21. MSN Encarta - Calculus (mathematics) The English and german mathematicians, respectively, Isaac Newton and Gottfried In the next decade, the Russian mathematician NI Lobachevsky and German http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568582_2/Calculus_(mathematics).html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items definition and scope of study differential calculus more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Calculus (mathematics) Search for books and more related to Calculus (mathematics) Encarta Search Search Encarta about Calculus (mathematics) Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Calculus (mathematics) ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 2 of 2 Calculus (mathematics) Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 5 items Article Outline Introduction Differential Calculus Integral Calculus Differential Equations ... Development of Calculus V Development of Calculus Print Preview of Section The English and German mathematicians, respectively, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented calculus in the 17th century, but isolated results about its fundamental problems had been known for thousands of years. For example, the Egyptians discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid as well as an approximation of the area of a circle. In ancient Greece, Archimedes proved that if c is the circumference and d the diameter of a circle, then 3

22. H-Net Review: Volker R. Remmert On Walther Von Dyck (1856-1934): Mathematik, Tec his cooperation with the German mathematician Felix Klein; society that drew together german mathematicians, the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung. http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=128631097906251

23. Harald Bohr Correspondence about german mathematicians, whom Bohr had helped to leave Germany. major part of the content is about the attempts to help german mathematicians, http://www.math.ku.dk/ths/bohr_h/corresp.htm

Harald Bohr correspondence The destiny of Harald Bohr's correspondence List of major correspondents (more than 1 letter) List of minor correspondents The destiny of Harald Bohr's correspondence The few letters in the Harald Bohr Papers in Copenhagen is a very tiny fraction of the large amount of letters to and from Bohr which once existed. According to Bohr's son, Ole Bohr, Bohr kept the letters he received and organized them well until April 1940 where he destroyed most of them shortly after the German invasion of Denmark. He did that because he was anxious that the Germans should seize on his correspondence and misuse its information about German mathematicians, whom Bohr had helped to leave Germany. According to Asger Aaboe (Yale University), who has had contact with the surviving relatives, the left over of Bohr's collection of correspondence (among other things his correspondence with Godfrey H. Hardy) was kept by Bohr's wife Ulla Bohr for many years, but destroyed by her in the 1970s. There is probably no more correspondence kept by the surviving relatives, at least not any scientific correspondence, and the only part of Bohr's own collection of correspondence which has survived are the letters in the Harald Bohr Papers and some family correspondence (mainly letters to and from his brother Niels) kept in the Family correspondence at the Niels Bohr Archive Hence, the major part of the correspondence listed below is located in other collections. The correspondents are divided in two groups. The first group, which is given alphabetical in a table with links to more details, consists of correspondents where more than one letter to or from Bohr has been conserved. The second group consists of all the minor correspondents where only one letter to or from Bohr has been conserved.

24. Carl Friedrich Gauss - Art History Online Reference And Guide deaths Number theorists german mathematicians 18th century mathematicians He rarely if ever collaborated with other mathematicians and was http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss

25. Tsunami Out Of The Computer Featuring Osher & Fedkiw german mathematicians also profit from the introducing mathematics into special This enthusiasm however is shared only by few german mathematicians. http://www.math.ucla.edu/newsevents/news/osher_german.html

