Email this page Suggest a link for this page How to bookmark a page TOP TEN 20th century Medical Research Council (MRC) achievements: Sir Edward Mellanby discovered that rickets, which causes bone deformation in growing children, is caused by a poor diet. Cod-liver oil supplements were found to be an effective treatment and, together with improved nutrition, successfully overcame the problem. Development of vaccine against canine distemper virus, a major killer of dogs until then, at MRC Mill Hill laboratories. Sir Patrick Laidlaw, Sir Christopher Andrews, and Wilson Smith, working at the MRC National Institute for Medical Research, prove that influenza is caused by a virus, rather than a bacterium as had been previously suggested. The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine is awarded to Sir Alexander Fleming, Sir Ernst Boris Chain and Lord Howard Walter Florey for their pioneering work on penicillin, the first widely used antibiotic. Fleming had discovered penicillin in 1929, and it was later purified and shown to be able to cure infectious bacterial diseases through Chain and Florey's MRC supported work during the Second World War.

52. 20th Century Year By Year 1945 1955; chain, sir ernst boris, Great Britain, Oxford University, b. 1906, (inBerlin, Germany), d. 1979; and FLOREY, Lord (HOWARD WALTER), Great Britain, http://www.historycentral.com/20th/1945.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Academy Awards and Popular Movies Major Events of 1945 Auschwitz Liberated Yalta Conference Bombing of Dresden US Land On Iwo Jima ... Japan Surrenders Sports NCAA Football: Army Record: 9-0-0 Heisman Trophy: Felix Blanchard, army FB points: 860 Stanley Cup: Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings Series: 4-3 World Series: Detroit Tigers vs. Chicago Cubs Series: 4-3 Popular Movies 1. Adventure 2. Anna and the King of Siam 3. Bandit of Sherwood Forest 4. The Bells of St. Mary's 5. Caesar and Cleopatra 6. Canyon Passage 7. The Dolly Sisters 8. Dragonwyck 9. Duffy's Tavern 10. Easy to Wed Academy Awards Best Picture: "The Lost Weekend" Best Director: Billy Wilder ... "The Lost Weekend" Best Actor: Ray Milland ... "The Lost Weekend" Best Actress: Joan Crawford ... "Mildred Pierce" Nobel Prizes Chemistry VIRTANEN, ARTTURI ILMARI, Finland, Helsinki University, b. 1895, d. 1973: "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" Literature MISTRAL, GABRIELA (pen-name of GODOY Y ALCAYAGA, LUCILA), Chile, b. 1889, d. 1957: "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"

53. Chain which had been discovered in 1928 by sir Alexander Fleming (19061979) synernst boris chain, sir ernst boris chain 8 a series of hills or mountains http://chain.word.sytes.org/

chain From WordNet (r) 2.0 chain n 1: a series of things depending on each other as if linked together; "the chain of command"; "a complicated concatenation of circumstances" [syn: concatenation ] 2: (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule) [syn: chemical chain ] 3: a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament 4: a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership 5: anything that acts as a restraint 6: a unit of length 7: British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979) [syn: Ernst Boris Chain Sir Ernst Boris Chain ] 8: a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range" [syn: range mountain range range of mountains ... chain of mountains ] 9: metal shackles; for hands or legs [syn:

54. Penicillin - Columbia Encyclopedia® Article About Penicillin Medicine with ernst B. chain and sir Howard W. Florey for work on penicillin . Click the link for more information. and EB chain chain, ernst boris, http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/penicillin

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='penicillin' Your help is needed: American Red Cross The Salvation Army join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia Hutchinson encyclopedia penicillin Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus Medical Acronyms Wikipedia ... Hutchinson 0.01 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback penicillin, any of a group of chemically similar substances obtained from molds of the genus Penicillium that were the first antibiotic antibiotic, any of a variety of substances, usually obtained from microorganisms, that inhibit the growth of or destroy certain other microorganisms. Types of Antibiotics The great number of diverse antibiotics currently available can be classified in different ways, e.g. Click the link for more information. agents to be used successfully in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans. The antagonistic effect of penicillin on bacteria was first observed by the Scottish biologist Sir Alexander Fleming Fleming, Sir Alexander

55. Howard Walter Florey -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article in 1928 by sir Alexander Fleming (19061979)) ernst boris chain and sir In 1938, working with ernst boris chain and (Click link for more info and http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/h/ho/howard_walter_florey.htm

Howard Walter Florey [Categories: Life peers, Rhodes scholars, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners, Pharmacologists, Australian scientists, 1968 deaths, 1898 births] Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey (September 24, 1898 - February 21, 1968) was a (Someone trained in the science of drugs (their composition and uses and effects)) pharmacologist who shared the (An annual award for outstanding contributions to chemistry or physics or physiology and medicine or literature or economics or peace) Nobel Prize for (The branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms) Physiology or (The branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques) Medicine in 1945 with (British biochemist (born in Germany) who isolated and purified penicillin, which had been discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1906-1979)) Ernst Boris Chain and Sir (English bacteriologist who discovered penicillin (1881-1955)) Alexander Fleming for his role in the extraction of (Any of various antibiotics obtained from penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases) penicillin Born in (The state capital of South Australia) Adelaide (A state in south central Australia) South Australia , Florey was a brilliant student (and junior sportsman) who studied medicine at the (Click link for more info and facts about University of Adelaide) University of Adelaide from 1917 to 1921. At the university he met Ethel Reed, another medical student who was to become both his wife and his research colleague. A

56. Chain Definition From Aiedu.com Synonyms chain, ernst boris chain, sir ernst boris chain. hypernym biochemist.8 chain a series of hills or mountains; the valley was between two http://dict.aiedu.com/word/chain

