21. Fermat though he wrote regularly to two english mathematicians, Digby and Wallis.He also corresponded with French mathematician, Father Mersenne (pronounced http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/fermat.html

Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (pronounced Fer-mah') was born in southwestern France in 1601. His father was a wealthy leather merchant who made it possible for Pierre to receive a monastery education and to attend the University of Toulouse. By the time he was 30, Pierre was a civil servant whose job was to act as a link between petitioners from Toulouse to the King of France and an enforcer of royal decrees from the King to the local people. Evidence suggests he was considerate and merciful in his duties. Since he was also required to act as an appeal judge in important local cases, he did everything he could to be impartial. To avoid socializing with those who might one day appear before him in court, he became involved in mathematics and spent as much free time as he could in its study. He was so skilled in the subject that he could be called a professional amateur. He was mostly isolated from other mathematicians, though he wrote regularly to two English mathematicians, Digby and Wallis. He also corresponded with French mathematician, Father Mersenne (pronounced Mer-seen') who was trying to increase discussion and the exchange of ideas among French mathematicians. One was Blaise Pascal who, with Fermat, established a new branch of math - probability theory. Fermat himself was secretive and, since he rarely wrote complete proofs or explanations of how he got his answers, was mischievously frustrating for others to understand. He loved to announce in letters that he had just solved a problem in math but then refused to disclose its solution, leaving it for others to figure out.

22. Devlin's Angle: Dear New Student Leaving for a moment the english mathematicians of the first half of the The contrast between english mathematicians and continental writers is http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_nov96.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home Devlin's Angle November 1996 Spreading the word In a splendid article in September's Math Horizons , William Dunham celebrated the three-hundred year anniversary of the appearance of the world's first calculus textbook. That's right, the first calculus text hit the shelves in 1696. They have been growing steadily in size (if not mathematical content) ever since. That first genre setting volume was Guillaume Francois Antoine de l'Hospital's Analysis of the Infinitely Small. Written for the mathematical community, l'Hospital's book contained no problem sets, no color-highlighted definitions, and no full-color photographs, diagrams, and illustrations. But as Dunham points out, it was a calculus textbook, designed to "spread the word" about the then new techniques of the differential calculus. Invented (or, if you prefer, discovered) just a few years earlier by Isaac Newton and later Gottfried Leibniz, a great deal of the early development work in calculus had been done by the Bernoulli brothers, Jakob and Johann. (Among the early uses to which the calculus was put was Johann Bernoulli's discovery of the catenary curve, the shape assumed by a chain suspended between two supports.) In fact, until the appearance of l'Hospital's book, Newton, Leibniz, and the two Bernoullis were pretty well the only people on the face of the earth who knew much about calculus. Born in 1661, l'Hospital was a French nobleman of fairly minor rank who developed a keen interest in mathematics at an early age. He met Johann Bernoulli in 1691, shortly after the latter had made his discovery of the catenary. Eager to learn about this marvellous new technique calculus, l'Hospital hired Bernoulli to teach him.

23. Read This: A Discourse Concerning Algebra how William Oughtred s poorly written Clavis (1630) could become the requisiteintroduction to algebra for a whole generation of english mathematicians. http://www.maa.org/reviews/discoursealgebra.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home Read This! The MAA Online book review column A Discourse Concerning Algebra: English Algebra to 1685 by Jacqueline Stedall Reviewed by Eisso Atzema History has not been kind to John Wallis' early attempt at writing a history of algebra up to his time. Starting with Montucla, most historians of mathematics have been rather dismissive about the value of the various editions of his Treatise of Algebra . Truth be told, parts of the work are just plain bad writing and at times he is so focussed on the cause of the English that he loses all objectivity. Yet much of the criticism regarding the Treatise dates from long after Wallis' death and, until recently, few have sought to appreciate the book in the context of Wallis' work and the state of mathematics during his lifetime. It is exactly this that Stedall sets out to do in the book under review here and the results of her findings make for a riveting read. As Stedall makes abundantly clear, it is hard to see how to appreciate or even understand Wallis' historical work without an intimate knowledge of the state of algebra and the networks among those dedicated to its furtherance in England during the first three quarts of the seventeenth century. To understand Wallis' work, one has to consider the pitiful state of the study of algebra in early seventeenth-century England and the dearth of homegrown textbooks. One has to discuss how William Oughtred's poorly written Clavis (1630) could become the requisite introduction to algebra for a whole generation of English mathematicians. Stedall takes up all of these strands and weaves them together with a firm hand to form the backdrop to Wallis'

