61. Amartya Sen: "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM" - PART 1 Aryabhata, the Indian mathematician, had discussed the concept of sine in replaced the arabian jaib by its Latin equivalent, sinus meaning a cove or http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Pantheon/4789/India/Amratya1.htm

Amartya Sen: "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM" - PART 1 From: Brenda Gael McSweeney Category: Category 1 Date: Time: 8:17:24 PM Remote Name: Comments Please see India's 1998 Nobel Laureate for Economics, Professor Amartya Sen's last lecture delivered in Delhi. He kinldy agreed that we could share it liberally! Do enjoy! AN ASSESSMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM Amartya Sen A little over four hundred years ago, in 1591-92, as the year 1000 in the Hejira calendar approached, Emperor Akbar was on the Moghal throne. The excitement, which was widely felt in Delhi and Agra about the completion of the millennium in that reckoning, led Akbar to issue a series of proclamations, about principles of governance. The pronouncements included, among other classics of civil administration, his famous tenets on religious tolerance, for example: "No man should be interfered with on account of religion, and anyone [is] to be allowed to go over to a religion he pleased." There was no particular reason to think that this or any other principle had any special relevance at the end of a millennium - rather than at any other time. And yet the end of the millennium in what was then the official calendar did seem like a good moment to take stock, to reflect on basic principles, and to contemplate the shape of things to come. There is, of course, something quite arbitrary in the segmenting of time that any calendar presents. Counting could have commenced at a different starting point and the division of periods could have been of a different length. The arrival of a new millennium is, in this sense, entirely a matter of convention. Indeed, Emperor Akbar himself had made an attempt, in 1584, to replace the Hejira calendar by a new synthetic calendar, the Tarikh-Ilahi, which - like Din-Ilahi (the synthetic religion he tried to promote) - did not survive very long. Any reckoning of a millennium must contain some inescapable plasticity.

62. AMU CHMA NEWSLETTER #23 (06/25/99) Youcef Atik The method of exhaustion in the Arab mathematical tradition; of proportional magnitudes as criticized by arabian commentators (167243); http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amu_chma_23.html

AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER-23 Chairman: Paulus Gerdes (Mozambique) Secretary: Ahmed Djebbar (Algeria) Members: Kgomotso Garegae-Garekwe (Botswana), Maassouma Kazim (Egypt), Cornelio Abungu (Kenya), Ahmedou Haouba (Mauritania), Mohamed Aballagh (Morocco), Ruben Ayeni (Nigeria), Abdoulaye Kane (Senegal), David Mosimege (South Africa), Mohamed Souissi (Tunisia), David Mtwetwa (Zimbabwe) TABLE OF CONTENTS Objectives of AMUCHMA Meetings, exhibitions, events Current Research Interests Notes and queries ... Have you read? - 2nd web page Announcements - 2nd web page Addresses of scholars and institutions mentioned in this newsletter - 2nd web page New recipients - 2nd web page Suggestions Do you want to receive the next AMUCHMA-Newsletter AMUCHMA-NEWSLETTER website back to AMUCHMA ONLINE 2. MEETINGS, EXHIBITIONS, EVENTS 2.1 CIMPA School on the History of Mathematics (cf. AMUCHMA 21:7 The International Center for Pure and Applied Mathematics (CIMPA) organised, in collaboration with Unesco-Egypt, from January 23 to February 3, 1999 in Mansurah (Egypt) a school on the History of Mathematics in the Mediterrenean from Antiquity to the 18th century . Claude Lobry and Roshdi Rashed coordinated the school. There were fifty-four participants (21 Egyptians, 12 Lebanese, 4 Moroccans, 2 Algerians, 2 Tunisians, 8 French, 2 Italians, 2 Indians, 1 Thai). The lectures were given at the faculty of Sciences of the El-Mansurah University. The following themes were presented:

63. Alhazen -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article people originally from the arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who During this time he wrote scores of important mathematical treatises. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/a/al/alhazen.htm

