81. Mathematical Analysis. Books On Science. On-line Bookstore. Editorial URSS Publi Mathematical analysis in questions and problems functions of several variables . Ñòåïàíîâ Â.Â. (arabian). Hardcover. 644 pp. Rare book. http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&page=Catalog&id=&lang=en&blang=en&list=46

82. AlShindagah Online BREEDING arabian HORSES LEBANON AL HABTOOR ENGINEERING Arab mathematiciansgave us our numbers, our “ Arabic numerals”, discovered the concept of http://www.alshindagah.com/novdec2001/the_chairman_s_message.html

Contact Us CHAIRMAN'S MESSAGE An Open Letter to Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi Dear Mr. Berlusconi, th September. They have left me in despair. Your outrageous remarks on western civilisation and Islam were not only a slur on the Arab civilisation but on Islam itself. What is even more worrying is that your remarks seemed to be supported by Russian President, Mr. Vladmir Putin, when he is reportedly to have said that, “Islamic Fundamentalism is a danger growing like virus”. And the German Foreign Minister, Yoschca Fischer, sees Islam as a danger, because it would lead to the destruction of Israel. His remark completely ignores the justice of the Palestinians’ struggle for their homeland. None of these sentiments would have been expressed I believe, if President

83. Islam: A Global Civilization He was born in 570 AD in one of the most powerful tribes in the Arabia of He even invited Indian physicians and mathematicians to teach in this major http://www.templemount.org/islamiad.html

The Religion of ISLAM " This day have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favour unto you, and have chosen for you as your religion Islam." (Quran, Surah V:3) INTRODUCTION Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God who is One. The very name of the religion, ALISLAM in Arabic, means at once submission and peace, for it is in submitting to God's Will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. The message of Islam concerns God, who in Arabic is called Allah, and it addresses itself to humanity's most profound nature. It concerns men and women as they were created by Godnot as fallen beings. Islam therefore considers itself to be not an innovation but a reassertion of the universal truth of all revelation which is God's Oneness. THE QURAN For Muslims, or followers of Islam, the Quran is the actual Word of God revealed through the archangel Gabriel to the Prophet of Islam during the twenty-three-years period of his prophetic mission. It was revealed in the Arabic language as a sonoral revelation which the Prophet repeated to his companions. Arabic became therefore the language of Islam even for non-Arab Muslims. Under the direction of the Prophet, the verses and chapters were organized in the order known to Muslims to this day. There is only one text of Quran accepted by all schools of Islamic thought and there are no variants. The Quran is the central sacred reality of Islam. The sound of the Quran is the first and last sound that a Muslim hears in this life. As the direct Word of God and the embodiment of God's Will, the Quran is considered as the guide par excellence for the life of Muslims. It is the source of all Islamic doctrines and ethics. Both the intellectual aspects of Islam and Islamic Law have their source in the Quran. Perhaps there is no book revered by any human collectivity as much as the Quran is revered by Muslims. Essentially a religion of the book, Islam sees all authentic religions as being associated with a scripture. That is why Muslims call Christians and Jews the "people of the book".

84. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Balthasar Boncompagni Italian mathematician. (18211894) http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02654a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... B > Balthasar Boncompagni A B C D ... Z Balthasar Boncompagni Italian mathematician, b. at Rome, 10 May, 1821; d. 13 April, 1894. He was a member of the illustrious family to which had belonged Gregory XIII , the reformer of the calendar. He studied mathematics and physics under Santucci and became known as a prolific writer on mathematical and historical subjects. At an early age (1840) he contributed to the "Giornale Arcadico" biographical sketches of Father Joseph Calandrelli, director of the observatory of the Roman College after the suppression of the Society of Jesus Nuova Enciclopedia Italiana, Suppl. , 6th ed., Turin; BALL, Hist. of Mathematics (New York, 1888). H. M. BROCK Transcribed by Thomas J. Bress The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume II Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York If an ad appears here that contradicts Catholic teachings, please click here to notify the webmaster. Praise Jesus Christ in His Angels and in His Saints New Advent is dedicated to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

85. Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci In these conditions appearance of the mathematical book Liber abaci And whyhis mathematical works are so important for the WestEuropean mathematics? http://www.goldenmuseum.com/0401Fibonacci_engl.html

Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci The "Middle Ages" in our consciousness associate with the concept of inquisition orgy, campfires, on which witches and heretics are incinerated, and crusades for "the body of God". The science in those times obviously was not "in a center of society attention". In these conditions appearance of the mathematical book "Liber abaci" ("the book about an abacus"), written in 1202 by the Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano (by the nickname of Fibonacci) was the relevant event in the "scientific life of society". Who was Fibonacci? And why his mathematical works are so important for the West-European mathematics? To answer these questions it is necessary to reproduce the historical epoch, in which Fibonacci lived and worked. One of the most interesting persons of the Crusades epoch, a harbinger of the Renaissance epoch, was the emperor Fridrich Gogenstaufen, an apprentice of the Sicilian Arabs and an admirer of the Arabian culture. At his palace in Pisa the greatest European mathematician of the Middle Ages Leonardo Pisano (by the nickname of Fibonacci that means the son of Bonacci) lived and worked. Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci (1170-1228) About Fibonacci life it is known a little. Even the exact date of his birth is obscure. It is supposed, that Fibonacci was born in the eighth decade of the 12th century (presumptively in 1170). His father was a merchant and a government official, the representative of the new class of the businessmen generated by the "Commercial Revolution". In that time the city of Pisa was one of the largest commercial Italian centers actively cooperating with the Islam East, and Fibonacci's father traded in one of the trading posts, founded by Italians on the northern coast of Africa. Due to this circumstance he can give his son, the future mathematician Fibonacci, good mathematical education in one of the Arabian educational institutions.

86. Islam On The Warpath The unification of all Arabia prefaced the amazing series of Arab conquests This carried mathematical understanding of numbers in quite new directions http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/17islam.html

ISLAM ON THE WARPATH In AD 636 an Arab army defeated the Roman-Byzantine garrison of Syria and Palestine, and permanently eliminated Roman power in those two provinces. Shortly thereafter other Arab expeditionary forces overran Mesopotamia and Egypt, by 651 Iran had also been annexed to the Mew Islamic empire created by these victories. The fervor of fresh religious revelation vouchsafed to the prophet Mohammed inspired these extraordinary victories. Even more remarkable was the fact that the religious conviction Mohammed aroused enabled crude Arab conquerors and their descendants to weld a new and distinctively Islamic civilization from the various and often discordant elements Middle Easterners had inherited from a past that reached all the way back to the first beginning of civilization. While at Medina, Mohammed attracted a steady flow of new recruits and converts' As a result, the community of the faithful was soon hard pressed to find a livelihood in the narrow' confines of the Medina oasis. An obvious solution was to raid caravans owned by the Meccans. The first raids were successful, others soon followed until resistance in Mecca crumbled' Mohammed returned in triumph and then went on to unite all of Arabia under the banner of Islam, partly by war, but mainly by diplomacy and negotiation. Scarcely had this been accomplished when Mohammed died (AD 632) , leaving no son to succeed him. One of the Prophet's old friends and close companions, Abu Bakre was chOsen as caliph (i.e. successor) to lead the Moslem community. He immediately had to face a widespread withdrawal of allegiance by Ar b chieftains, who felt that their submission to Mohammed did not obligate them to the community of the faithful as a whole But when it came to fighting, the enthusiasm and conviction of the hard core of Mohammed's converts once again prevailed, and the Arabian chieftains were forced to unite once more behind the banner of the new faith. Abu Bakr died as soon as this crisis was pas t Leadership passed next to Omar who proved himself not only pious and devout, but also a very successful general and administrator.

87. ISLAM ON THE WARPATH In Mohammed s time, Arabia was divided between warlike tribes, some nomadic This carried mathematical understanding of numbers in quite new directions, http://mars.acnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/17islam.html

ISLAM ON THE WARPATH In AD 636 an Arab army defeated the Roman-Byzantine garrison of Syria and Palestine, and permanently eliminated Roman power in those two provinces. Shortly thereafter other Arab expeditionary forces overran Mesopotamia and Egypt, by 651 Iran had also been annexed to the Mew Islamic empire created by these victories. The fervor of fresh religious revelation vouchsafed to the prophet Mohammed inspired these extraordinary victories. Even more remarkable was the fact that the religious conviction Mohammed aroused enabled crude Arab conquerors and their descendants to weld a new and distinctively Islamic civilization from the various and often discordant elements Middle Easterners had inherited from a past that reached all the way back to the first beginning of civilization. While at Medina, Mohammed attracted a steady flow of new recruits and converts' As a result, the community of the faithful was soon hard pressed to find a livelihood in the narrow' confines of the Medina oasis. An obvious solution was to raid caravans owned by the Meccans. The first raids were successful, others soon followed until resistance in Mecca crumbled' Mohammed returned in triumph and then went on to unite all of Arabia under the banner of Islam, partly by war, but mainly by diplomacy and negotiation. Scarcely had this been accomplished when Mohammed died (AD 632) , leaving no son to succeed him. One of the Prophet's old friends and close companions, Abu Bakre was chOsen as caliph (i.e. successor) to lead the Moslem community. He immediately had to face a widespread withdrawal of allegiance by Ar b chieftains, who felt that their submission to Mohammed did not obligate them to the community of the faithful as a whole But when it came to fighting, the enthusiasm and conviction of the hard core of Mohammed's converts once again prevailed, and the Arabian chieftains were forced to unite once more behind the banner of the new faith. Abu Bakr died as soon as this crisis was pas t Leadership passed next to Omar who proved himself not only pious and devout, but also a very successful general and administrator.