24. Masters Of Theory - Andrew Warwick Cambridge was the major centre of mathematical study in Britain, that hasbecome the standard one) that cut english mathematicians off from much of the http://www.complete-review.com/reviews/maths/warwicka.htm

A Literary Saloon Site of Review. Trying to meet all your book preview and review needs. Contents: Main the Best the ... Links to e-mail us: support the site buy us books ! Amazon wishlist the complete review - history / mathematics Masters of Theory by Andrew Warwick general information review summaries our review links ... about the author Title: Masters of Theory Author: Andrew Warwick Genre: History Written: Length: 514 pages Availability: Masters of Theory - US Masters of Theory - UK Masters of Theory - Canada Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics Includes 51 illustrations Includes an Appendix of Coaching Success 1865-1909 - Return to top of the page - Our Assessment: A- : fascinating, but overextended See our review for fuller assessment. Review Summaries Source Rating Date Reviewer American Scientist A Kathryn M. Olesko Physics World Daniel Siegel Science Theodore M. Porter Times Higher Ed. Supp. Graham Farmelo From the Reviews " Masters of Theory , Andrew Warwick's long-awaited study of this test, is a major contribution to the historical scholarship on science teaching and learning and on mathematical physics. (...) If one measure of the value of a book is the number of new avenues of research it suggests, Warwick's succeeds remarkably: He tantalizingly hints at several implications of his study, all of which warrant further investigation." - Kathryn M. Olesko, American Scientist

25. Isaac Barrow In 1669 he resigned in favour of his pupil, Isaac Newton, who was long consideredhis only superior among english mathematicians. http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/Isaac-Barrow.wikipedia

Isaac Barrow Regular View Dictionary View (all words explained) Algebra Help my dictionary with pronunciation , wikipedia etc Isaac Barrow Isaac Barrow Isaac Barrow May 4 ) was an English divine, scholar and mathematician who is generally given minor credit for his role in the development of modern calculus ; in particular, for his work regarding the tangent ; for example, Barrow is given credit for being the first to calculate the tangents of the kappa curve Newton was a student of Barrow's. Barrow was born in London . He went to school first at Charterhouse (where he was so turbulent and pugnacious that his father was heard to pray that if it pleased God to take any of his children he could best spare Isaac), and subsequently to Felstead. He completed his education at Trinity College, Cambridge , where his uncle and namesake, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph, was a Fellow. He took to hard study, distinguishing himself in classics and mathematics; after taking his degree in , he was elected to a fellowship in ; he then resided for a few years in college, and became candidate for the Greek Professorship at Cambridge, but in

26. Mathematics At Balliol Introduction However, it is known that some of the most prominent english mathematicians ofthe middle ages studied at Balliol. Until recently the numbers studying http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kch/ballmath/

Mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford The importance of mathematics to the intellectual life at Balliol from the earliest days is witnessed by the fact that the College Library holds one of the earliest known Latin translations of Euclid's Elements , and that its earliest benefaction, in 1276, before it had even received its statutes, was a manuscript of Boethius' De Musica , then considered part of mathematics. Although the College was founded in 1263, systematic records of the students are available only from the late sixteenth century. However, it is known that some of the most prominent English mathematicians of the middle ages studied at Balliol. Until recently the numbers studying Mathematics at the College were relatively small, but they nonetheless included some distinguished names from each period. Balliol is not one of the colleges to which any of the older mathematics chairs is attached, and so did not simply gain association with these mathematicians by adoption: with the exception of Gregory and Nicholson (and possibly Swyneshed and Recorde) all the mathematicians whose biographies are listed below were students at the College. Shortcuts to the biographical notes For brief biographies of the mathematicians listed below follow the appropriate link. The lengths of these biographical notes bear little direct relationship to the importance of those described. In addition to the hyperlinks, more information about these and other Oxford mathematicians can be found in