Alhazen [Categories: Iranian scientists, 1040 deaths, 965 births, Arab engineers, Arab astronomers, 11th century mathematicians, 10th century mathematicians, Egyptian mathematicians, Persian mathematicians, Arab mathematicians] Alhazen Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn Al-Haitham (also: Ibn al Haythen (Click link for more info and facts about 965) -1040), was an (A member of a Semitic people originally from the Arabian peninsula and surrounding territories who speaks Arabic and who inhabits much of the Middle East and northern Africa) Arab (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician ; he is sometimes called al-Basri , after his birthplace. He was born at (The second largest city in Iraq; an oil port in southern Iraq) Basra , then part of (Click link for more info and facts about Buwayhid) Buwayhid (An empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC) Persia , now part of (A republic in the Middle East in western Asia; the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia was in the area now known as Iraq; modern government is involved in state-sponsored terrorism) Iraq (See PrintLink("http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Haytham.html", "(*)")

64. Omar Khayyám -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Semitic people originally from the arabian peninsula and surrounding territories A lunar crater (Persian poet and mathematician and astronomer whose http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/O/Om/Omar_Khayyám.htm

Omar Khayyám [Categories: Iranian scientists, 1123 deaths, 1048 births, Persian astronomers, Persian philosophers, 12th century mathematicians, 11th century mathematicians, Arab mathematicians, Persian mathematicians, Persian poets, Persian literature] The man known in English as the poet Omar Khayyám (May 18 1048 - December 4 1123, assumed dates) was born in (Click link for more info and facts about Nishapur) Nishapur (or Naishapur) in (Click link for more info and facts about Khorasan) Khorasan (An empire in southern Asia created by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC and destroyed by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC) Persia , and named Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Umar ibn Ibrahim Al-Nisaburi al- Khayyami al-Khayyami means "the tentmaker"). His name in (The language of Persia (Iran) in any of its ancient forms) Persian Omar Khayyam the mathematician He was famous during his lifetime as a (A person skilled in mathematics) mathematician and (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer who calculated how to correct the (Click link for more info and facts about Persian calendar) Persian calendar . On March 15, 1079

65. Magi - Early Natural Philosophers & Thinkers (and A Great Poet, Too) by the Khalif alMamun (son of Harun al-Raschid of `arabian Nights fame) . He also studied and wrote of Euclid s works, and formulated mathematical http://www.perceptions.couk.com/magi.html

comment + criticism welcome "Perceptions" ITEM Ray Dickenson Magi early Eastern philosophers (and a great poet) Here's picture of Taqi al-Din ibn Muhammad ibn Ma‘ruf, Director of Istanbul Observatory. He's holding the astrolabe, an early analog computer, which he's discussing with another senior astronomer. [Just to confuse us, Assyriologists also refer to Mesopotamian constellation-lists - i.e. text documents - as `astrolabes'] Below, a `universal' astrolabe - for all latitudes - which can solve the celestial navigation problems, including `time'. Astrolabes were developed from c. 900 CE in the Islamic world, which inherited both the genius and the records of the Babylonians. In the picture there are only two western instruments - a celestial globe (front center) and a carriage-clock (middle far right). Al-Khwarizmi Al-Kindi Omar Khayyam Al-Khwarizmi (c. 680 - 750 CE) Al-Khwarizmi (c. 680 - 750 CE) Abu Abdullah Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi al-Magusa was possibly the most influential of the intellectually adaptive Arab mathematicians ... at a time when the Europeans were trapped in a primitive fundamentalism, with its resulting intolerance and persecution of (secular) knowledge"

66. ¥².The European Middle Ages Mathematics:Dark Ages Of Monastic Mathematics So we can say that mathemtics in Arabia served as a setoff for astronomy as inChina and India. AlKhowarizmi was the most famous arabian mathematician. http://seoul-gchs.seoul.kr/~contest/tq/mathematics/temh2300.htm

