21. Indian Mathematicians -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article indian mathematicians. Categories indian mathematicians, History of mathematics,Indian people Here is a chronology of the main indian mathematicians http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/i/in/indian_mathematicians.htm

Indian mathematicians [Categories: Indian mathematicians, History of mathematics, Indian people] Here is a chronology of the main Indian mathematicians: BCE (Click link for more info and facts about Yajnavalkya) Yajnavalkya , 1800 BC, the author of the altar mathematics of the (Click link for more info and facts about Shatapatha Brahmana) Shatapatha Brahmana (Click link for more info and facts about Lagadha) Lagadha - Author of a 1350 BC text on Vedic astronomy (Click link for more info and facts about Baudhayana) Baudhayana , 800 BC (Click link for more info and facts about Manava) Manava , 750 BC (Click link for more info and facts about Apastamba) Apastamba , 700 BC (Click link for more info and facts about Akshapada Gautama) Akshapada Gautama , 550 BC, Logician (Click link for more info and facts about Katyayana) Katyayana , 400 BC (Indian grammarian whose grammatical rules for Sanskrit are the first known example of descriptive linguistics (circa 400 BC)) Panini , 5th century BC (Click link for more info and facts about Pingala) Pingala , 5th century BC (Click link for more info and facts about Bharata Muni) Bharata Muni , 450 BC 0-1000 CE (Click link for more info and facts about Aryabhata) Aryabhata - Astronomer who gave very accurate calculations for constants, 500 AD

22. Aryabhata -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Categories Indian astronomers, 6th century mathematicians, (Click link formore info and facts about indian mathematicians) indian mathematicians http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/ar/aryabhata.htm

Aryabhata [Categories: Indian astronomers, 6th century mathematicians, 5th century mathematicians, Indian mathematicians, 476 births] (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer s of the classical age of (A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947) India . He was born in (Click link for more info and facts about 476) AD in Ashmaka but later lived in Kusumapura, which his commentator (Click link for more info and facts about 629) AD) identifies with Patilputra (modern (Click link for more info and facts about Patna) Patna Aryabhata gave the world the digit "0" (zero) for which he became immortal. His book, the , presented astronomical and mathematical theories in which the (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the (Any of the celestial bodies (other than comets or satellites) that revolve around the sun in the solar system) planet s were given with respect to the (A typical star that is the source of light and heat for the planets in the solar system) sun (in other words, it was

23. INDIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA, ALGORITHM, GEOMETRY, TRIGNOMETRY & An Indian mathematician astronomer, Bhaskaracharya has also authored a But even in the area of Geometry, indian mathematicians had their contribution. http://www.hindubooks.org/sudheer_birodkar/india_contribution/maths.html

Ancient India's Contribution to Mathematics "India was the motherland of our race and Sanskrit the mother of Europe's languages. India was the mother of our philosophy, of much of our mathematics, of the ideals embodied in Christianity... of self-government and democracy. In many ways, Mother India is the mother of us all." - Will Durant - American Historian 1885-1981 Mathematics represents a high level of abstraction attained by the human mind. In India, mathematics has its roots in Vedic literature which is nearly 4000 years old. Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. This method of graduated calculation was documented in the Pancha-Siddhantika (Five Principles) in the 5th Century But the technique is said to be dating from Vedic times circa 2000 B.C. Table of Contents Home Introduction Chapter 1: Production Technology and Mechanical Engineering Chapter 2 Shipbuilding and Navigation Chapter 3 Architecture and Civil Engineering You are currently viewing Chapter 4 on Mathematics Chapter 5 Astronomy Chapter 6 Physics and Chemistry Chapter 7 Medical Science Chapter 8 Fine Arts Chapter 9 Sports and Games Chapter 10 Philosophy Chapter 11 Summing Up Glossary Sanskrit-English Glossary Next Book A Search for Our Present in History As in the applied sciences like production technology, architecture and shipbilding, Indians in ancient times also made advances in abstract sciences like Mathematics and Astronomy. It has now been generally accepted that the technique of algebra and the concept of zero originated in India.