27. Hardy, G(odfrey) H(arold) (1877-1947) One of the most prominent english mathematicians of the twentieth century; hislegendary collaboration with John Littlewood lasted 35 years and produced http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/Hardy.html

Return to The Worlds of David Darling INDEX LATEST NEWS ARCHIVE ... Z entire Web this site Hardy, G(odfrey) H(arold) (1877-1947) One of the most prominent English mathematicians of the twentieth century; his legendary collaboration with John Littlewood lasted 35 years and produced nearly 100 papers. Hardy was a precocious child, whose tricks include factorizing hymn numbers during sermons. In 1919 he became Savilian Professor of Geometry at Oxford but returned to Cambridge in 1931 as professor of pure mathematics. His work was mainly in analysis and number theory Hardy had only one other passion in his life—the game of cricket. His daily routine would begin with reading The Times and studying the cricket scores over breakfast. Then he would do mathematical research from 9 o'clock till 1 o'clock. After a light lunch, he would walk down to the university cricket ground to watch a game. In the late afternoon he would walk slowly back to his rooms in College, and take dinner followed by a glass of wine. Hardy was known for his eccentricities. He couldn't stand having his photo taken and only five snapshots of him are known to exist. He also hated mirrors and his first action on entering any hotel room was to cover any mirror with a towel. Hardy's book A Mathematician's Apology

28. Userfriendly.org Forum That being a variant of STV proposed by English mathematician Brian Meek in 1969and later refined by three other english mathematicians, Douglas Woodall, http://www.comofazer.net/forum/messages/1/3636.html?1088527399

29. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math It s from a Web page called The english mathematicians of the Eighteenth Century_A Short Account of the History of Mathematics_ (4th edition, http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/53975.html

Associated Topics Dr. Math Home Search Dr. Math Usefulness of De Moivre's Theorem Date: 2/10/96 at 10:9:18 From: Anonymous Subject: Use of DeMoivre's Theorem What is the usefulness of DeMoivre's theorem? http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/18thCentury/RouseBall/RB_Engl18C.html Associated Topics High School Trigonometry Search the Dr. Math Library: Find items containing (put spaces between keywords): Click only once for faster results: [ Choose "whole words" when searching for a word like age. all keywords, in any order at least one, that exact phrase parts of words whole words Submit your own question to Dr. Math Math Forum Home Math Library Quick Reference ... Math Forum Search Ask Dr. Math TM http://mathforum.org/dr.math/

30. Science: Mathematics: Mathematicians: Peacock, George - Open Site Although Peacock s influence on english mathematicians was considerable, he hasleft but few memorials of his work; but I may note that his report on http://open-site.org/Science/Mathematics/Mathematicians/Peacock,_George/

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project home submit content become an editor the entire directory only in Mathematicians/Peacock,_George Top Science Mathematics Mathematicians : Peacock, George Biography George Peacock, who was the most influential of the early members of the new school, was born at Denton on April 9, 1791. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which society he was subsequently a fellow and tutor. The establishment of the university observatory was mainly due to his efforts, and in 1836 he was appointed to the Lowndean professorship of astronomy and geometry. In 1839 he was made dean of Ely, and resided there till his death on Nov. 8, 1858. Although Peacock's influence on English mathematicians was considerable, he has left but few memorials of his work; but I may note that his report on progress in analysis, 1833, commenced those valuable summaries of current scientific progress which enrich many of the annual volumes of the Transactions of the British Association. This category needs an editor - apply here Open Site Code 0.5.3

31. Leibniz, Gottfried (1646-1716) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biog It is unfortunate that continental and english mathematicians remained embroiledfor decades in a heated and pointless priority dispute over the discovery http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Leibniz.html