"Tsunami out of the Computer" When the catastrophe in the movie should look real, Hollywood calls for mathematicians English translation from the German article by Vasco A. Schmidt in Die Zeit a major German weekly newspaper published in Hamburg, Germany A new romance is evolving in the movie town of Hollywood. It resembles the old tale of Beauty and the Beast. The friendly monster is played by the big movie producers (after all they find themselves in a hot and competitive market). The princess, which they are desiring, is one of the most beautiful and shy sciences: mathematics. The uneven couple is about to recreate the world of illusions of Hollywood: this time digitally. Each manufacturing building in Universal Studios, which is been set on fire in movie style for tourists several times every day, causes nostalgic feelings- just like the hall next door, where optical tricks by Alfred Hitchcock are shown. It is only a question of time, until the flames and exploding tons can be generated in the film by pressing a button. The water which surrounded the Titanic, the mountains of ``Dante's peak", the tornado of ``Twister", but also the sunny sky above the runway in ``Apollo 13" were not shot, but calculated. Cartoons like ``Antz" or ``Das grosse Krabbeln" were completely generated by the computer. Stan Osher, professor of applied mathematics at UCLA, counts half a dozen mathematical disciplines which one has to master, in order to generate realistic pictures on the screen, from fluid mechanics to differential geometry. Osher was one of the first to realize the market for mathematicians in Hollywood. With his own company he wants to sell his ideas for simulation of water. The Titanic-movie had only waves. ``We can also let the water splash" is how he describes his advantage over competitors.

26. German Mathematical Society - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The German Mathematical Society (GermanDeutsche MathematikerVereinigung - DMV) is the main professional society of german mathematicians. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mathematiker-Vereinigung

German Mathematical Society From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung The German Mathematical Society German :Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung - DMV) is the main professional society of German mathematicians The society was founded on 18 September Georg Cantor was one of the founders and in his honor the society awards the Cantor medal edit See also European Mathematical Society List of Mathematical Societies edit External links Webpage of the society Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Mathematical_Society Categories Mathematical societies Views Article Discussion Edit this page History Personal tools Create account / log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages ... Permanent link In other languages Deutsch This page was last modified 00:50, 18 July 2005. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

27. TU Berlin - Medieninformation No. 19 (English) - 19. January 1998 For german mathematicians, the International Congress of Mathematicians 1998 is an Two german mathematicians were involved in bringing this about Felix http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/pi/1998/pi19e.htm

Medieninformation No. 19 (English) - 19. January 1998 [TU Berlin] [Pressestelle] [Medieninformationen] Advanced announcement The "International Congress of Mathematicians", the largest and most important mathematical congress worldwide, is being held from 18th to 27th August 1998 in Berlin. Some 4000 participants are expected. It is being held in Germany for the first time in 94 years. During the Congress the Fields Medal will be awarded, the "Nobel Prize" for mathematicians. An extensive fringe programme will include an exhibition "Hands-on Mathematics" with a "VideoMath" festival and a number of scientific events for non-experts. To the members of the press, radio and television: In the March we will be drawing up a list of the most important (and accessible) mathematical topics from the plenary lecture. Can you please name a contact in your organisation, so that we can pass this information on to them directly? You can ring the PR Office of the TU Berlin (Dr. Kristina Zerges or Janny Glaesmer) under Tel. +49 30 314-22919 or 23922, send a fax to +49 30 314-23909, or send e-mail to: pressestelle@tu-berlin.de

28. Math-Net -- Internet Information Services For Mathematicians Searchable index for German mathematical resources; Fulltext, Helps you find personal homepages or addresses of german mathematicians, Info http://physnet.physik.uni-oldenburg.de/~hilf/vortraege/goebel60/mathnet.html

Math-Net Internet Information Services for Mathematicians Math-Net Charter Sigma S earchable i ndex for G erman ma thematical resources; Fulltext, keyword and metadata based search; hierarchical MSC index Navigator find out more about MathNet members - by name categories or regions MPRESS Searchable index of preprints from Austria, France, Germany, LANL and more; hierarchical MSC index MathNet Links Visit our collection of mathematical resources and related links P ERSONA M ATHEMATICA Helps you find personal homepages or addresses of German mathematicians Project Information Information about MathNet, Math-Net Newsletter and Archive Netlib Search Searchable Index of the Netlib , a repository of mathematical software, data and documents Contact address If you need further information or help with this server Last Update: Jan 2001 Responsible W. Sperber W. Dalitz

29. Tom Archibald Motives of Hermite in promoting German mathematical values in France Also useful were efforts to have german mathematicians publish in French journals. http://cis.alma.unibo.it/NewsLetter/111998Nw/archibald.htm