24. Hindu Books Universe - Content treatises on mathematics were authored by indian mathematicians in which were examine the advances made by indian mathematicians in ancient times. http://www.hindubooks.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=1405

25. Nothing At Last - Indian Mathematics Babylonian mathematics also influenced indian mathematicians. What new kindof math was developed by the indian mathematicians? Astronomy Calculus http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_35_197.html

Sample Nothing at Last - Indian Mathematics Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets edHelper.com Subscribers: Build a printable worksheet with the complete story and puzzles Build a proofreading activity With just one subscription, you will have access to the math, spelling, vocabulary, and critical thinking worksheets! Sign up now for the subscriber materials! Nothing at Last - Indian Mathematics By Colleen Messina When you do your algebra, you use Arabic numbers instead of hieroglyphics or Roman numerals. Arabic numbers were invented in India, but no one knows their exact origin. Indians loved astronomy, like the Greeks, and Indians had rope stretchers, like the Egyptians. Babylonian mathematics also influenced Indian mathematicians. However, in 500 AD, the Indians came up with something completely original: Arabic numbers. No one knows exactly who designed the symbols, but one legend said that a glassblower created the shapes of the Arabic numerals. The Arabic system used a base of ten and was more efficient than any prior mathematical system for several reasons. Each number had a separate symbol and name. Combinations of these ten symbols and names created larger numbers. Arabic numbers could go on forever, rather than stopping at 900 like the Greek system, or at 1,000 like the Roman system. Each number stood on its own, unlike the Roman system that combined more than one symbol to form larger numbers. The Indians could add, subtract, divide, and multiply numbers without the Roman abacus. Sometimes there were contests between mathematicians who used the abacus and ones who used the Arabic numbers. Those who used Arabic numbers won easily!

26. Read About Indian Mathematicians At WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Indian M indian mathematicians. Everything you wanted to know about indian mathematiciansbut had no clue how to find it.. Learn about indian mathematicians here! http://encyclopedia.worldvillage.com/s/b/Indian_mathematicians

Culture Geography History Life ... WorldVillage Indian mathematicians From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Here is a chronology of the main Indian mathematicians: Contents 1 BCE 2 0-1000 CE 4 Born in 1800s 5 Born in 1900s ... edit BCE Yajnavalkya , 1800 BC, the author of the altar mathematics of the Shatapatha Brahmana Lagadha - Author of a 1350 BC text on Vedic astronomy Baudhayana 800 BC Manava , 750 BC Apastamba , 700 BC Akshapada Gautama , 550 BC, Logician Katyayana 400 BC Panini , 5th century BC Pingala , 5th century BC Bharata Muni , 450 BC edit 0-1000 CE Aryabhata - Astronomer who gave very accurate calculations for constants, 500 AD Varahamihira Bhaskara I , 620 AD Brahmagupta - Helped bring the concept of zero into arithmetic, Virahanka 8th century ) - Gave explicit rules for the Fibonacci series. Shridhara (between ) - Gave a good rule for finding the volume of a sphere. Lalla Govindsvamin 9th century Virasena ... Prithudaka , 9th century Halayudha , 10th century Aryabhata II Vateshvara 10th century edit ... Gopala - Studied Fibonacci numbers before Fibonacci Hemachandra - Also studied Fibonacci numbers before Fibonacci Bhaskara Gangesha Upadhyaya , 13th century, Logician, Mithila school Pakshadhara , sone of Gangehsa, Logician, Mithila school Shankara Mishra , Logician, Mithila school Narayana Pandit Madhava - Considered the father of mathematical analysis Parameshvara Nilakantha Somayaji - Mathematician and Astronomer Mahendra Suri 14th century Shankara Variyar (c.

27. Numbersystem, Some Clarification: Interact Inn All India Mailing List Yes, it is a fact that indian mathematicians developed the number system in About five centuries later indian mathematicians began to use a circle or a http://manaskriti.com/InteractInn/10119801.html

Recent Discussions Numbersystem, some clarification 10th Nov 1998 Kailash Srivastava @mail.bip.net 10th Nov 1998 Vivek Murarka @manaskriti.com 12th Nov 1998 vijay @wmi.co.in 12th Nov 1998 Aditya, the Hindu Skeptic @bc.seflin.org 13th Nov 1998 Kerry R Kinchen @stic.net 15th Nov 1998 Vivek Murarka @manaskriti.com 16th Nov 1998 P srini @hotmail.com

28. Recognition For A Mathematician MS Raghunathan joins the select band of indian mathematicians elected ON JULY14, 2000, one more Indian mathematician affixed his signature to the http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1726/17261130.htm