Branch of Science Mathematicians Branch of Science Philosophers ... German Leibniz, Gottfried (1646-1716) German philosopher, physicist, and mathematician whose mechanical studies included forces and weights. He believed in a deterministic universe which followed a "pre-established harmony." He extended the work of his mentor Huygens from kinematics to include dynamics He was self-taught in mathematics, but nonetheless developed calculus independently of Newton . Although he published his results slightly after Newton , his notation was by far superior (including the integral sign and derivative notation), and is still in use today. It is unfortunate that continental and English mathematicians remained embroiled for decades in a heated and pointless priority dispute over the discovery of calculus Leibniz made many contributions to the study of differential equations discovering the method of separation of variables reduction of homogeneous equations to separable ones, and the procedure for solving first order linear equations. He used the idea of the determinant 50 years before Cramer , and did work on the multinomial theorem Leibniz combined the Scala Naturae with his plenum (continuous) view of nature, and called the result the Law of Continuity. He believed that it was not possible to put organisms into discrete categories, stating "Natura non facit saltus" (Nature does nothing in leaps).

32. Book Review The American Historical Review, 104.5 The Only a generation later did english mathematicians pick up (and expand upon)Cardano s forays into more daring areas such as negative and imaginary numbers, http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/104.5/br_138.html

You have not been recognized as a subscriber to the AHR online. About 183 words from this article are provided below; about 553 words remain. If you are a individual member of the American Historical Association, you may: login here if you have already registered for online access. register your subscription Set up your online account for the first time. AHA members can go to the AHA individual membership section to locate their member numbers. If you are not a member of the American Historical Association, you can: Join the AHA and receive many member benefits including print and electronic issues of the American Historical Review. Purchase a research pass to gain two hour access to the entire History Cooperative web site. You will have full access to current issues of the American Historical Review (104.3-present). Note: the Research Pass does not provide access to JSTOR's holdings of the American Historical Review. Instititutions can: Subscribe to this journal and receive print and electronic issues. Activate your existing subscription so that we recognize your IP number ranges.

33. Great Mathematicians english mathematicians used Newton s fluxion notation almost exclusively untilthen, partly because it was widely held among them that Leibniz appropriated http://www.me.metu.edu.tr/me510/mathematicians/babbage.html

Charles Babbage [1792-1871] Babbage's design of the Analytical Engine is considered to be the forerunner of the modern computer. Lack of technology and money prevented Babbage from realizing his design; however, a model built from his plans at a later date worked as Babbage had predicted. Babbage's ideas on the Analytic Engine would have been lost if Ada Lovelace had not clearly described them along with her own ideas. Although computer scientists associate Babbage with the computer, he was better known as a prominent mathematician of his time, and he held the position of Lucasian Professor at Cambridge. His important contributions were on the calculus of functions. Along with George Peacock and John Herschel, Babbage formed the Analytical Society to promote analytical methods and the use of Leibniz's differential notation (the geometrically suggestive dy/dx form that we know today). English mathematicians used Newton's fluxion notation almost exclusively until then, partly because it was widely held among them that Leibniz appropriated Newton's ideas about calculus and claimed them as his own. The fluxion notation (the use of a dot above the variable x to indicate the derivative, still used in many texts today) was abstract enough to hamper developments in calculus. Babbage's objective was to replace this "dot-age" with "d-ism" at Cambridge.

34. Roger Penrose One of the finest english mathematicians and physicists of the last half century.Penrose has worked closely with Stephen Hawking, often providing the http://clublet.com/c/c/why?RogerPenrose

35. The Mapmakers: An Essay In Four Parts - Pathfinders And Passageways Before the close of the 16th century, english mathematicians had perfectedtriangulation (navigation and surveying by rightangled triangles) through plane http://www.collectionscanada.ca/explorers/h24-230.1-e.html

The Mapmakers: An Essay in Four Parts Mapmaking 17th Century During the early 17th century, mapmaking took a huge leap forward. The instruments had improved; mathematical and astronomical concepts necessary to making accurate measurements had evolved; observers were better trained; and very importantly strong motives had arisen to make accurate maps. Before the close of the 16th century, English mathematicians had perfected triangulation (navigation and surveying by right-angled triangles) through plane trigonometry. This development allowed navigators to set courses on any compass angle and permitted surveyors to produce much more accurate surveys on land. Although the mariner's compass remained in use, most compasses were now manufactured to read in degrees as well as points, permitting finer observations and the use of trigonometric tables. The better seamen learned how to correct their compasses for declination and early in the century the English had determined the existence of annual compass variation. The Davis quadrant, or backstaff