88. Al-Khwarizmi: Information From Answers.com AlKhowarizmi ( äl-khowärez me ) , fl. 820, Arab mathematician of the court ofMamun in Baghdad. His treatises on Hindu arithmetic and on algebra. http://www.answers.com/topic/al-khwarizmi

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping al-Khwarizmi Encyclopedia Al-Khowarizmi ¤l-khōw¤rēz mē ) , fl. 820, Arab mathematician of the court of Mamun in Baghdad. His treatises on Hindu arithmetic and on algebra made him famous. He is said to have given algebra its name, and the word algorithm is said to have been derived from his name. Much of the mathematical knowledge of medieval Europe was derived from Latin translations of his works. Wikipedia al-Khwarizmi Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi Persian Arabic ), also spelled Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khowarizmi Mohammad Bin Musa Al-Khawarizmi , and Abu Ja'Far Muhammad ibn-Musa Al-Khowarizmi , was a Persian scientist mathematician astronomer ... astrologer , and author. He was probably born in , or around ; and probably died in , or around He is often cited as "the father of algebra ", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system.

89. Contribution Of Muslims To Scientific Thought than a thousand years there was not a scientific man of note except in Arabia . His mathematical work contained contributions in Arithmetic, Algebra, http://ccminc.faithweb.com/iqra/articles/contrib.html

A voice of the Muslim Ummah IQRA Site Links CCM Home [Return to the IQRA Articles Page Contribution of Muslims to Scientific Thought Dr. M. Raziuddin Siddiqi, Vice-chancellor, University of Sind In this monograph, it is our purpose to give a brief account of the contribution of the Muslim people to the various branches of natural science. Before proceeding with the main theme, however, it seems desirable to explain the attitude of Islam towards scientific knowledge. It is generally recognized that learning and acquiring knowledge is the fundamental right of every human being. But this was not always so. For a long time in human history, learning was considered to be the prerogative of a certain privileged class of people variously known as priests and kahin s. The common man was prevented from having any access to knowledge under the threat of serious penalties and dire consequences. Later on this restriction was removed, but it was Islam which for the first time made it obligatory on all the believers to acquire knowledge. This democratization of knowledge with the consequent liberation of the human spirit and mind brought about by Islam was the greatest revolution in human affairs. In the very first verse of the Qur’an revealed to him, the Prophet of Islam (

90. The Countries And People Of Arabia The Countries People of Arabia. One page of comprehensive and categorisedlisting of sites in and about Includes Mathematical Miracle of the Quran. http://www.hejleh.com/countries/

Special Arab Files This page contains links to the Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information. For a specific country resources, choose the country from the list below. Web hejleh.com Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti ... Yemen Arabs, name originally applied to the Semitic peoples of the Arabian peninsula; now used also for populations of countries whose primary language is Arabic, e.g., Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Syria, and Yemen. Socially, Arabs are divided into the settled fellahin (villagers) and the nomadic Bedouin. The invasions of Muslims from Arabia in the 6th and 7th cent. diffused the Arabic language and Islam, the Arabic religion. At its peak the Arab empire extended from the Atlantic Ocean across North Africa and the Middle East to central Asia. A great Arab civilization emerged in which education, literature, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and science were highly developed. In Europe the Arab conquests were particularly important in Sicily, from the 9th to late 11th cent., and in Spain, in the civilization of the Moors. In the 20th cent., Arab leaders have attempted to unite the Arab-speaking world into an Arab nation. Since 1945 most Arab countries have joined the Arab League. In 1982, member nations had a total population estimated at 43 million. Several of these countries control two thirds of the world's oil reserves and are members of OPEC. Since 1948 disputes with the state of Israel have resulted in Arab-Israeli Wars. Arabia

91. Al-Khwarizmi --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your Gateway To All Britann alKhwarizmi body Muslim mathematician and astronomer. Muslim mathematicianand astronomer. Arabic in full Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi He lived in http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9355023

Home Browse Store Help Search Britannica Concise Again al-Khwarizmi Concise Encyclopedia Article Page 1 of 1 born c. 780, Baghdad, Iraq died c. Muslim mathematician and astronomer. Arabic in full Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi He lived in Baghdad during the golden age of Islamic science and, like Euclid , wrote mathematical books that collected and arranged the discoveries of earlier mathematicians. His Al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala quadratic equation s, as well as problems of geometry and proportion . Its translation into Latin in the 12th century provided the link between the great Hindu and Arab mathematicians and European scholars. A corruption of the book's title resulted in the word algebra ; a corruption of the author's own name resulted in the term algorithm var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]]; To cite this page: MLA style: "al-Khwarizmi."

92. Arabs And Astronomy Golden Age, Precise Observation And An Ability In 1985, aboard the space shuttle Discovery, Saudi Arabia s Prince Sultan The mathematical determination of the qibla, for example, was one of the most http://www.beyond-the-illusion.com/files/Religion/Islam/Islamic_History/arabastr

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