Volume 17 - Issue 26, Dec. 23, 2000 - Jan. 05, 2001 India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU Table of Contents EXCELLENCE Recognition for a mathematician M.S. Raghunathan joins the select band of Indian mathematicians elected Fellows of the Royal Society, London. S.G. DANI ON JULY 14, 2000, one more Indian mathematician affixed his signature to the Register of the Royal Society, London, a parchment book which also bears the signatures of Sir Isaac Newton and many other eminent names in science: Professor M.S. Raghunathan, of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society this year, he joins the rank of distinguished Indian mathematicians, the legendary Srinivasa Ramanujan, Harish-Chandra, C.S. Seshadri, M.S. Narasimhan and S.R.S. Varadhan, who have received this coveted recognition. Professor M.S. Raghunathan signing in as a Fellow of the Royal Society in London. A rather unique book, A Panorama of Pure Mathematics , was published by French mathematician Jean Dieudonne in 1977 (the English translation of the original French version appeared in 1982), recounting important results from various areas of pure m athematics, based on the choice of the well-known Bourbaki group in France, in just about 300 pages. Raghunathan was one of the few Indian mathematicians named in the book for having made substantial contributions, though he was still in his mid-thirties when the book was published. Personally, however, what Raghunathan finds most gratifying is a reference in an interview given by eminent physicist and Nobel laureate, Professor S. Chandrasekhar, which he noticed most unexpectedly, in

29. Rediscovering Ramanujan but Srinivasa Ramanujan, perhaps the greatest of indian mathematicians, con jecture in a problem he submitted to the Indian Mathematical Society. http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1617/16170810.htm

Volume 16 - Issue 17, Aug 14 - 27, 1999 India's National Magazine from the publishers of THE HINDU Table of Contents MATHEMATICS Rediscovering Ramanujan Interview with Prof. Bruce C. Berndt. The academic lineage of most eminent scholars can be traced to famous centres of learning, inspiring teachers or an intellectual milieu, but Srinivasa Ramanujan, perhaps the greatest of Indian mathematicians, had none of these advantages. He had just one year of education in a small college; he was basically self-taught. Working in isolation for most of his short life of 32 years, he had little contact with other mathematicians. "Many people falsely promulgate mystical powers to Ramanujan's mathematical thinking. It is not true. He has meticulously recorded every result in his three notebooks," says Dr. Bruce C. Berndt , Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illino is, whose 20 years of research on the three notebooks has been compiled into five volumes. Between 1903 and 1914, before Ramanujan went to Cambridge, he compiled 3,542 theorems in the notebooks. Most of the time Ramanujan provided only the results and not the proof. Berndt says: "This is perhaps because for him paper was unaffordable and so he worked on a slate and recorded the results in his notebooks without the proofs, and not because he got the results in a flash." K. GAJENDRAN

30. Britannica Student Encyclopedia indian mathematicians, such as Brahmagupta (AD 598–670) and Bhaskara II (AD1114–1185), However, the main contribution of indian mathematicians was the http://www.britannica.com/ebi/print_toc?tocId=9317453

31. Fibonacci's Roots Meanwhile, indian mathematicians had long before started their long tradition of indian mathematicians achievements had done much to help the ancient http://www.fuzzygalore.biz/articles/fibonacci.shtml

FUZZY GALORE knit patterns learn ... home Fibonacci's roots Leonardo Pisano Bonacci, better known as Fibonacci (standardized in the 19th century from Fillius Bonacci), played a major role in the advancement of mathematics in the daily lives of Europeans, particularly with the publication of his Liber Abaci 800 years ago in 1202. He explained the practicality of using a 10-base notation rather than Roman numerals, which effectively ended their use. He also contributed his own mathematical gems, particularly in Enclidian geometry and number theory. His engaging use of examples such as the reproduction of rabbits made everyone notice the use of his sequence in many natural phenomena, something which we are still discovering, and we're still using it in many designs. The only biographical details we know about him are that he was born in Pisa and that his father was a customs official in North Africa. It's this later fact that led young Leonardo to be educated in Arabic mathematics and accounting methods, and to be able to popularize these concepts among Northern Europeans. The Roman numerals in use in medieval Europe were a clumsy affair at best, barely allowing one to add and substract. A torturous method had been devised for multiplication and division, and the tool of choice was an abacus for practical use, after which results were translated and recorded in Roman numerals. The ealiest known example of this device is dated from about 3000 BC and originated in Babylonia, where no doubt it contributed to its inventors' domination of their neighbors by giving them better architectural, astronomical (and therefore navigational) and financial tools.