HOME Back Graphic Version ¥². The European Middle Ages Mathematics : Dark Ages of Monastic Mathematics ¢º Characteristic of European Middle Ages Mathematics ¡Ý Monastic Mathematics ¡Ý Fibonacci and The 13th Century ¡Ý The Antagonism of Commercial Against Monastic Mathematics ... ¡Ý Arabian Mathematics ¡ß Characteristic of European Middle Ages Mathematics: Europe had accepted calculus and algebra from India and east counties until 900's. In India Aryabhata(475-553) wrote the numeration system and the astronomical observation theory on Aryabhattiya(449) in 600's. Arabic camber was invented in India. Italian Fibonacci introduced arabic number go Europe. ¡ÝMonastic Mathematics We call the term the black Age from the middle of 400's to 1000's. In this times, the church controlled all the action and thinking of humans. Thus, there was no reserch of mathematics besides the reserch by abbies of Catholic. Of the persons chariably cereited with playing a role in the history of mathimatics during the Dark Ages, we might mention the martyred Roman citizen Boethius, the British ecclesiastical scholars Bede and Alcuin, and the famous French scholar and churchman Gerbert , who became Pope Sylvester ¥±.

67. Biography Of Leonardo Fibonacci Except for Fibonacci, who was a great 13th century mathematician. His introductionof the arabian Numerals gave the Europeans an easier way to do http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/199899/biofibo.htm

Back to the Table of Contents Biographies of Mathematicians - Fibonacci Table of Contents Introduction Biography Accomplishments Effects ... Bibliography Introduction Fibonacci was known for many things. He was best known for the Fibonacci Numbers, which is a number sequence that he had discovered while solving a problem about rabbits. There is a lot more that we will talk about him and his discoveries which are now coming up. Biography From 529 until 1500 A.D. there were no big improvements in european mathematics. Except for Fibonacci, who was a great 13th century mathematician. He was born in Pisa, Italy, and was the son of a pisan merchant. Fibonacci was best known as Leonardo of Pisa. His father was also a customs officer for the North African city of Bugia. Since Fibonacci was the son of a merchant, he was able go travel freely all over the Byzantine Empire. Merchants at the time were immuned, so they were allowed to move about freely. This allowed him to visit many of the area's centers of trade. While he was there, he was able to learn both the mathematics of the scholars and the calculating schemes in popular use, at the time. Accomplishments He published a book called Liber Abaci In 1202 he published the first of his four books

68. Encyclopedia: History Of Mathematics Counting is the mathematical action of adding (or subtracting) one, The Arabs (Arabic عرب ʻarab) are an originally arabian ethnicity widespread in http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/History-of-mathematics

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "History of mathematics" also viewed: Hitlerism South Carolina state legislature Gerard Paul Deshayes John Fitzgerald Kennedy International Airport ... Complex number What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates List of Jewish actors and actresses List of Jewish Americans List of African Americans Lion Air Flight JT_386 ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: History of mathematics Updated 52 days 13 hours 21 minutes ago. Other descriptions of History of mathematics The word " mathematics " comes from the Greek m¡thema ) which means "science, knowledge, or learning"; μαθηματικός ( mathematik³s ) means "fond of learning". Today, the term refers to a specific body of knowledge - the rigorous, deductive study of numbers, shapes, patterns, and change. Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space and change. ... Every modern science depends on basic mathematics at the most fundamental level, including such operations as

69. Islamic History In Arabia And Middle East Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East In the tenth centuryCordoban mathematicians began to make their own original contributions. http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Ref4.htm

Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East Science and Scholarship in Al-Andalus The Message The Hijrah The Rightly Guided Caliphs The Umayyads ... Revival in The Arab East Related Topics The Holy Quran The Faith of Islam Arabic Writing Arabic Literature ... Arabic Numerals SCIENCE AND SCHOLARSHIP IN AL-ANDALUS: For Europe and Western civilization the contributions of Islamic Spain were of inestimable value. When the Muslims entered southern Spain - which they called al-Andalus - barbarians from the north had overrun much of Europe and the classical civilization of Greece and Rome had gone into eclipse. Islamic Spain then became a bridge by which the scientific, technological, and philosophical legacy of the 'Abbasid period, along with the achievements of al-Andalus itself, passed into Europe. In the first century of Islamic rule in Spain the culture was largely derived from that of the flourishing civilization being developed by the 'Abbasids in Baghdad. But then, during the reign of 'Abd al-Rahman III (912-961), Islamic Spain began to make its own contributions. 'Abd al-Rahman III was passionately interested in both the religious and the secular sciences. He was also determined to show the world that his court at Cordoba equaled in greatness that of the caliphs at Baghdad. Sparing neither time nor expense, he imported books from Baghdad and actively recruited scholars by offering hand some inducements. Soon, as a result, scholars, poets, philosophers, historians, and musicians began to migrate to al-Andalus. Soon, too, an infrastructure of libraries, hospitals, research institutions, and centers of Islamic studies grew up, establishing the intellectual tradition and educational system which made Spain outstanding for the next four hundred years.

70. Al-khwarizmi.html Muhammad Bin Musa AlKhwarizmi, mathematician, astronomer, the son of theKhalif Harun al-Rashid, who was made famous in the arabian Nights. http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/alkhwa.html

Muhammad Bin Musa Al-Khwarizmi mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, was born in a small town south of the river Oxus in Persia (Kheva, a place located in what is present day Uzbekistan) around 770. His family name indicates that he was from Khwarizm and that one of his ancestors was a Magus, or priest of Zoroaster. Although little is known about Al-Khwarizmi, he was one of the most influential of all Arab mathematicians. Al-Khwarizmi flourished while working as a member of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad under the leadership of Kalif al-Mamun, the son of the Khalif Harun al-Rashid, who was made famous in the Arabian Nights. The House of Wisdom was a scientific research and teaching center. It was Al-Khwarizmi's most famous book called Hisab al-jabr w'al mugabalah that we derive the name " algebra ", the European corruption for the word al-jabr. The title is translated to mean "the science of reunion and reduction." These words refer to the systematic study of the solution of linear and quadratic equations. His book on algebra gave a name to this branch of mathematics. Al-Khwarizmi's most recognized work, and one that is so named after him, is the mathematical concept

71. Alhazen: Biography And Much More From Answers.com During this time he wrote scores of important mathematical treatises. (http//wwwgap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/mathematicians/Al-Haytham.html) http://www.answers.com/topic/alhazen

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Scientist Encyclopedia Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Alhazen Scientist Alhazen [b. Basra (Iraq), c. 965, d. Egypt, c. 1040] Alhazen is considered the most important of the Arab physicists and therefore the chief physicist of the early Middle Ages. His main concern was the behavior of light, which he explained better than anyone before the 17th century. When he found himself in trouble with his Egyptian ruler, he pretended to have gone mad and only gave up the pretense after the ruler had died. Encyclopedia Ibn al-Haytham Ä­b ən ¤l-hÄ«th-¤m ) or Alhazen ălhəzĕn ) , 965–c.1040, Arab mathematician. Ibn al-Haytham was born in Basra, Persia, but made his career in Cairo, where he supported himself copying scientific manuscripts. Among his original works, only those on optics, astronomy, and mathematics survive. His Optics, which relied on experiment rather than on past authority, introduced the idea that light rays emanate in straight lines in all directions from every point on a luminous surface. Latin editions of the Optics

72. Arab Discoveries They have also shown remarkable progress in mathematical geography. D.Campbell, arabian Medicine and its influence on the Middle Ages, London, 1926. http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/arabsoc/inventions.htm

73. Arabic Numerals - Definition Of Arabic Numerals In Encyclopedia In the tenth century AD, Arab mathematicians extended the decimal numeral systemto include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Abu lHasan al-Uqlidisi http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Arabic_numerals