36. Egypt Magazine - Issue 30, Winter 2003 Thus, english mathematicians were quite impressed by his significant theories . The English Saushendler Group, annually prepared by 4 mathematicians, http://www.sis.gov.eg/public/magazine/iss030e/html/mag04.htm

37. Alexander, Amir R. Geometrical Landscapes: The Voyages Of Discovery And The Tran One underlying theme stressed by the english mathematicians was the emphasis ondirect observation and experience, such as that of the explorers, http://www.sochistdisc.org/2003_book_reviews/alexander.htm

Alexander, Amir R. Geometrical Landscapes: The Voyages of Discovery and the Transformation of Mathematical Practice . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2002. 293 pp. ISBN 0804732604. Although the book is written by a philosophical mathematician and primarily aimed at academic mathematicians, there is much within its scope of interest to the student of early exploration and the cartography resulting from this exploration. The author reviews and ties the advances in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century mathematical theorems to the advances in knowledge of world geography resulting from explorations of the Columbian era. The book, true to its sub-title, covers selected early voyages of discovery and in a highly readable manner shows how these voyages brought about the transformation and advance of mathematical practice. Its value to the historian lies in the fact that the converse of this theme is also covered, to show how the advances in mathematics in the sixteenth century had a significant effect on exploration and the development of accurate cartography resulting from these explorations. The book treats this relationship between the advances in mathematics and the ocean navigation of early explorers chronologically from Columbus’s voyage in 1492 to the voyages of the late seventeenth century. Chapter 1 investigates the origin of the exploration narrative. Alexander discusses how the role of early cartography was similar to the exploration narrative in that it not only presented an accurate geographical description of the new land and its peoples, but was also intended to encourage follow-on exploration and settlement. In pursuing the latter idea, Alexander cites as examples the often-romanticized illuminations on cartography resulting from the Mediterranean voyages of the Christian Crusades to the voyages of Columbus, Cortés, Verrazano, and Raleigh.

38. IMSS - Multimedia Catalogue - Biographies - Thomas Digges later becoming, in turn, one of the most respected english mathematicians.Pursued a military career as commander of the English army in Holland. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/genscheda.asp?appl=SIM&xsl=biografia&lingua=ENG&c

39. Mar05web One of the things he enjoyed was sending the english mathematicians problems thatthey could not solve. Although Fermat discovered many relations between http://noether.uoregon.edu/~mathpeers/newsletter/mar05/page6.html

n + y n = z n has no (integer) solutions. This is obviously not true for n=2 because 3 Most of the advances done by these mathematicians did not affect the math world in the 17 th Century, because they were very much ahead of their time. Descartes did affect mathematics in a different way do to the popularity of his research and his influence on mathematicians in the later 17 th and 18 th Next Page

40. History Of Astronomy: Persons: Sources english mathematicians of the Eighteenth Century Including some astronomers Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~pbrosche/persons/pers-sources.html

History of Astronomy Persons History of Astronomy: Persons: Sources Deutsche Fassung General questions Important Astronomers, their Instruments and Discoveries , by Paul M. Rybski Strange Cases from the Files of Astronomical Sociology by Kevin Krisciunas Astronomers and Women Scientists , by Ragbir Bhathal "In this paper I discuss two of my oral history projects: Australian Astronomers and Women in Australian Science." Awards and other honours Anna-Greta and Holger Crafoord Prize Arctowski Medal Benjamin Apthorp Gould Prize The Bruce Medalists ... Bruno Rossi Prize (Or see here George P. Merrill Award Henry Draper Medal Honorary membership of the Astronomische Gesellschaft ... Honoris Causa Doctors of Nicholas Copernicus University Among them many astronomers J. Lawrence Smith Medal James Craig Watson Medal Karl Schwarzschild Medal Lorimer Medallists of the Astronomical Society of Edinburgh Lunar features named after mathematicians The 35 Lunar Craters Named to Honor Jesuit Scientists More biographical data on astronomers The following documents contain more biographical material on astronomers. The information provided by these documents is rather short, and there are usually several persons included in each document. Therefore, these pages are not listed in the alphabetic files of

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