32. Neither Vedia Nor Mathematics A Staemant Signed By SG Dani And Other Indian Scie the legacy of distinguished indian mathematicians like Srinivasa Ramanujam, renowned indian mathematicians to evaluate socalled Vedic mathematics http://www.sacw.net/DC/CommunalismCollection/ArticlesArchive/NoVedic.html

Neither Vedic Nor Mathematics We, the undersigned, are deeply concerned by the continuing attempts to thrust the so-called `Vedic Mathematics' on the school curriculum by the NCERT. As has been pointed out earlier on several occasions, the so-called `Vedic Mathematics' is neither 'Vedic' nor can it be dignified by the name of mathematics. `Vedic Mathematics', as is well-known, originated with a book of the same name by a former Sankracharya of Puri (the late Jagadguru Swami Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj) published posthumously in 1965. The book assembled a set of tricks in elementary arithmetic and algebra to be applied in performing computations with numbers and polynomials. As is pointed out even in the foreword to the book by the General Editor, Dr. A.S. Agarwala, the aphorisms in Sanskrit to be found in the book have nothing to do with the Vedas. Nor are these aphorisms to be found in the genuine Vedic literature. The book "Vedic mathematics'' essentially deals with arithmetic of the middle and high-school level. Its claims that "there is no part of mathematics, pure or applied, which is beyond their jurisdiction'' is simply ridiculous. In an era when the content of mathematics teaching has to be carefully designed to keep pace with the general explosion of knowledge and the needs of other modern professions that use mathematical techniques, the imposition of ``Vedic mathematics'' will be nothing short of calamitous. India today has active and excellent schools of research and teaching in mathematics that are at the forefront of modern research in their discipline with some of them recognised as being among the best in the world in their fields of research. It is noteworthy that they have cherished the legacy of distinguished Indian mathematicians like Srinivasa Ramanujam, V. K. Patodi, S. Minakshisundaram, Harish Chandra, K. G. Ramanathan, Hansraj Gupta, Syamdas Mukhopadhyay, Ganesh Prasad, and many others including several living Indian mathematicians. But not one of these schools has lent an iota of legitimacy to `Vedic mathematics'. Nowhere in the world does any school system teach "Vedic mathematics'' or any form of ancient mathematics for that matter as an adjunct to modern mathematical teaching. The bulk of such teaching belongs properly to the teaching of history and in particular the teaching of the history of the sciences.

33. Maths Museum - Museum Famous indian mathematicians are Aryabhata, who wrote a summary of Hindu mathematicsin AD 499. which Another famous Indian mathematician was Bhaskara. http://www.counton.org/museum/floor3/gallery9/gal2_2p2.html

Indian Quadrant A quadrant is quite a common type of mathematical instrument. It is also one of the oldest types of mathematical instrument. Quadrant literally means 'quarter of a circle'. Quadrants are most often used to measure the height of the sun or a star above the horizon. This measurement is called the 'altitude' of the sun or the star in question. Another measurement that quadrants can be used for is called the 'zenith distance'. This is the angular distance of the sun or star from a point directly above the head of the person making the measurement. The word 'zenith' refers to the point in space directly above the head of an observer. Zenith comes from an Arabic word. The fact that it is a term used in modern astronomy shows just how much of modern astronomy originally came from Arabic astronomers . The opposite of zenith is 'nadir'. Nadir also comes from an Arabic word. Nadir means the point in space directly below the observer. Quadrants are usually used to measure angles, or to take a measurement that is mathematically dependant on an angle in some way. Both altitude and zenith distances are measured in angles. The altitude of the sun or a star and the zenith distance of the sun or a star are mathematically related to each other. They are complementary angles. This means that one of them is ninety degrees minus the other one. Although quadrants are common mathematical instruments, this quadrant is very unusual. Only one other quadrant like it exists. It has numbers on it that are to do with the lengths of shadows cast by the sun, as well as scales that show the signs of the

34. Accounting Historians Journal, The: From Accounting To Negative Numbers: A Signa had a part in the more receptive attitude of medieval indian mathematicians, upon the indian mathematicians early acceptance of negative numbers. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3657/is_199812/ai_n8810036