An Internet Dictionary! Welcome! My Dictionary Help Links Log In ... Sign Up Search In Wordnet noun chain > a series of things depending on each other as if linked together; "the chain of command"; "a complicated concatenation of circumstances" (noun.group) Synonyms: chain concatenation hypernym: series hyponym: catena daisy chain chain > (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule) (noun.object) Synonyms: chain chemical chain hypernym: unit building block hyponym: closed chain ring open chain part meronym: molecule domain category: chemistry chemical science chain > a series of (usually metal) rings or links fitted into one another to make a flexible ligament (noun.artifact) Synonyms: chain hypernym: ligament hyponym: anchor chain bicycle chain chatelaine fob ... snow chains part meronym: chain printer chain tongs chain wrench bicycle ... cycle chain > a number of similar establishments (stores or restaurants or banks or hotels or theaters) under one ownership (noun.group) Synonyms: chain hypernym: business concern business concern business organization ... business organisation hyponym: apparel chain discount chain restaurant chain retail chain member holonym: chain store domain category: dramaturgy dramatic art dramatics theater ... theatre chain > anything that acts as a restraint (noun.artifact)

57. Portraits De Personnages Celebres : CHAI Translate this page chain (sir ernst boris)(1906-1979). Photo 1 Photo de groupe 1 (à gauche, avecDavid BEN-GOURION , Niels BOHR, Linus Carl PAULING) Peinture 1 (3) http://www.onlipix.com/personnages/chai.htm

CHAI CHAILLET (Georges) Dessin CHAILLET (Henri-David de) Dessin Dessin Dessin CHAILLET (Julie) Dessin CHAILLET (Pierre)(1900-1972) Photo CHAILLET D'ARNEX (Charlotte-Marguerite de) Dessin CHAILLET D'ARNEX (Henri de) Dessin CHAILLY (Luciano) Photo de groupe (avec Dino BUZZATI CHAILLY (Ricardo)(1953-) Photo CHAIN (Sir Ernst Boris)(1906-1979) Photo Photo de groupe David BEN-GOURION Niels BOHR Linus Carl PAULING Peinture Photo CHAIREDEMOS Sculpture (avec LYCEAS CHAISSAC (Gaston)(1910-1964) Photo (en 1952)/ (en 1952) CHAIZE (Francis de la)(1624-1709) Dessin Onlipix.com

58. Near And Middle East sir ernst boris chain PP/EBC Substantial number of files concerning institutionsin Israel with which he was associated, 1940s70s; also files as consultant http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTL039931.html

var g_HttpRelativeWebRoot = "/stellent/";var SSContributor = false; var JSLibraryZone, JSLibraryArea; JSLibraryZone='Collections'; JSLibraryArea='Special collections'; Home News Sitemap Contact ... Resources and finding aids Near and Middle East var archives = [23, 28, 33, 37, 41, 45, 48, 50, 54, 101, 102, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 121, 131, 147, 157]; Gallery Procedures Resources and finding aids Sources Leaflet list Sources leaflets: Near and Middle East Societies and Associations Personal papers General collections RAMC ... Wellcome archives Further information about the materials mentioned below can be found on the Archives and Manuscripts Online Catalogue In some cases the full detailed catalogues of archive collections are not yet in this online database: hard copy versions are available in the Poynter Room of the Library and on request to archs+mss@wellcome.ac.uk Societies and Associations FAMILY PLANNING ASSOCIATION SA/FPA Correspondence with foreign countries includes Aden, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran

59. International Organisations sir ernst boris chain PP/EBC Files relating to European Society for BiochemicalPharmacology, Federation of European Biological Societies, http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTL039918.html

var g_HttpRelativeWebRoot = "/stellent/";var SSContributor = false; var JSLibraryZone, JSLibraryArea; JSLibraryZone='Collections'; JSLibraryArea='Special collections'; Home News Sitemap Contact ... Resources and finding aids International Organisations var archives = [23, 28, 33, 37, 41, 45, 48, 50, 54, 101, 102, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 121, 131, 147, 157]; Gallery Procedures Resources and finding aids Sources Leaflet list Sources leaflets: International Organisations Material which relates only to attendance at international conferences and congresses has been omitted. Further information about the materials mentioned below can be found on the Archives and Manuscripts Online Catalogue In some cases the full detailed catalogues of archive collections are not yet in this online database: hard copy versions are available in the Poynter Room of the Library and on request to archs+mss@wellcome.ac.uk Organisations` own archives Archives of other organisations with material relating to international bodies Personal papers with material relating to international bodies ... Wellcome archives ECHS - EUROPEAN COLLABORATIVE HOSPITALS/HEALTH SERVICE STUDY GC/191 Records of a series of workshops run by an informal network, comparing the input and outcome of health services in different European countries, 1980-9

60. World Almanac For Kids FLEMING, sir Alexander (1881–1955), British bacteriologist and Nobel with theBritish scientists Howard Walter Florey and ernst boris chain for their http://www.worldalmanacforkids.com/explore/inventions/fleming_siralexander.html

EXPLORE ANIMALS ENVIRONMENT HISTORICAL BIRTHDAYS ... home FLEMING, Sir Alexander Fleming conducted outstanding research in bacteriology, chemotherapy, and immunology. In 1922 he discovered lysozyme, an antiseptic found in tears, body secretions, albumen, and certain fish plants. His discovery of penicillin came about accidentally in 1928 in the course of research on influenza. His observation that the mold contaminating one of his culture plates had destroyed the bacteria laid the basis for the development of penicillin therapy. Fleming was knighted in 1944. In 1945 he shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with the British scientists Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain for their contributions to the development of penicillin. Inventions Directory credits

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