German mathematics in France. The role of Charles Hermite by Tom Archibald Introduction Explaining the attainment of dominance by German pure-mathematical values, even enunciating what they are, is a complex task. In the German-French context following the Franco-Prussian War, we might be tempted to make the analogy with the post-World-War-II ascendancy of American cultural styles in, for example, Germany. Yet, looking at France in the 1870s and 1880s, we do not see German dominance in other cultural realms such as literature, art, and music, indeed far from it. Thus the specific situation in mathematics calls for some specific factors in that area which give a unique importance to the value of understanding and appreciating German work, and which facilitate its assimilation and transmission. Motives of Hermite in promoting German mathematical values in France The urgency that Hermite felt to engage in his role as interpreter of German work was intimately linked to his view of social conditions in France following the Franco-Prussian War. In particular, his efforts were connected on the one hand to his ideal of an international quasi-aristocratic elite of scientists and savants living in gentlemanly harmony, and on the other to his concerns about the consequences for France of continued repudiation of the Germans. The fact that many mathematicians at the end of the nineteenth century saw themselves almost as aristocrats is easy to forget. Recent studies, in particular those of Christophe Charle, provide a sociological picture of this group, and make it clear that indeed successful professors are among the

30. Modern History Sourcebook: The Crime Of Galileo: Indictment And Abjuration Of 16 a correspondence on the same with some german mathematicians; this same matter thou didst hold a correspondence with certain german mathematicians. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1630galileo.html

Back to Modern History SourceBook Modern History Sourcebook: The Crime of Galileo: Indictment and Abjuration of 1633 The proposition that the sun is in the center of the world and immovable from its place is absurd, philosophically false, and formally heretical; because it is expressly contrary to Holy Scriptures. The proposition that the earth is not the center of the world, nor immovable, but that it moves, and also with a diurnal action, is also absurd, philosophically false, and, theologically considered, at least erroneous in faith. 1630 A.D. [See note below. The date should be 1633] Important Note: I have been unable to locate a printed source for the above text. A different translation, with the text of Galileo's abjuration,was posted by Evan Soule, 10/18/1998 at http://www.escribe.com/science/vortex/msg00017.html . Again this is without a printed source, but with the correct date of 1633. See the Galileo Timeline at Rice University The following are excerpted portions from the Sentence of the Tribunal of the Supreme Inquisition against Galileo Galilei, given the 22nd day of June of the year 1633

31. American Scientist Online Proved by the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann in 1851, Between 1868 and 1870, the german mathematicians Herman Schwarz and Elwin Christoffel http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/15790?fulltext=tru

32. Math-Net Welcome Page Preprints, links, directories. Oriented towards german mathematics but in English. http://www.math-net.de/

International Mathematical Union (IMU) News Last Update: April, 28, 2004 Imprint

33. Blaschke Two sharply opposing views were put to the german Mathematical Society, Blaschke resigned the Chairmanship of the german Mathematical Society in January http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Blaschke.html

Wilhelm Johann Eugen Blaschke Born: 13 Sept 1885 in Graz, Austria-Hungary (now Austria) Died: 17 March 1962 in Hamburg, Germany Click the picture above to see seven larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Wilhelm Blaschke 's father was Josef Blaschke who was a methmatician. Josef was professor of descriptive geometry at the Landes Oberrealschule in Graz. He favoured Steiner 's approach to mathematics which was very much based on geometry and the belief that geometry alone stimulates thinking. Josef also favoured concrete geometrical problem over more abstract ones and he influenced his son Wilhelm to take a similar approach to mathematics. There is another way that Josef Blaschke influenced his son, which was significant given the problems that he would later face, and this was to give him an international outlook making him very open minded in his approach to those from different countries. Wilhelm was brought up in Graz and it was there that he attended secondary school, graduating at the age of eighteen. He studied archirectural engineering at the Technische Hochschule in Graz for two years before going to Vienna to study under