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Accounting Historians Journal, The Dec 1998 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for Academy of Marketing Science Review Accounting Historians Journal, The Accounting History AgExporter ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports From accounting to negative numbers: A signal contribution of medieval India to mathematics Accounting Historians Journal, The Dec 1998 by Mattessich, Richard Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Acknowledgments: Financial support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada for this paper is gratefully acknowledged. I also want to express my thanks to the editorial team, including two reviewers and the editor, for valuable advice and stimulating my thoughts. Continue article Advertisement (1) Omar Khayyam's (ca. 1048 - ca. 1131) rejection of negative numbers, introduced in India by Brahmagupta, b. 598, was supposed to indicate that the use of negative numbers "died out in India," if it really did at that time. Scorgie [1989, p. 317] claimed this to be invalid because a comment contained in Colebrooke [ 1973, p. iii], accompanying his translation of Brahmagupta together with that of Bhaskara II (b. 1115, Bhaskara hereafter), demonstrated that the work of the latter "was in the hands of both Mahammedans and Hindus between two and three centuries ago."

35. Historian The Man Who Knew Infinity A Life Of The Genius With the help of friends, indian mathematicians, and English colonial officials He was recognized as the greatest mathematician produced by India in six http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2082/is_n3_v55/ai_13191925

36. A Tribute To Hinduism Medieval indian mathematicians, such as Brahmagupta (seventh century), 7 The great Indian mathematician Bhaskaracharya (1150 CE) produced extensive http://www.atributetohinduism.com/articles_hinduism/26.htm

a r t i c l e s o n h i n d u i s m Mathematics and the Spiritual Dimension http://www.gosai.com/chaitanya/saranagati/html/vishnu_mjs/math/math_1.html Archimedes and Pythagoras A common belief among ancient cultures was that the laws of numbers have not only a practical meaning, but also a mystical or religious one. This belief was prevalent amongst the Pythagoreans. Prior to 500 B.C. E., Pythagoras, the great Greek pioneer in the teaching of mathematics, formed an exclusive club of young men to whom he imparted his superior mathematical knowledge. Each member was required to take an oath never to reveal this knowledge to an outsider. Pythagoras acquired many faithful disciples to whom he preached about the immortality of the soul and insisted on a life of renunciation. At the heart of the Pythagorean world view was a unity of religious principles and mathematical propositions. In the third century B.C. E. another great Greek mathematician, Archimedes, contributed considerably to the field of mathematics. A quote attributed to Archimedes reads, "There are things which seem incredible to most men who have not studied mathematics." Yet according to Plutarch, Archimedes considered "mechanical work and every art concerned with the necessities of life an ignoble and inferior form of labor, and therefore exerted his best efforts only in seeking knowledge of those things in which the good and the beautiful were not mixed with the necessary." As did Plato, Archimedes scorned practical mathematics, although he became very expert at it.

37. A Tribute To Hinduism More importantly, indian mathematicians knew algebra at least as early as the5th century AD Known as Bijaganitam, algebra (a corruption of the Arabic word http://www.atributetohinduism.com/articles_hinduism/53.htm

a r t i c l e s o n h i n d u i s m LOST TREASURES GONE TO By Ambati M. Rao, Jayakrishna Ambati, Balamurali K. Ambati, Gomathi S. Rao Rediff On The Net December 30, 1999 'In science, more than in any other human institution, it is necessary to search out the past in order to understand the present and to control the future.' - J D Bernal, Science in History As we hurtle into a new millennium, we would do well to reflect where all those 0s came from. The greatness that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome started their numeral systems at one. The Arabs brought the modern numerals, including zero, to Europe centuries ago. But while 1, 2, 3, are commonly and mistakenly referred to as the "Arabic" numerals, they actually originated in India, and are but one of many achievements that became treasures lost to the oblivion of history. India is the epitome of diversity in all respects, geographically and culturally. From such diversity has bloomed the myriad blossoms of science and mathematics. Indian science flowered long before the classical age of Europe and flourishes to this day.