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Numeral systems Arabic numerals Armenian numerals Babylonian numerals Chinese numerals D'ni numerals ... edit Arabic numerals (also called Hindu numerals or Hindu-Arabic numerals ) are by far the most common form of symbolism used to represent numbers. The Arabic numeral system is a positional base 10 numeral system with 10 distinct glyphs representing the 10 numerical digits . The leftmost digit of a number has the greatest value. In a more developed form, the Arabic numeral system also uses a decimal marker vinculum (a horizontal line placed over the repeating digits); the need for it can be removed by representing fractions as simple ratios with a division rational number using only 13 glyphs (the ten digits, decimal marker, vinculum or division sign, and an optional prepended dash to indicate a negative number It is interesting to note that, like in many numbering systems, the numbers 1, 2, and 3 represent simple tally marks. 1 being a single line 2 being two lines (now connected by a diagonal) and 3 being three lines (now connected by two vertical lines). After three numbers tend to become more complex symbols (examples are the Chinese/Japanese numbers and Roman numerals ). Theorists believe that this is because it becomes difficult to instantaneously count objects past three.

74. Lgf: The Greatest Arab Of All Time Note that none of the great Arab astronomers and mathematicians of the medievalperiod But that reminded me of a better candidateLawrence of Arabia. http://www.littlegreenfootballs.com/weblog/?entry=9301

75. Mahdi Abdeljahouad 2002 arabian algebra developed starting in the eleventh century by constructing a A specialist in Greek mathematical works and a guardian of the temple, http://www.lettredelapreuve.it/Newsletter/02Hiver/02hiverThemeUK.html

76. UNESCO Lecture In Delhi replaced the arabian jaib by its Latin equivalent, sinus (meaning a cove or a Indeed, these two are the only items of mathematical interest between http://www.indowindow.com/sad/article.php?child=15&article=4

77. Sts3700b: Lecture Number 07a The arabian astronomers made extensive use of the astrolabe. The astrolabe,whose mathematical theory is based on the stereographic projection of the http://www.yorku.ca/sasit/sts/sts3700b/lecture07a.html

ATKINSON FACULTY OF LIBERAL AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y S T U D I E S STS 3700B 6.0 HISTORY OF COMPUTING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lecture 7: The Middle Ages I Prev Next Search Syllabus ... Home Topics The time span of the period called Middle Ages is defined differently by different authors. For our purposes, we will take a it to extend approximately from the fall of the Roman Empire (476) to the fall of Constantinople (1493) . A very good general resource for this period is Fordham University's Internet Medieval Sourcebook . You should also check Paul Gans' The Medieval Technology Timeline at NYU, and James McNelis' The Medieval Science Page . In this lecture we will continue the hardware theme of the previous lecture. As we can see in The Medieval Technology Timeline , and with important exceptions we will discuss below, most of the innovations in this period are in the area of agriculture and industry, and are not directly related to computing or information technology. Concerning the latter, however, we must mention paper Paper was invented by the Chinese prior to the first century AD

78. Mathematical Circles - Cambridge University Press All six of the Mathematical Circles books have been reissued as a Hindumathematics; arabian mathematics; The return of mathematics to Western Europe; http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0883855429

79. 47 SOCIETY MAILING LIST ARCHIVE: April 1998 1230.30 Origin of Scheherazade Myth I think the arabian priest mathematiciansand their Indian Ocean navigator ancestors knew that the binomial effect of http://www.47.net/47society/47list/4-98.html

This archive contains April 1998 postings to the 47 Society mailing list. 47 List Archive 47 List Home Return to the Society Home Page This site Email Webmaster

80. Mathematical Analysis. Books On Science. On-line Bookstore. Editorial URSS Publi 2 Application of some methods of mathematical and functional analysis (376).In 2 vols. Ñòåïàíîâ Â.Â. (arabian). Hardcover. 644 pp. Rare book. http://urss.ru/cgi-bin/db.pl?cp=&lang=en&blang=en&list=46&page=Catalog

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