34. Jungius Biography of this german scientific thinker, by J.J. O'Connor and E.F. Robertson. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Jungius.html

Joachim Jungius Born: Died: 23 Sept 1657 in Hamburg, Germany Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Version for printing Joachim Jungius metaphysics . On leaving Rostock he entered the University of Giessen where he later received his M.A. In 1609 he was appointed professor of mathematics at Giessen and he held this post until 1614 when he began to become interested in medicine. In 1616 he returned to the University of Rostock to study medicine. Three years later he received a medical degree from the University of Padua. Thereafter Jungius held chairs of mathematics at the University of Rostock from 1624 to 1625 and again 1626 to 1628. For one year in 1625 he held the chair of medicine at the University of Helmstedt. In 1629 he moved to Hamburg where he was professor of natural science until 1640. As well as mathematics, Jungius was interested in natural science and the philosophy of science. In mathematics Jungius proved that the catenary is not a parabola (Galileo assumed it was). He was one of the first to use exponents to represent powers and he used mathematics as a model for the natural sciences.

35. Mathematicians And Other Strange Beasts Cantor, Georg german mathematician who first examined the notion of infinities Gauss, Karl Friedrich german mathematician, known for his brilliance. http://math.bu.edu/INDIVIDUAL/jeffs/mathematicians.html

Mathematicians and Other Oddities of Nature Banach-Tarski Paradox : In 1924, two Polish mathematicians, Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski, proved a rather peculiar result: you could decompose a sphere (or any polyhedral figure) into a finite number of pieces, then from those pieces, reconstruct a similar sphere of larger volume. Since this would imply that all volumes are the same, this upset a number of people. Cantor, Georg : German mathematician who first examined the notion of infinities and showed that not all infinities are equal: some are more equal then others. Cardano, Giralamo : Italian mathematician, best known for his Ars Magna , a compendium of algebra published in 1545 (right on the heels of Vesalius De Fabrica Corporis Humanis and Copernicus' De Revolutionibus : the 1540s were a banner decade for scientific advance.) Cardano is best known for having published in Ars Magna Niccolo Tartaglia's rule for solving cubic equations , much to Tartaglia's annoyance. (Cardano gave Tartaglia full credit, though not very loudly...in those days, practitioners of mathematics got their fame by being able to solve problems no one else could, and if every Tomas, Riccardo, and Enrico could solve a cubic, Niccolo's reputation would be worthless). Tartaglia spent the rest of his life trying to discredit Cardano. Cubic Equations Galois and Abel were able to show that solutions to the fifth or higher degree equations were impossible. Solving the cubic was fraught with

36. History Of Algebra The Alexandrian mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus continued the by the german mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, showing that every http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/

History of Algebra Algebra Help Algebra History -> History of Algebra ( Log On In Depth Wikipedia article on Algebra In Depth WikiBook on ... Algebra The history of algebra began in ancient Egypt and Babylon , where people learned to solve linear ( ax b ) and quadratic ( ax bx c ) equations, as well as indeterminate equations such as x y z , whereby several unknowns are involved. The ancient Babylonians solved arbitrary quadratic equations by essentially the same procedures taught today. They also could solve some indeterminate equations. The Alexandrian mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon, but Diophantus's book Arithmetica is on a much higher level and gives many surprising solutions to difficult indeterminate equations. This ancient knowledge of solutions of equations in turn found a home early in the Islamic world, where it was known as the "science of restoration and balancing." (The Arabic word for restoration, al-jabru, is the root of the word algebra. ) In the 9th century, the Arab mathematician

37. Famous Mathematicians And Physicists - Mathematics And Physics - Emc2 Johannes Kepler (15711630) was a german mathematician who realised that the Georg Riemann (1826-1866) was the german mathematician who developed http://www.eequalsmcsquared.auckland.ac.nz/sites/emc2/tl/math-physics/famous.cfm