38. Bellagio Proceedings: Titles Of Contributions Indian mathematical tradition, particularly in mathematical astronomy. that indian mathematicians employed and discusses specific examples of each, http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/transmath/proceedings/abstracts.html

From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas Edited by Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts, and Benno van Dalen Steiner Verlag Stuttgart, 2002 Abstracts Kurt Vogel, 30.09.1888 - 27.10.1985 Aufnahme: Bachert, Bonn This paper treats the history of a surveying problem in which both the height of a mountain or tower and its distance from the observer are to be determined in cases where the distance between observer and object cannot be crossed. This problem arises in works by the Chinese (Liu Hui), Indians (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta), Arabs (al-Biruni) and the Christians of the Middle Ages ( Geometria incerti auctoris , Hugo de Sancto Victore), all of which present similar examples and methods of solution. Jens Høyrup: Seleucid Innovations in the Babylonian;"Algebraic" Tradition and their Kin Abroad Seleucid and Demotic mathematical sources, along with problems and techniques that continue older Babylonian and Egyptian traditions, both present us with a number of innovations: the treatment of "quasi-algebraic" problems about rectangular sides, diagonals and areas, and summations of series "until 10." This paper characterises these two problem types and investigates their presence in certain Neopythagorean and agrimensorial Greco-Roman writings, and in Mahavira’s compendium of Jaina mathematics, and discusses their possible influence on the Chinese Nine Chapters on Arithmetic We investigate the historical roots and branches of a number of common approximations of some irrational quantities arising in ancient and medieval mathematics. Almost all of these values or methods were known from China to Western Europe, but in our investigations of their origins and diffusion we have taken into account the varying contexts in which they appear. The historical record of their diffusion seems to suggest, in at least one case, a single origin and diffusion from that center, but, in other cases, multiple origins and again diffusion from these.

39. Mathematician At MIT: Indian Wins 'junior Nobel' indian mathematicians acknowledge that attention is coming this way after a longtime. ‘‘We haven’t had a Ramanujam in quite a while,’’ says Renuka http://www.hvk.org/articles/0902/151.html

Mathematician at MIT: Indian wins ‘junior Nobel’ Author: Samar Halarnkar Publication: The Indian Express Date: September 22, 2002 URL: http://www.indian-express.com/full_story.php?content_id=9951 Introduction: IIT graduate Madhu Sudan’s work tackles problems, ‘important and deep’ India’s techies routinely use their knowledge of mathematics to try and create the next big thing, their first million—or the next. But one Indian has won international acclaim for doing nothing more than brilliant maths, part of a breed faithful to pen and paper. Madhu Sudan, a native of Chennai and IIT Delhi graduate (class of 1987) has won the 2002 Rolf Nevanlinna Prize, one of the world’s most prestigious awards in mathematics. It’s also termed the junior Nobel in mathematics, awarded as it is for ‘‘both existing work and the promise of future achievement,’’ according to the International Mathematical Union. Sudan, 35, is an associate professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and was recognised for his groundbreaking work in theoretical computer science. He was presented with the award last month in Bejing at a meeting of the International Mathematical Union addressed by the Chinese President Jiang Zemin with 4,000 people in attendance. Some of the problems Sudan—whose sister is a bank manager is New Mumbai and father a retired government officer in Delhi— has solved have practical applications, but many are purely advances limited to the realm of arcane mathematical research.

40. Astronomy And Mathematics In Ancient India Later indian mathematicians had names for zero, but no symbol for it. Mathematicians in India invented the base ten system in ancient times. http://www.hvk.org/articles/0802/214.html

Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient India URL: http://www.cerc.utexas.edu/~jay/india_science.html Astronomy * Earliest known precise celestial calculations: As argued by James Q. Jacobs, Aryabhata, an Indian Mathematician (c. 500AD) accurately calculated celestial constants like earth's rotation per solar orbit, days per solar orbit, days per lunar orbit. In fact, to the best of my knowledge, no source from prior to the 18th century had more accurate results on the values of these constants! Click here for details. Aryabhata's 499 AD computation of pi as 3.1416 (real value 3.1415926...) and the length of a solar year as 365.358 days were also extremely accurate by the standards of the next thousand years. * Astronomical time spans: * Theory of creation of the universe: A 9th century Hindu scripture, The Mahapurana by Jinasena claims the something as modern as the following: (translation from [5]) Some foolish men declare that a Creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before creation?... How could God have made the world without any raw material? If you say He made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression... Know that the world is uncreated, as time itself is, without beginning and end. And it is based on principles. Theories of the creation of universe are present in almost every culture. Mostly they represent some story portraying creation from mating of Gods or humans, or from some divine egg, essentially all of them reflecting the human endeavour to provide explanations to a grave scientific question using common human experience.

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