Home About Sponsors Search this site for: Timeline Navigation Competition Events What's New? ... The Origins of Mathematics Famous Mathematicians and Physicists Mathematical Modelling Links Pythagoras Aristotle Euclid Ptolemy ... Ask a Question Mathematics and Physics Famous Mathematicians and Physicists Pythagoras (569 - c. 470 BCE) was a Greek mathematician who was one of the early thinkers responsible for introducing the idea that the natural world could be explained by mathematics. Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) was a Greek natural philosopher who lived in Athens and Macedonia, and tutored Alexander the Great. He applied the analytical way of thinking that is typical of mathematics to science. His example was followed closely by other thinkers in the Western world for almost 2000 years. Euclid (325 - 265 BCE) was another Greek who lived in Alexandria in Egypt. He is famous for his set of books called "The Elements" in which he set down the basic laws of geometry. Today we understand that these laws describe geometry in flat space (e.g. geometry on a flat sheet of paper) rather than on a globe. Today this type of flat geometry is often called Euclidean. Riemann would later develop geometry for curved space (e.g. on globes or cylinders), and Einstein would use Riemannian geometry to develop General Relativity. Ptolemy (85 - 165 CE) was a mathematician and astronomer who also lived in Alexandria. He developed a theory of astronomy that placed the earth in the centre of the Universe around which the moon, the planets and the sun. Ptolemaic astronomy was only able to predict planetary motions accurately a few years in advance. Despite this his theory of astronomy was only superseded by the ideas of Copernicus and Kepler 1400 years later.

38. Invitation By F. Hirzebruch The german Mathematical Society invites the International Congress of mathematicians 1998 to Berlin. I herewith submit to you the official application with http://elib.zib.de/ICM98/Welcome/invitation.html

ICM'98 To the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union Dear Colleagues: The German Mathematical Society invites the International Congress of Mathematicians 1998 to Berlin. I herewith submit to you the official application with all the necessary information. I do this on behalf of the Provisional Organizing Committee which was appointed by the German Mathematical Society. As a formerly divided City Berlin is a symbol for the improved cooperation between East and West. The congress and its satellite congresses will play an important role for this cooperation and, of course, for the international cooperation of mathematicians in general. The organizing committee plans to provide fellowships for young mathematicians and for mathematicians - young and senior - who come from countries with difficult financial conditions. Berlin is a wonderful city with lakes and woods, historical buildings, museums, theatres and concerts. There will be enough to do and to see for the accompanying member and for the ordinary member if the mathematical activities leave free time for her or him. The German Mathematical Society hopes to see you all in Berlin for ICM 1998.

39. Mathematicians: Personalia - MavicaNET URL http//wwwgroups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/Gauss.html. shown in filters Personalia. Biography of the great german mathematician. http://www.mavicanet.com/directory/eng/8916.html

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40. German Mathematical Society The german Mathematical Society (Deutsche MathematikerVereinigung) was founded The first meeting of the new german Mathematical Society took place in http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Societies/German.html

The German Mathematical Society The German Mathematical Society ( Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung ) was founded in 1890 at a meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians which took place in Bremen from 15 to 20 September. Few societies can have come into existence at a meeting at which so many leading mathematicians spoke, for at this meeting Cantor Gordan Hilbert Klein ... Study and Heinrich Weber all gave lectures. This was the 63 rd meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians and it was not the first one at which an attempt had been made to found a mathematics society. In 1867 Clebsch lectured on binary forms to the meeting of the Society of German Scientists and Physicians held in Frankfurt-am-Main. He proposed to the meeting the setting up of a separate mathematics society and a specialist journal. In part he was successful for Mathematische Annalen was founded in the following year (1868) as a consequence of discussions which had taken place between Clebsch and about 20 other mathematicians at Frankfurt-am-Main. Clebsch continued to press the idea of a mathematics society which had support but its founding was continually delayed. When

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